[Note: All Basque words are in Italics and Bold-faced Green]
THE ORIGIN OF DUTCH *
(Contact)
In discussions of the English language, the Ogam script and the Benedictines, Edo Nyland showed how the Benedictine monks and their
grammarians invented thousands of words by manipulating the universal
language, the Saharan/Basque language, with the use of the vowel-interlocking
Ogam formula. The same was done when they created the Dutch and German languages but with an
important difference. For English
they followed the example of Latin and Sanskrit, and used primarily that half
of the Basque vocabulary that started with vowel-consonant (VC). To invent
Dutch and German, both halves of the Basque language, VC and CV words were
used and the originally strict VCV
Formula rules of word
agglutination were relaxed. That is
why their work resulted in quite different languages. In order to understand
the methods of word and name translations, it is necessary to become familiar
with a specific procedure (see Ogam script & Translations). THE EGMOND BENEDICTINE ABBEY
Although the languages mentioned are not mutually fully understandable,
it is relatively easy for a native of Holland to learn both German and
English because Dutch is a kind of bridge between the two. The reason for
this appears to be that all three languages were made up during the same era
by the same brotherhood of Benedictine grammarians who worked closely
together and borrowed newly created words regularly. Then they shaped the words according to
predetermined sets of character rules. The Egmond
Abbey, which was built in 922 A.D. near the North Sea coast, west
of the City of Alkmaar in North Holland, appears to have been the central
clearinghouse for the exchange and distribution of words and literature.
Contact between this abbey and the other scriptorium was frequent. The Abbey was accessible by boat both from
the sea to the west, and from the Rhine hinterland to the east. The name "Egmond"
relates to the linguistic activities going on at the abbey: eg.-mo-ond. eg. egi
egin to create
Documents available from Alcuin's
time in the late 800's (Shipley-Duckett 1951)
tell us that the monks from England regularly sailed to the mainland, while
the monks from Germany and Austria would go over land and by boat down the Rhine.
These monks were highly mobile in their small boats and this may well have
been the origin of the name . "Holland", ol.-.la-and., ol.
ola olatu waves
The main linguistic center of the French language, located in the
Benedictine Abbey
of Cluny, appeared to have had little direct contact with
Egmond Abbey. Its main contacts over
land with the Romance world instead. The Scandinavian, Hungarian and East
European linguistic efforts were still many years in the future. Over the
centuries the Benedictine grammarians created tens of thousands of new words
out of the universal Saharan language, many of
which did not fit in the design plan for the home languages. Rejected words
were taken in context to Egmond Abbey where they were evaluated by local
Benedictine linguists and others visiting from other countries and then
exchanged. Unwanted words passed into oblivion. This may have been the fate of the
majority of the grammarians’ creations. CONTRIBUTIONS
ARRIVED FROM AFAR
It was in about 1,060 A.D. that the Abbot Willeram, of Ebersberg
Benedictine Abbey in Bavaria (east of München) wrote a commentary on
Solomon's Song of Songs, the Bible's wedding song. In it, love is explained
in an allegorical sense as a dialog between Christ and His Church. The love
bed is conceived as evangelism and lovely breasts as mercy. It is not likely
that Willeram was the writer's real name because the meaning tells us that it
was the title of his work: Willeram: il.-.le-era.am. (the "w" has no meaning)
As was normal practice, shortly after completion, the manuscript was
taken to Egmond Abbey and made available for study by the visiting
monks/grammarians. Willeram's work had a profound influence upon the early
development of both Dutch and German. The document is now located in the
nearby library of the University of Leiden, Holland. Similarly, at about the
same time, the four lines of "Olla Vogala", written in the
Rochester Benedictine Abbey near Chatham, England, were taken to Egmond after
some of its new words were accepted into the English language (olla became
"all", nestas became "nests" etc). All four lines were
published in context that made it possible to bring out the hidden Basque
sentences. In Egmond several of the newly created words were quickly picked
up by the monks working on the Dutch and German languages e.g. 'hebban' became
"hebben" in Dutch, "haben" in German, "have" in
English, while vogala became "vogels" (birds) in Dutch and
"Vögel" in German. First let us look in detail at "Olla
Vogala" (van Oostrom). OLLA VOGALA
The following lines were written on the back page of a prayer book
dating from the 11th century, originating in the Benedictine scriptorium of
Rochester, England. The third and fourth lines are considered by linguists to
be the oldest known prose in the Dutch language, shown here in context: quid expectamus nuncabent omnes volucres nidos inceptos nisi ego et tuhebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan hinase hicenda thu wat unbidan we nu.
Lines 1 and 2 contain recognizable Latin words, be it a kind of
dog-Latin. Literally, in the order given they read: "What do we expect
now gone away all birds' nests begun except I and you (Furlong). Lines 3 and
4 are thought to say in Dutch: Hebben alle vogelen nesten begonnen
behalve ik en jij; wat verwachten we nu ("All birds have started nest building except you
and I; what can we expect now?"). Lines 1 and 2 therefore say roughly
the same in Latin what lines 3 and 4 say in archaic Dutch. These words,
supposedly coming from the pen of a Benedictine monk, were received with
chuckles and wondering. It better applied to a lover telling his beloved to
mirror herself on the behaviour of the birds. But is this really what the
monk wrote? Again apply the VCV Formula and see what happens; (the "/"
indicates a break in the vowel-linking; "c" and "q" must
be read as "k", "v" as "b." kuid expektamus nunk : .ku-id./ek.-.s.-.pe-ek.-.ta-amu-us./.nu-un.-.k./ .ku iku ikuskari visitor id./ idu idurikortsu very distrustful ek. eka ekaitz storm .s. ase asetu to get tired .pe epe epel weak ek. eko ekoitzi to supply .to ota otapur crumb amu amu amultsu trusting us./ usu usu usually .nu inu inular evening un. una una dull .k. aka akatsun miserable
The visitors were very distrustful. Tired
and weak from the storm, I gave crumbs to the usually trusting (birds) on
that dull, miserable evening. abent omnes volukres: abe.ent./om.-.ne-es./.bo-ol.-.ju-uk.-.re-es./ abe abe abestu to sing ent./ entz entzungale longing to hear om. ome omendatu to pay tribute, to thank .ne ene enegana to me es. esa esan to express .bo abo abots voice ol. ola ola cabin .ju aju ajuria field of heather uk. uka ukan to have .re are arremankor sociable es./ esa esamesaka gossiping
I longed to hear them sing, expressing
thanks to me. Their voices (could be heard) from the cabin in the field of
heather where they had their sociable gossiping time. nidos inkeptos nisi ego: .ni-ido-os./in.-.ke-ep.-.to-os./.ni-isi/ego/ .ni eni eni to me ido ido idoroketa discovery, revelation os./oso oso complete in. ino inoizka occasionally .ke oke okerbidetu to go astray ep. epe epel timid .to eto etorle arrival os. osa osatu to unify (with family) .ni ani anitzetan often isi/ isi isilbidez quietly ego/ego egon to stay
(It was) a complete revelation to me.
Occasionally, when a timid arrival had gone astray, looking for its family,
it often quietly stayed. et tu hebban olla vogala: et./.tu/.he-eb.-.ba-an./ol.-.la/.bo-oga-ala/ et./ eto etor to come .tu/ atu atutxa oak forest .he ihe ihesleku to shelter eb. eba ebatzi to decide .ba aba abarratsu many branched an./ana anaitu together ol. ole oles egin to call upon .la ela elaberritsu talkative, chattering .bo abo aboskatu o voice oga oga ogasun wealth ala/ ala alaitasun happiness
They came to the oak forest and decided
to shelter together among the many branches and called upon (all) by
chattering and voicing a wealth of happiness .... nestas hagunnan hinase: .ne-esta-as./.ha-agu-un.-.na-an./.hi-ina-ase/ .ne ene enean at the time esta esta estaldu to pair off as./ ase asegaitz urge .ha oha oharatu to become receptive to mating agu agu agudotu to get active un. uni unibertsalki generally .na ina inarrosi to agitate an./ ano ano food supply .hi ehi ehizaldi to hunt ina ina inarroskatu excitedly ase/ ase asegabi greedily
At the time that they got the urge to
pair off. Becoming receptive to
mating, they got generally active and agitated over their food supply. They hunted excitedly and greedily, hik enda thu wat unbidan we nu: .hi-ik./en.-.da/.t.-.hu/at./un.-.bi-ida-an./eu/.nu .hi ahi ahitugaitz inexhaustibly ik. ike ikerraldi exploring en. ena -ena superlative .da ada ada noise .t. ate ateratu to depart .hu/ehu ehundaka by the hundreds at./ ata atano evergreen oak forest un. una unatasun fatigue .bi abi abiatu to leave behind ida ida idazlan writing an./ana anaia monk eu eu eu you .nu/inu inurritu to inspire
Exploring inexhaustibly. Noisily they
departed by the hundreds from the oak forest, leaving your exhausted monk
behind to write and inspire you.
This is a masterful piece of "double speak" in three
languages, Latin, Basque and Dutch. The unique creativity lies in the
linguist's ability to write one sentence in Latin, translate this into
archaic Dutch and still hide a quite different story in both sentences to be
decoded with the use of Basque. This hidden story makes clear that the birds
arrived at their wintering grounds in south-east England where they were fed
and observed by the monk. In spring, the birds paired off and departed to
nest somewhere in the north. The monk's word "nestas" has therefore
nothing to do with nest building; it simply means: "at the time they had
the urge to pair off." The new word "vogala" certainly
described the small songbirds beautifully, they really do "voice a
wealth of happiness". There are quite a number of songbird species over
wintering in southern England that may have been the "vogala" such
as blue and grey tits. SOME WORDS LEFT
OVER FROM PRE-CHRISTIAN DAYS
Dutch has many words and names that seem to be unique to the
language. However, most of these are
also found in Basque, often with a closely related meaning. Several of these
words have been declared "slang" by linguists in an effort to rid
the new language of pre-Christian vocabulary. About some of the words it is
hinted that they were borrowed from Yiddish and therefore are supposedly not
Dutch at all. This is not true (see
the origin of Yiddish ). DUTCH BASQUE afval (leftovers) afal (dinner, supper) Assepoester (Cinderella) astaputz (vulgar, coarse) atje (child's bottom) atze (backside, consequence) bajes (quod, lock-up) baieztakor (assertive, firm) bedaard (calm, relaxed) bedardun (lawn, pasture) bezem (broom) besomotz (short arms) blaauw (blue) blaust (blow on the eye) i.e. a black eye boer (farmer) buru (people) botter (fishing boat) botari (net caster) elkaar (each other) elkar (mutual) ergernis (annoyance) erge-era-aniz: ergel (foolish) -era (behaviour) anitz (frequent) foetsie (poof, gone) futz (puff of air) frok (outer garment) fraka (trousers) gaan (to go) gana (movement towards a goal) gajes (rabble) gaiez (undeserving) gannif (swindler, thief) ganibetada (knifing) (f and b are the same)geel (yellow) gelbera (fearful, afraid) geit (goat) gaitzarin (damage) geus (freedom fighter) geurez,ge'uz (our own initiative) gezeur (lamentive) gezur (evade the truth) graan (grain) garaun (seed, grain) hondeweer (disastrous weather) honda (disastrous) jatten (to pilfer food) jatun (having a good appetite) jota (small amount) jota (broke) kak (excrement) kaka (excrement) kar (cart) erakarri (to carry) kenau (female leader) ken-nau: kenarazi ( revolt) nausi (leader) kerel (fellow, chap) ikerle (visitor) kolder (giddy nonsense) koldar (cowardly) koop (purchase) kopuru (quantity) koorts (fever) ko-ortz: kordokarazi (to clatter) ortz (tooth): clattering teeth kop (cup) kopau (mouthful) labaaz (stinker, sneak) labazomorro (cockroach), used in Friesland. laster (slander, smear) laster (to press, to push) leger (army) legeria (code of laws) maar (but) ma-ar: ama (mother's) arrazoinbide (reasoning) mak (tame) ma-aker: ama (mother's) aker (goat) mal (mold, form) malgy (flexible) malie (coat of mail) maila (wire mesh) matig (frugal, moderate) ma-ategain: ama (mother's) ategain (lintels): mother's lintels mazzel (good luck) mazal (good, decent) meer (lake) meru (bass, a freshwater fish) minne (heartache) min (pain) mug (mosquito) mugagabe (without number) moker (sledgehammer) mokor (ferocious) olijk (rogisch) olerk (poetry) onzeker (insecure, worried) onzi-ikar: ontzi (ship) ikara (anxiety): worried about the ship. oogst (harvest) ogits (abundant in wheat) risico (risk) arrisk, arriskatu (to risk) rood (red) rotu, arrotu (flushed, blushing) stad (town) statu, ostatu (hotel, inn) terp (safe mound) terpe, aterpe (refuge, safe haven) toeter (hooter) tutu (horn) varanda (porch with railing) baranda (railing) vee (cattle) bei, vei (cow) werp (throw) erpintsu (pointed) possibly a spear. zeil (sail) zail (difficult)
INGVAEOONS
The Dutch use some rather strange sounding words without knowing the
meaning of them; Ingvaeoon is possibly the most outlandish. The
pre-Christian inhabitants of Holland were called ingvaeoon by Tacitus, a word which Dutch linguists
say means: "living along the ocean, a Saxon word...." To find out
the original meaning, again apply the VCV
interlocking formula: Ingvaeoon: ing.-.ba-a.e-e.o-on.
Corpse-exposure was, of course, common practice among all peoples worshipping
the supreme Goddess of the Ashera Religion. Exposure to the elements was done in
special protected facilities to properly release the soul of the deceased
from the body for speedy re-incarnation into a newborn child. Dutch linguists
use the word Ingvaeoons as the name of the language spoken by the
pre-historic people of Holland, a use that the actual meaning of the word
shows is incorrect. SOME DUTCH PLACE NAMES
Most older Dutch
place names can be decoded with the VCV
Formula and translated
with the Basque dictionary. There is no doubt that the people spoke the
pre-Christian language of all of Europe that was the universal language of
the Neolithic, tht Edo Nyland has called Saharan,
of which Basque is a close relative.
Some of the sentences hidden in the following names must have histories of
their own: Amerongen:
ame-ero-onge-en., ameskor (dreaming) erosle (Redeemer) onginahi (kindness) enegana (to me): "I am dreaming about the
Redeemer's kindness to me".
Barnegat:
.ba-arnegat, ebanjelari (evangelist) arnegatu (to get angry): "The evangelist got
angry". Beveland:
.be-ebe-ela-and., ibeni (to introduce, tell) ebertar
(Hebrew) ela (story) andi (marvelous): "Tell the marvellous
story of Jesus". Delden:
.de-el.-.de-en., ade-ela-ade-ene, adeitasun (good manners) ele
(conversation) ederretsi (pleasing) adeitsu (courteous) -enetan (always): "Good manners, pleasing
conversation and always courteous". (compare this name with the
neighboring town of "Hengelo"). (Delden is the author's family
homestead). Delft: .de-el-.f.-.t.,
ede-ela-afa-ati, eder (beautiful) ela (story) afa (happy) atxikitzaile (faithfulness): "Beautiful story of
happy faithfulness". Drachten,
.d.-.ra-ak.-.te-.en, ada-ara-aka-ate-entz, adarka (by goring, stabbing) arakintzo (massacre) akabatu (to end a life) atezatu
(to live on) entzute (fame): "The stabbing massacre
ended his life, but his fame lives on". Was that about St. Boniface? Drente,
.d.-.re-en.-.te, adei (courteous) errezibimendu (welcome) enetan (always) etenda (tired): "Always a courteous welcome
(for those who are) tired". Ede: ede, ederren
(the most beautiful): "The most beautiful". Ellekom:
el.-.le-eko-om., ela-ale-eko-ome, ela (story) alegera (happy) ekonomo (administrator) omenezko
(honorable): "Happy story of the honorable administrator". Enschede:
en.-.ske-ede, ena (superlative) aske
(free, independent) eder (beautiful): "Very independent and
beautiful". Goes: gus, gustoko
(my favourite): "My favourite (town)". Gouda:
.go-uda, egoitzar (home) uda (summer): "Summer home". Groningen:
.gro-oni-inge-en., aguro (diligent) onibilera (prosperous) ingiratu (to get ready) eneganatu (to attract people): "Diligent, prosperous and getting
ready to attract people". Heilo:
.he-ilo, ihe-ilo, ihesari eman (to escape) ilordu (agony): "(We) escaped the
agony". den Helder:
.de-en./.he-el.-.de-er., ede-ene/ihe-ela-ade-era: ederren (the most beautiful) ene (to
attract, come to) ihesleku (shelter, harbour) elaberritsu (fond of the news) adeitsu (courteous) errezibimendu (welcome): "Come to the most
beautiful harbour for the latest news and a courteous welcome". Hengelo:
.he-enge-elo, uher (malicious) engera (disgusting) elorritsu (crude): "Malicious, disgusting and
crude". (Compare this name with neighboring "Delden"). Hilversum:
.hi-il.-.be-er.-.su-um., ahi (I hope) ilezin (immortal) ebertar (Hebrew) errixee (common people) isuri
(to inspire) umiltasun (humbleness): "I hope that the
immortal story of Jesus will inspire the common people to humbleness". de Koog:
de/.ko-og., ede-ako-oga, eder (beautiful) akorduan euki (to remember) ogasun (estate):
"Beautiful estate (worth) remembering". Leerdam:
.le-er.-.da-am., ale-ere-eda-am.: alegera (happily) eregu (indulging) edan (to drink) ameskoikeria (delirium): "Happily indulging in
drinking (causes) delirium". Medemblik:
.me-ede-em.-.bli-ik., ome-ede-emo-obli-iku: omenezko (honorable) edesti (history) emon (to give) obligazio (obligation) ikusbera (vigilant): "Our honorable history
obliges us to be vigilant". Naarden:
na-ar.-.de-en., nabarmen (obvious) arazotu (to be worried) adelatu
(to prepare) enetan (always): "It is obvious that they
are worried and always prepared". Rekken:
.re-ek.-.ke-en., arrerakor (kind) ekarri (to bring) aker (male goat) eni (to me): "Kind (of you) to bring the
male goat to me". Renkum:
.re-en.-.ku-um., arren (please) ene (come to me) ekurutasun (peace of mind) umiltasun (humbleness): "Please come to me (to find) peace of mind
and humbleness". Staphorst:
.sta-ap.-.ho-orst, esta-apa-aho-orrits: estatuburu (head of state) apailatu
(to organize) ahogozagarri (delicious) orrits (banquet): "The head of state
organized a delicious banquet". Utrecht:
ut.-.re-ek.-.t., uti-ire-eki-itu: utzi (to abandon, put a stop to) iresle
(destruction) ekinalean (doing as much as possible) itundu
(to make a treaty): "To put a stop to the destruction, do as much as
possible to make a treaty". Walcheren:
adaption of: alkarren (together, mutual):
"Togetherness". Zwolle:
.zu-ol.-.le, azu-ole-ele, azurruts (skeleton) oleazio (last rites) eleizakoak (Sacraments): "(He gave) the
skeleton the last rites of the Sacraments". WORDS INVENTED IN GROUPS
Certain letter
combinations were used repeatedly by the Benedictines to make up a diversity of
words, as can be seen in the following list -- gooien, hooien, looien,
pooien, tooien, rooien -- which all use the Basque word oian meaning: forest or wood. There are many
other such letter combinations. Some "oian" words.
gooien (to throw) go-oien, ego-oian, egotzi (to
throw) oian (wood): Throwing wood. Some
"aik" Words.
Every newly invented language was given some
"characteristic" peculiarities and Dutch was assigned (beside the
guttural "g") the "ij," pronounced something like
"eye." Another letter combination, pronounced exactly the same way,
is "ei," but Dutch shares this peculiarity with German. It is
interesting to note that the "i" of "ij" is pronounced
the English way instead of like in Latin, which may indicate that English
grammarians had a hand in concocting this one. A few Dutch words with
"ij" or "ei" and their origin follow: Dutch: Origin: Comment:
Then there is the boy's name "Haiko or Heiko" which came
from aiko maikoka (making excuses). Maiko (dinner guest) became the Dutch girl's
name "Maaike" etc. One interesting bit about Prof. R. "de
Rijk", the internationally known, Basque-speaking professor in Leiden,
whose name is derived from: "de Rai-ik": dei (called) arrai (kind) ik (you): "called: you are
kind". A good Basque name to have, even if he didn't know it. Many Dutch
names start with "van" meaning "from." The origin of
"van" is ban (b and v are interchangeable) which is
an abbreviation of the Basque word banatu meaning, "to disperse,"
"to separate from." Most Dutch names and words can be shown to have
been wrought out of Basque; take Edo Nyland’s name", ni-land.:
ni (my) landa (field, countryside). An early branch of
the family in Gescher (West Phalia), Germany, still spells the name as
Niland. Many Dutch names have been distorted so much that it is nigh
impossible to trace their origin with any certainty, just like elsewhere in
Western Europe. Some "aide" Words. beide (both), bai-aide, bai (yes) aide (family): Say yes for a family.
rijden (to ride) rai-aide-en, arraitu (to be happy) aide (family) endekoi Some "ust" Words. buste (bust) .bu-uste, aburu (opinion) uzte (to leave out, to refuse): Refuse an opinion. gust (barren*).gu-ust., igurtzi (to rub) ustu (to empty): Rub to empty. justitia(justice).ju-usti-iti-iha, uju (shout of joy, pleased) uzti (omission) itiki (to discover, expose) ihardukitze (dispute): Pleased to expose the omission in the dispute. kust (coast) .ku-ust., ekuru (quietly) uste (hopeful): Quietly hopeful. lust (delight)luzatu (to make it last): Make it last. rust (rest) .ru-uste, arrunt (simple) uste (trust): Simple trust. * not producing milk Some "olde" Words. bolder (bitt) .bo-olde.er., abonau (to approve of) oldez (instantaneous) erremolke (towing): Give the signal to start towing. folder (brochure) .fo-olde-er., ebo-olde-er.,eboluzionatu (to develop, organize) oldez (instantaneous) erabilgarbitasun (availability): Organize instantaneous availability. kolder (giddiness) koldar (cowardly): Cowardly. polder (diked-in area) .po-olde-er., oposatu (to obstruct) olde (unrestricted, natural) eraiketa (movement): Obstruct the natural movement (of the water). soldeer (solder) .so-olde-er., oso (simple) olde (instantaneous) erremedio (to repair): Simple instantaneous repair. zolder (ceiling) zo-olde-er., zohi (sod) oldei (moss) eraman (to carry): It carries the mossy sod. CREATING A "GENETIC" RELATIONSHIP
We have no way of determining where the basic rules for the creation
of the Germanic languages were first laid down. The original powerhouse of
Germanic language-creation was apparently in York, England, where Alcuin had been the undisputed master of the grammarians and
language teachers. In 782, after many years in York, England, Alcuin had
joined Charlemagne at his Palace school in Aachen where he functioned as headmaster and motivator, as he
had done before in York (see Benedictines). It may have
been Alcuin, the master organizer, who oversaw the development of the basic
structure and grammar of Dutch and German. What is more important is to
realize that all three languages had been totally invented, and were not
evolved naturally. The rules laid down by the Benedictines were generally
adhered to in the creation of the vocabulary, but exactly what these rules were,
is still to be researched.
While studying the language, our modern academics realized that there
was something involved they didn't know about and decided that the truth
could be established scientifically by using classical comparative methodology.
To accomplish this, our linguists proposed four criteria that were supposed
to be diagnostic: 1) phonological correspondences, 2) shared vocabularies, 3)
common grammatical features and 4) identical constructive particles. But the
Benedictines, eminent linguists that they were, had been 1,500 years ahead of
our academics and, using these same four "diagnostic criteria", had
built a careful "genetic" relationship into the languages. This had already been done with Sanskrit
and the Romance languages where Latin, Spanish, French and Italian all are
similarly "genetically" related. In addition, it would later be
done to create the Slavic and the Finno-Ugric groups of languages. The work
was so professional that linguists at the University of Pennsylvania were now
able to "prove without a doubt" the existence of the
"genetic" relationship, through "advanced computer
analysis" (Johnson 1996).
This contrived relationship between English, Dutch and German is best
shown by analyzing a number of words which display an "obvious
genetic" relationship to each other. An attempt has been made to
identify the word (shown in CAPITALS), which appears closest to the Basque
language, and it is assumed that this is the originally created word. The
other two words were then supposedly touched up according to the rules laid
down for each language. In case the words are alike, no words are
capitalized. As usual the "b" and "v or f" are
interchangeable, so are "c" and "k"; the sharp
"sch" is always written as "x" in Basque. BAKERY-bakkerij-Bäckerei: .ba-ake-eri, ebadura (slice of
bread) akeita (coffee) eri (village):
BLOOD-bloed-Blut: .b.-.lo-od,
eba-alo-odo, ebakidura (wound) alor (farmer) odolisurle (bloody): blue-BLAAUW-BLAU: from blaust (blow on the
eye), a "blue" eye, in English called a black eye. Boer-BOER(farmer)-bauer: buru (people);
"People." (on) board-AAN BOORD-AN BORD borda (ship's cabin);
"Ship's cabin". boat-boot-Boot: bota (to
launch); To launch. or: bo-at, bota (to launch) atoitu (to drag):
"Dragging bow(for arrows)-BOOG-BOGEN boga (to bend;
"To bend". BOOK-BOEK-Buch: buka, bukatze (finishing?);
"Are you finished?" boom (floating timber)-boom
(tree)-BAUM: .bau-um, abaunza (mass of
branches) umo (ripe, full break-BREEK-brechen: bre-ek,
berre-eka, berregin (to re-do, to
repair) ekinaldi (attempt): bread-brood-BROT: .bro-ot., abaro (shady place) otarre (basket):
"Put the basket in a shady place". bench-BANK-BANK: bank, banku (bench):
"Bench". BOSS-baas-böse (angry): boz (voice);
"Voice". butter-BOTER-Butter: .bo-ote-er., eboluzionatu (to produce) ote (perhaps) eragin (to churn): camp-kamp-Kamp: kanpo (outdoors);
"Outdoors". cantata-cantate-Kantate:
.ka-an.-.ta-atu, ekarpen (contribution) anaitu (in unity) atalkide (member) card-kaart-KARTE karta (letter),
"Letter." cellar-KELDER-Keller: ke-eldar., kentze (to put away) eldarniagarri (delirious):
"Put him away CHALICE-schaal-Schale: txali-is, txalin (wooden dish) isurki (liquid):
"Wooden dish for liquids". chamber-KAMER-Kammer: kamar, errekamara (chamber):
"Chamber". (erre comes from cheese-KAAS-Käse: ka-as., kario (expensive) asezin (craving):"Expensive
craving". chest-KIST-KISTE ki-ist., kinkila (drygoods) isterbabes (protection):
"Protection for drygoods". cloister-KLOOSTER-KLOSTER:
.k.-.lo-oste-er, akordio (tradition) ologi (to feed
oatbread) coach-koets-KUTSCHE kutsha, kutxa (box,
chest): "(Large) box". coast-KUST-Küste: ku-ust,
eku-uste, ekuru (quietly) uste
(hopeful):"Quietly hopeful". come-KOMEN-kommen: komen, komeni (to be
helpful). "Be helpful". cook-KOK-Koch: kok (bellyfull);
"Bellyfull". corn-KOREN-Korn: .ko-oren;
eko-oren; ekoitzi (to produce) orrenbeste (same amount again):
CRUST-korst-Kruste: currust, kurrustu (crust):
"Crust". DARK-DONKER-dunkel: donker, donkeria (evil, bad);
"Evil", bad. or: DARK: da-ark., DAY-dag-Tag: dai, daigun (let's):
"Let's go". dead-DOOD-tot: .do-od.,
edo-odo, edonon (everywhere) odol (blood):
"Blood everywhere". door-DEUR-Tür: deu-eur, deuseztatu (to shut out) euriketa (rain storm):
"Shut out the rainstorm". double-dubbel-DOPPEL do-ope-el, odolberoko (spontaneous) opetsi (to offer) elexurikeria DRAGON-DRAAK-Drache: .dra-ago-on.,
dura-ago-on., adurra (to drool) ago (mouth) DRAAK: dura-ak., adurra (to drool)
akarraldi (in anger): "He drools in anger". (A)DRIFT-(OP) DRIFT-(Ab)trift: dri-ifi-it, iduri (it appears) ifili (to be) ito (to drown, go
down): drunk-BEDRONKEN-betrunken: .be-ed.-.ro-onki-in.;
obe-eda-aro-onki-in; obegipeko (favourite) dumb-dom-DUMM:du-um, idu-ume, iduri (to appear) umekeria (childish):
"Appears to be childish". eat-ETEN-essen: eten (interruption).
"Interruption". evil-euvel-ÜBEL: ubel (purple), the
favourite color of the Priestess. "Evil". FAME-faam-famos: fama (fame);
"Fame". FAR-ver-fern: far, ifar (north):
"North". FAULT-fout-Fehler: falta (error);
"Error". feast-feest-FEST: fa-est., afa (happy) este (intestine):
"Happy intestine". fever-fieber-Fieber: .fi-ibe-er., abiatu (to begin) ibeni (to put on) erremedio (remedy);
"Begin with fiddle-FIDEEL (jovial)-fidel (jolly):
.fi-id.-.de-el., ifili (to be) idekoki (appropriately)
ederton field-VELD-FELD: fa-eld., afa (happy) eldu (to ripen):
"Happy to (see it) ripen". FINGER-vinger-FINGER: .fi-ingir,
.bi-ingir., ibili (to act) ingiratu (to be
repugnant): fiord-fjord-Fjord: fa-jor.-di, afa (happy) jori (abundance) di (place of),
"Place of happy abundance". FLAG-vlag-Flagge: f.-.lag,
afa-alaig, afa (happy) alaigarri (comforting).
"Happily comforting". fleet-VLOOT-Flotte: flota (fleet);
"Fleet". folk-volk-Volk: bolk, boladak (group of
people). "Group of people". FRIEND-vriend-Freund: f.-.rend, afa (happy) arrendu (to call upon):
"Happy to call upon". fusilier-FUSELIER-Füsilier: fa-uz.-elir, afa (happy) uzkali (to vanquish) elikera (food);
"Happily
vanquishing food". GARDEN-gaarde-Garten: jardun (to be busy
with): (probably borrowed from France.) "To be good-goed-GUT: gut, gutizia (desire,
longing). "Desire" gradual-GRADAAL (archaic)-graduell: .g.-.ra-ada-al;
igo-ora-ada-al; igon (to grow tall) grain-GRAAN-Grän: garan, garaun (grain);
"Grain". grey-GRIJS-grau: gris (grey);
"Grey". hand-hand-Hand: hand, handiera (extension):
"Extention". honey-honing-HONIG: ho-oni-ig., ahobeteko (tasteful) onizan (useful) igita (harvest);
"Useful house-huis-HAUS: hau-aus, haundi (large) ausarki (abundantly,
more than enough): "More than HEATHER-heide-Heide: heder, hederia (bundled
together, broom); "Bundled together, broom". king-KONING-König: kon-ing, konde (nobleman) ingira (disposition),
"Nobleman's disposition". kitchen-KEUKEN-Küche: .ke-euki-in; ikertu (to examine) eukitzaile (contents) inoizka (from knee-knie-Knie: .k.-.ni,
ika-ani, ikaradun (frightened) anitzetan (often).
"Frightened often lamb-lam-Lamm: la-am.-.b.,
ala-amai, alai (joyful) amaigabeko (endless) abeltegi (sheepfold): lick-LIKKEN-lecken: likin (sticky);
"Sticky". life-leven-LEBEN: .le-eban, ele (story) ebanjelio (gospels):
"The story of the Gospels". lust-lust-Lust: luzt, luzatu (to prolong, to
stretch out): "To prolong, make it last". MAGIC-magie-Magie: ma-agi-ik, ama (mother,
Priestess) agindu (command) ikarakortu (to be MAID-meid-Maid: ma-aid., ama (mother's) aide (relative);
"Mother's relative". MARKET-markt-Markt: me-erkat, eme (woman) erkatu (to compare):
"The women compare". matey-MAAT-MAAT: ma-at, ama (mother's) ateka (bad moment);
"Mother's bad moment". meager-MAGER-MAGER: ma-ager, ama (mother's) ager (appearance);
"Mother's appearance". meal-MAAL-Mahl: ma-al, ama (mother's) altzokada (apron full);
"Mother's apron full". meteor-meteor-Meteor: me-ete-e.or, mendi (mountain) ete (perhaps) ehortziri (to bury): "Perhaps
metal-metaal-Metal: me-eta-al, emendatu (to increase) eta (amount) al (power,
strength): "To milk-melk-Milch: .me-elk., emeta (gently) elki (to empty);
"Empty gently". moon-MAAN-Mond: ma-an, ama-anu,
ama (mother) anu (fainting);
"Mother's fainting". mouse-muis-MAUSE: ma-aus,
ama-auzo, ama (mother) auzogabetu (to move away):
"Mother runs NAIL-nagel-Nagel: nai-il, nai (wish) il (death):
"Deathwish". needle-naald-NADEL: .na-ade-el, anaia (brother) adelu (finery) elkarbatu (to stitch
together): "Stitch neighbour-buur-NACHBAR: nabari (obvious, in
sight): "In sight". NIGHT-nacht-Nacht: nait, naitaezko (inevitable):
"Inevitable". nose-neus-NASE: nasa, arnasa (to breathe):
"To breathe". powder-POEDER-Puder: .po-ede-er, opor (time off) ederreztatu (to beautify) ereti (occasion): rest-RUST-Rast: ru-ust,
arru-uste, arrunt (simple) uste (trust):
"Simple trust". red-rood-ROT: rot, arrot, arrotu (flushed):
"Flushed face". rider-ruiter-REITER: rai-tor, arrai (gentle) aitor (legendary
patriarch), probably referring to right-RECHT-RECHT: re-ekt,
are-ekit, arren (please) ekite (to persevere):
"Please persevere". rime (hoarfrost)-RIJP (pron:
raip)-reif: .rai-aip., arraitasun (brightness) aipa (to mention); SALMON-zalm-Salm: .za-al.-.mon,
iza-ale-emo-on., izate (nature) alegera (rejoicing) salt-zout-SALTZE: saltze, gesaltze (to melt).
"It melts". scratch-KRAS-Kratzen: karras, karrask (scrape,
scratch). "Scratch". seldom-ZELDEN-selten: .zel-den,
ezel-den; ezelan (somehow) denbora ediren (find time); send-ZENDEN-senden: .zen-den.,
izen-denok; izeneztatu ((signed by) denok (all of us);
"Signed by ship-SCHIP-Schiff: ski-ip,
aski-ipu, askitan (many times,
often) ipurterre (restless,
sleepless): shit-skyt/SKOIT:
(Friesian)-Scheisse: .sho-it., exo-ito, exorzizatu (cast out,
eliminate) itoi (filth): short-kort-KURTZ: .ku-urtz,
aku-urtz; akuilatu (to
stimulate/bring about) urtzintz (sneeze);
"To sing-zingen-singen: ing, zingle (delicate):
"Delicate (voice)". singe-verzengen-SENGEN: .zeng, izengabetu (to discredit):
"Discredited (burned his fingers)". sink-ZINKEN-senken: .zin-ken; ezindu
(incapacitated/unable) kendu (to avoid);
"Unable to avoid". sister-ZUSTER-schwester: zuzter, zuztertu (growing up
fast): "Growing up fast". soldier-SOLDAAT-SOLDAT: .so-olda-at; osoki (totally) oldar (brave) atxikimendu soul-ZIEL-Seele: .zi-il,
ezi-ilo; ezik (without) ilordu (hour of
death); "Deathless". stone-steen-STEIN: stai-in, estai (stay put) indar (strong, firm);
"Stays firmly in place". storm-storm-STURM: stu-uri-im., astundu (to become
heavy) urizapparada (downpour) street-STRAAT-Strasse: sta-arrat, asta (donkey) arrate (narrow
passage): "Donkey's narrow SUGAR-suiker-Zucker: su-uga-ar,
isu-uga-ara, isuri (to flow) ugari (abundant) aratz (pure); supple-soepel-n.a.: su-upe-el,
isu-upe-ela, isuri (to inspire, to
cause) upeohol (stave) elastiko sweat-zweet-SCHWITZE: xu-itze, xukatu (to mop up) itzetik mustuka (quickly with
the cloth). SWELLING-zwelling-Schwellung:
.se-ela-ali-ing., iseka egin (to make fun
of) elastiko (bump/ thumb-duim-DAUME: dau-um., daukat (I have) umoretsu (fun).
"Thumb up, I have fun". tobacco-TABAK-TABAK: ta-bake, taldeko (of the group,
tribe) bake (peace);
(Smoking the peace true-trouw-TRAU: ta-arau, ta (slapping) arau (discipline):
"Slapping discipline". under-ONDER-unter: ondar (bottom):
"Bottom". wall (wattle)-wal-Walle: wattle, atela (place of door
opening): The "w" is usually meaningless. "Place warp-WERP-Wurf: erp, erpintsu (pointed):
"Pointed". WATER-WATER-Wasser: ater, atera (to get).
"Go get it". weather-weder-WETTER: etor, etorki (expecting).
"(What to) expect?" weave-weef-WEBE: ebe, eba, ebaki (making
decisions). "Making decisions". wife-wijf-WEIB: Weibe, ai-be, ai (strong desire) be'ar (necessity,
indispensable): "Strong desire for wind-wind-Wind: ind, indar (strength,
force). "Hard blow". wood-hout-HOLTZ: oholtza ("pile of
lumber"). Wood could come from ud- udare (pear wood). WORD-woord-Wort: ord, ordainbide (promisory
note): "Promise". work-WERK-WERK: erk, erakarpen (contribution).
"Contribution". world-WERELD-Welt: ereld, eraldatu (to reform, to
renew); the world was to be made over. yellow-geel-GELB: gelbera (hesitant, afraid):
"Afraid". YESTERDAY-gisteren-gestern:
.ie-este-er.-.da-a.i, aie-este-ere-eda-ahi: aieneka (grieving) FRIESIAN PLACE NAMES
The Friesian language will be discussed elsewhere but I will include here
a list of the Friesian islands, of which there are more than 50, now divided
between Nederland, Germany and Denmark. All the names of these islands can be
translated with the use of the Basque dictionary, which confirms the same
underlying language. Here are some: SOME FRIESIAN
ISLANDS BELONGING TO THE NETHERLANDS
Texel, the most
westerly of all the islands: tek-sil, tekadun (having pods) silo (storage barn):
"Storage barn for the pea and bean harvest". It must have been a high
and prominent feature, clearly seen from the sea. Vlieland, bili-landa, bili (to and fro) landa (region):
"To and fro region?" Terschelling, tera-schilin: tera (to, towards) txilin (tinkling
bells, community pasture): "To the community pasture" where all the
animals have bells to ward off bad spirits and dangers, and also to be heard. Ameland, ame-landa, amets (strong desire,
longing for) landa (country-side,
region): "I long for my country-side"; it still is a wonderful
place to live. Schiermonnikoog,
txir-mon-nik-oga, txir (oyster) mondar (beach) nik (my) ogasun (property):
"My private oyster beach". Rottum, rot-um, arrotsu (proud) ume (child):
"Proud little island". Urk, (island in the
middle of the Zuider Zee); it may have had the Friesian corpse-exposure
facility for the departed. If so, here the bodies were exposed to the air so
the soul would be released from the body and proper re-incarnation could take
place. The bones were later bundled together and placed in a tribal tomb.
This practice was continued by the R.C. church which to this day displays the
bones of many martyrs and Saints in glass show-cases. In early
"Christian" times, this holy site was desecrated by "urka"
(gallows). SOME FRIESIAN
ISLANDS BELONGING TO GERMANY
Borkum, bor-kum, borda (hut) kuma (cradle),
"Hut with a cradle". Juist, ju-ist, jujatu (to judge,
evaluate) istil (mud):
"Judge, evaluate the mud". Baltrum, bal-trum, bala (profusion) trumoi (thunder clap):
"A profusion of thunder claps". Langeoog, langa-og, langa (barrier,
fence) ogasun (property):
"Fenced property". Spiekeroog, sop-iker-og, sopi (soppy wet) ikerketa (to explore) ogasun (property):
"Soaking wet I explored the property". Minsener, min-senar, min (in pain) senar (husband):
"My husband is in pain". Oldoog, old-og, oldar (attack) ogasun (property):
"Attack on the property". Scharhorn, ar-horn, xare (small net) horni (supplying
food): "Small net for supplying food". Eiderstadt, ei-dor-suta-d.,
ei (they say) dator (he is coming) sutargi (home, homefire)
-da (for/to me):
"They say he is coming home to me". Süderoog, udur-og, sudur (sticking out,
far out) ogasun (property):
"Far out property". Rantum, rant-um, arrantzu (large catch of
fish) ume (child):
"The child caught a lot of fish". SOME FRIESIAN
ISLANDS BELONGING TO DENMARK
Jorsand, jor-sand, joritsu (rich) santujale (devout):
"Rich and devout" (person). Rømø, ro-mo, arro (proud,
upright) modu (manner):
"Proud/upright manner". Koresand, korru-sant, korru (circle) santujale (devout, religious):
"Holy (stone) circle?" Was this one of the many pre-Christian stone
circles found all over the Atlantic coast of Europe and North Africa? Kilsand, kil-sant, kili (gentle) santujale (devout):
"Gentle and devout" (owner?) Fanø, fano (horsepasture):
"Horse pasture". Skallingen,
ska-al.-ling-en., sikatu (dry out) alik ondoen (as well as
possible) lingirda (seaweed) -enetan (always):
"Always dry out the seaweed as well as possible". Ho Bugt, ho-bukat, aho (mouth) bukatu (inlet):
"Mouth of the inlet (this is a channel)". Blåvands huk, bla-band-huk, bila (searching for)
banda (direction) hukiketa (point of
contact): "Searching for direction to our point of contact". SOME OTHER
FRIESIAN PLACE NAMES
Bolsward, bol-su-ard, bolada (occasion) su (fight, brawl) ardo (wine):
"On occasion a drunken brawl". Franeker, f.-.ran-neker, afa (happy) arran (bells) nekarazi (tired of):
"I'm tired of the happily tingling bells". Harlingen, (the main
harbour): har-ling-en, harri (stones) lingirda (slime,
seaweed) -enetan (always):
"The stones are always slimey". Lemmer, (harbour on the
south-west coast), lemar (helmsman). Ljouwert, L-jau-ert,
(L:?) jaundu (to dominate) erd (center):
"Dominates the center". Marknesse, mark-neska, markatu (to wave) neska (unmarried
young woman): "A young woman is waving". Sneek, sine-ek, sinesgarri (testimony) ekinaldi (persistence):
"Testimony to persistence". Ulrum, uler-um, uler (to understand)
ume (child):
"I understand the child". Wirdum, uhir-du-um, uhir (naughty) du (he has) ume (child):
"She has a naughty child". Zurich, zurik (flatterer): "Flatterer".
Bibliography
|
==========================================
For further detail, please
refer to:
Nyland, Edo. 2001. Linguistic Archaeology: AnIntroduction. Trafford Publ., Victoria, B.C., Canada.
ISBN 1-55212-668-4. 541 p. [
see abstract & summary]
Nyland, Edo. 2002.
Odysseus and the Sea Peoples: A
Bronze Age History of Scotland Trafford Publ., Victoria,
B.C., Canada.
307 p. [see
abstract & summary].
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