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[Note:  All Basque words are in Italics and Bold-faced Green]

 

IRISH OGAM INSCRIPTIONS *

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INTRODUCTION


         
Both the early Irish and the succeeding Roman Catholic church used the Ogam script. As the following examples show, long sentences were condensed into very short Ogam inscriptions by compiling the first consonants of words of the indigenous Irish language into one "word" with a few vowels added in between. The resulting word usually made no apparent sense. It was not supposed to. The amazing thing about this Ogam script is that it was designed for, and could be used with, one language only. The encoded sentence could be decoded and read with considerable confidence, but only if the inscription was clearly legible. The language used was the universal (Gen. 11:1) Saharan language, a close survivor of which we now know in western Europe as Basque. Many have tried to translate the inscriptions using the Celtic language, but without any success. Not a single genuine Ogam inscription is written in Celtic, and so far not a single name has been found in any of them by Edo Nyland. The Celtic language did not yet exist at the time these petroglyphs were made, as explained in the Benedictines' own operations manual the "Auraicept" . Only the Basque language possesses the vowel-consonant-vowel (VCV) structure of the morphemes which allows the encoding into the Ogam script (see VCV Formula)

 

          The modern Basque-English dictionary by Gorka Aulestia is eminently suited to decode and translate many of these very old inscriptions, in combination with Nyland’s VCV dictionary,. About half of the words in the Basque vocabulary start with VCV, and it was this VCV half which was used almost exclusively in the Ogam inscriptions. See also the "Saharan Language". One very special characteristic of both the Ogam script and the Saharan language is that numerical- and letter- magic is built into the structure of the inscription.  This early Christian magic was intended to overpower the magic of the pre-Christian, or Ashera Religion For example, both Q and K are used in the inscriptions and both represent a K.   However, the number of strokes in the inscription and the total value of the letters is different, which has to do with the numerical magic of the inscription. For a more detailed discussion of the all-pervading pre-Christian magic and its use, please see the section on magic in "The Timeless Society", a society very different from ours.

 

          The numbers behind the following inscription names refer to the "Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum" by R.A.S. Macalister (1949).

 

THE BALLISPELLAN BROCHE #27

 

 

          The silver Ballispellan broche is located in the Treasury of the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin. Beside the broche was a description saying that the Ogam engraving on the backside had not yet been translated but that it was expected to give the name of the artist who made the broche. Two years later, this explanation was replaced with the suggestion that the inscription represented the names of four successive owners, even though the lettering was done in exactly the same hand. These remarks were obviously guesswork.  This then became a challenge for Edo Nyland because the Ogam inscription is one of the longer known and has far too many letters to be merely an artist's name or even four names. In fact, the four carefully inscribed lines are one tragic story and there is no break in the interlocking between them. This inscription is #27 in the Irish National Register compiled by R.A.S. Macalister.

 

          This tantalizing inscription intrigued Edo Nyland and he was compelled to translate it. The lettering appeared to be in a code that had not yet been broken. It was obvious that the language could not be Gaelic so he tried Latin., which was the only other language that was known to be in use in Ireland. However, this was not productive. After months of groping with possible codes, involving comparisons with Ogam from Scotland, Ireland and West Virginia, the effort finally paid off when the surprise language showed up, thanks to an article by Dr. Cavalli-Sforza in Scientific American (November 1991 issue). The solution turned out to be deceptively simple. It involved a code so ingenious that only one consonant was required to express an entire complex word and still allow that word to be identified with confidence. The paucity of vowels did create a few problems in deciphering but none were insurmountable. Some value judgments were required in cases where more than one interpretation was possible, but the long and coherent text made this relatively easy. In the end it was the liberal scattering of vowels throughout this inscription that made it possible to translate its meaning.

 

          Here is the lettering as transliterated in Ireland:

 

CNAEMSECHCELLACH  MINODORMUAD  MAELMAIRE  MAELUADAIG

 

          As the "C" is not part of the original Ogam alphabet, this letter had to be written as "K". The complete coding would show alternating vowels and consonants: VCVCVCV etc. However, many vowels and some h's were removed so that only those (mostly monks) knowledgeable of the system could read it at the time. The removed vowels and H's are represented here by dots. The three spaces indicate the places where the vowel interlocking is interrupted.

 

.K.NA.EM.SEK.H.KEL.LAK.H.   .MINODOR.MU.AD.   .MA.EL.MA.IRE   .MA.ELU.ADA.IG.

 

.k.               aka               akabu                 death
.na               ana                anai                  brother
a.e               ahe                aihezka            grieving
em.              ema               emazte               wife
.se               ase                aserregorri        fury
ek.              eka               ekaizte              storm
.h.               ahi                 ahituezin         endless
.ke              ike                ikertu               to explore, search
el.                ele                 ele                    story
.la                ela                 elaberriti          talker, story teller
ak.              aka               akabu              dead
.h.               aha                ahaideko         relative
.mi               ami                amilketa          fell down cliff
ino               ino                inolaz             somehow
odo             odo               odolgaizto       violently
or.               ora                oratu                seized
.mu              amu               amultsuki        affectionately, gently
u.a               uha                uharka            waterbody
ad.              ada               -ada                 roaring
.ma              amai              amaitu             endlessly
a.e               aihe               aihenatu          to disappear
el.                ele                 elegile              storyteller
.ma              ama               emakumezko    woman
a.i                ahi                 ahitortu            to witness
ire               ire                 irensle              swallowing by the sea
ema             emai            emaitza               ending
a.e               aihe               aihenegarri     lamentable
elu               elu                 elurtu              to freeze
u.a               uha                uhalde             coast
ada              ada               adarreztatu      to cover with branches
a.i                ahi                 ahizpa              woman
ig.                iga                 igar                 dead
 
 
          My dead brother's grieving wife searched endlessly in the fury of the storm. The story teller's dead relative had somehow fallen violently down a cliff, was seized gently by the endlessly roaring water and then disappeared. The storyteller witnessed the woman being swallowed by the sea. The lamentable ending on that frozen coast was the covering of the dead woman with branches. 
 

          Note: The word irensle (swallowing) comes from the verb irentsi (to swallow). In the context it is a shortening of itzasoak irentsi hura (the sea swallowed her). Nyland has estimated that the inscription on the Ballispellan broche was made between 600 and 700 A.D.

 

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DRUMMIN #11

CUNAVATO corrected to: KUNABATO

 

.ku-una-aba-ato
.ku        aku       akuilatu    to stimulate
una        una     
unadora     boredom
aba        aba      
abade        priest
ato        ato      
ator            Come!
"The priest will stimulate your boredom; come!"

 

 

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AHALISKY #70

CUNAGUSOS  MAQI  MUCOI  VIRAGNI
corrected to:
KUNAGUSOS  MAKI  MUKOI  BIRAGNI

 

.ku-una-agu-uso-os.   .ma-aki   .mu-uko-oi    .bi-ira-ag.-.ni
.ku    iku        ikuste          the act of seeing
una    una     
unatu          to tire
agu    agu     
agur egin    to worship
uso    uso      
uso             dove, holy man
os.    oso      
oso               sincere

.ma    ama     
ama             mother
aki
    aki       akiarazi       to tire, to age

.mu    amu    
amultsu       affectionate
uko    uko    
uko egin       to renounce
oi       oi       
oiheskeria     vulgarity

.bi     ubi      
ubil             whirlpool
ira     ira       
irauti           patient
ag.    agu       
agur egin     to worship
.ni     uni     
unibertsal     general


"After seeing the tired and sincere holy man in worship, our aged and affectionate mother renounced the vulgarity of the whirlpool by patient general worshiping".

 

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CARHOOVAULER #73

DOMNGEN

.do-om.-.n.-.ge-en.
.do     ado     adoratu     to worship
om.    oma   
oma           grandmother
.n.     ana     
anaia        religious brother
.ge    age     
agerian      openly
en.    ene     
enetan       always


"Grandmother's religious brother always worshiped openly".   

 

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BALLYKNOCK #89

BOGAI  MAQI  BIRACO
corrected to:
BOGAI  MAKI    BIRAKO

 

.bo-oga-ai    .ma-aki   .bi-ira-ako


.bo    abo      abonau         to approve of, to voice
oga    oga     
ogasun         wealth
ai       ai       
aiene             lament

.ma    ama    
ama              mother
aki     aki     
akiarazi        to tire, to age

.bi      obi    
obi                  grave
ira      ira     
iraunkor         suffering
ako    ako   
akorduan euki   to remember


"Voicing a wealth of lament, we remembered our aged mother's suffering at her grave".

 

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BALLYKNOCK #94

DEGO  MACI   VEDUKURI
corrected to:
DEGO  MAKI  BEDUKURI

 

          Macalister, because of lack of clarity here, had to decide between DOMMO  MACI and DEGO  MACI and he picked the first one that was impossible to translate. He also rejected someone else's transliteration VEDUCURI in favour of his own VEDUCERI. Again his chosen interpretation was impossible to translate because there exists no such letter combination in Basque as UCE (UKE).

 

.de-ego   .ma-aki   .be-edu-uku-uri


.de     ede    eder egin    to be pleased
ego    ego   
egon           to stay

.ma    ama   
ama          mother
aki
    aki     akitu         to be exhausted

.be    abe    
abelgorri   cattle
edu    edu   
eduki        to keep
uku    uku   
ukuilu     stable
uri      uri    
urrindu    to smell


"The exhausted mother was pleased to stay with the cattle, kept in the smelly stable".

 

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BALLYKNOCK #95

ANM   MEDDOGENI.

 

an.-.m. / .me-ed.-.do-oge-eni


an.     ana     anaia        religious brother
.me    ame   
amestu      to imagine, to wonder

.me    eme   
emen         here
ed.     edi     
ediren       to find
.do     ido     
idor          dry
oge    oge    
oge             bed
eni     eni    
enitzat       for me


"The religious brother wondered: 'How to find a dry bed here for me'?"

 

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BALLYKNOCK #96

COVALOTI
corrected to:
KOBALOTI

 

.ko-oba-alo-oti
.ko     oko    okolu           stable
oba     oba   
oba              better
alo     alo   
alorgizon      farmer
oti      oti   
otzikaratu     to shiver


"The shivering farmer (felt) better in the stable".

 

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BALLYHANK #100

AB   ULCCAGNI
corrected to
AB.  ULKKAGNI

 

ab.  ul.-.k.-.ka-ag.-.ni


ab./   aba    abade            priest
ul.     ula   
ulatu             to welcome
.k.    aki   
akigabe          tirelessly
.ka    ika   
ikaserazi       to teach
ag.    agu   
agur egin       to worship
.ni     uni   
unibertsal      general


"The welcome priest tirelessly taught general worship."

 

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KILMARTIN LOWER #109

UDDMENSA  CELI  NETTASLOGI

 

ud.-.d.-.me-en.-.sa / seli-.ne-et.-ta-.as.-.lo-ogi


ud.     uda    udazken       autumn
.d.     ade    
adelatu         to prepare
.me    eme   
emen            here
en.     ena   
-ena              (superlative) great
.sa     asa   
asaldaketa     excitement

.se    ase   
asete               period of abundance
eli
    eli      elikatura       food

.ne    ane    
anega          grain measure/supply
et.    ete     
etenkatu       to interrupt        
et.    eta    
-eta               action/work
as.    ase    
asegaitz       craving
.lo    alo    
alorgizon     farmer
ogi    ogi    
ogi               bread


"In the autumn we prepare here for the great excitement of the period of abundant food of the grain supply, the work only interrupted by our craving for farmer's bread."

 

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KNOCKSHANAWEE #112

MICANAVVI  MAQ  LUGUNI
corrected to:
MIKANABBI  MAK  LEGUNI

 

 

          Macalister comments that the two U's are very faint, and indeed the first U is incorrect because there is no morpheme UGU in the Basque language. The following translation will show why it should have been an E.

 

.mi-ika-ana-ab.-.bi  .ma-ak.  .le-egu-uni


.mi     umi    umil                 humble
ika     ika    
ikasi                 to learn
ana    ana   
anaia                religious brother
.ba    aba   
abantailadun    privileged
ab.    abi    
abilitate            talented

.ma    ema   
eman              to teach
ak.     aki    
akigabe           tirelessly

.le      ele    
ele                     story    
egu    egu   
egundainoko    eternal
uni      uni   
unibertsal        universal


"Humbly learn from the talented and privileged religious brother who is teaching tirelessly the eternal story of the universal God".

 

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KNOCKSHANAWEE #113

VEQIKAMI   MAQI   LUGUNI
corrected to:
BEKIKAMO   MAKI   LEGUNI

 

.be-eki- ika-ami   .ma-aki   .le-egu-uni


.be    ebe     ebertar             Hebrew, Jesus
eki    eki     
ekinalean       as much as possible
ika    ika     
ikasi                to learn
ami   amo   
amodio            love

.ma   ema   
eman               to teach
aki    aki     
akigabe           tirelessly

.le    ele      
ele                    story
egu   egu    
egundainoko   eternal
uni    uni    
unibertsal        universal


"Learn as much as possible of Jesus' love, then teach tirelessly the eternal story of the universal God".   

 

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MONATAGGERT #118

VEQREQ  MUCOI  GLUNLEGGET
corrected to:
BEKREK  MOSOI  GLUNLEGGET

 

          In the entrance hall of the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin stands a tall slim stone, one of the thousands of megalithic stones that were placed upright by the pre-Christian Irish. It was found in 1872 and had been used as building material in an underground chamber in Monataggert, County Cork. On this stone (#118 in Macalister's National Register) an Ogam inscription was carved which to this day is regarded as the grave-marker of Mr. Glun Legget, whoever he may have been. They say this only because the last letters of the inscription read GLUNLEGGET. The fact that this "name" is written in one word is explained as a "typo" made by the inscriber, who "forgot" to leave a space after GLUN (McManus 5.29). The binomial system of naming was not introduced until several centuries later. However, so ingrained is the belief that all Irish Ogam stones are grave markers and that the inscriptions say something like: "here lies Johnny mourned by Mary", that any suggestion a quite different explanation could exist was rejected right out of hand by museum staff. The letters "Legget" were adopted by an Irish family as their tribal name.

 

.be-ek.-.re-ek.  .mo-oso-oi  .g.-.lu-un.-.le-.eg.-.ge-et.
 
.be              abe               abe                      cross
ek.              eku               ekurutasun        peace of mind
.re               ure                urentasun          nobility
ek.              eka               ekarri                 to bring
.mo             amo              amodio              love
oso              oso               osoro                 totally
o.i               ohi                ohilkor             oppressed
.g.               agi                 aginbide           authority
.lu                ilu                  ilun                   dull
un.               una                unagarri           darkness
.le                ale                 alegera             rejoicing
eg.               egi                 egiazki             true
.ge               ige                 iges                   escaping
et.               eto                etorki                caste, clan
 

The peace of mind of the noble Cross brings love to the totally oppressed. It has the authority (to change) dull darkness into true rejoicing when escaping from the clan.

 

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COOLMAGORT #197

DEGOS  MAQI  MOCOI  TOICAKI
corrected to
DEGOS  MAKI  MOSOI  TOIKAKI

 

.de-ego-os.  .ma-aki  .mo-oso-oi   .to-o.i-ika-aki


de       de     deboziotu       to be devoted
ego    ego     egoki              to be concerned
os .   oso      oso                sincere

.ma    ama    ama               mother
aki     aki      akigarri         aging

.mo    emo    emonkor      generous
oso    oso     oso                sincere
oi       oi      oialgin          weaver

.to     eto      etorri             inspiration
oi      oi       oituraz           always
ika    ika      ikaserazi        teaching
aki    aki     
akigabe         tireless


"Devoted, concerned and sincere, our aging mother was an inspired weaver, always teaching tirelessly".

 

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COOLMAGORT #199

CUNACENA
corrected to:
KUNAKENA

 

          Seven stones found in a souterrain in 1838 were presented by the owner to the Irish people and were brought to the surface and protected from the elements. This is stone #3.

 

.ku-una-ake-ena


,ku     uku      ukur             evil
una     una    
unagarri      annoying
ake     ake    
akela            priestess
ena     ena    
ena               (superlative) extremely


"The priestess is extremely evil and annoying".

 

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KILCOOLAGHT #211

RITTUVVECC  MAQI  VEDDONOS.
corrected to:
RITTUBBEKK  MAKI  BEDDONOS

 

.ri     eri     erio              death
it.     iti      
iti               to denounce
.tu    itu     
ituragabe    senseless
ub.    ubi   
ubil             whirlpool
.be    ibe   
ibeni            to bring about
ek.    eko   
ekoizpen     fertility
.k.    oka   
okaztagarr i disgusting

.ma    ama   
ama          mother
aki     aki   
akiarazi     aged

.be    ebe   
ebertar        Jew, Jesus
ed.    eda   
edangura   thirsting for
.do    ado   
adoratu      to worship
ono   ono   
onon         wonderful    
os.    oso   
oso             sincere


"While denouncing the senseless death in the whirlpool, to bring about disgusting fertility, our aged mother thirsted for Christ's wonderfully sincere worship".

 

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WHITEFIELD #215

ALATTO  CELI  BATTIGNI
corrected to:
ALATTO  KELI  BATTIGNI.

 

ala    ala    alabeharreko   necessary
at.    ate   
ateratu             to leave
.to    eto   
etorri               come!

.ke    ike   
ikertu              to visit, to go to
eli     eli    
eliza                church

.ba   aba   
oba                  better
ati    ati    
atiki                 to gather
ig.    iga   
igar                  dead, body
.ni    ani   
ani                  anitz


"It is necessary to leave. Come, let's go to the church. It is better to gather the many bodies at the refuge.

 

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WHITEFIELD #216

GOSOCTEAS  MOSAC  MAKINI

 

.go    ago     agortu        to dry up
oso    oso   
oso             perfect
ok.    oka   
okaldi         bellyful
.te    ate    
atera            to get
as.    ase   
asearazi       to stuff

.mo    umo   
umo           sensible
osa    osa   
osaketa        healing
ak.    ako   
akorduan euki to remember

.ma    ama   
ama             mother
aki     aki     
akiarazi      aged
ini      ini     
ini               my   


"It is perfect to dry up and get your belly stuffed full. We remembered the sensible healing of our aged mother."

 

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KINGULBIN EAST #1086
BLADNACH  COGRADEDENA and BLADNACH  CUILEN
BLADNAK  KOGRADEDENA and BLADNAK  KUILEN

 

          These inscriptions are found on a bronze hanging bowl, probably an incence burner, dug up from a swamp in County  Kerry. McManus (7.6) writes: "They are inscribed along the upper surface of the rim and on one of the escutcheons". This bowl may be seen in the National Museum in Dublin.
 
Bladnak:
 
.b.-la-ad.-.na-ak
.b.     abe     abe             cross
.la      ela     ela              story
ad.     ade     adelatu     to prepare
.na     ena     ena            that
ak.     aka     akabu       ultimate, superior
 
kogradedena:
 
.ko-og.-.ra-ade-ede-ena
.ko              ako               akorduan euki      to remember 
og.              ogi                ogizatitze              breaking of the bread 
.ra               ira                 iragan                    to suffer 
ade              ade               adelatu                  to prepare 
ede              ede               edergi                     to confide in 
dena            dena              Deuna                  Lord 
 
The story of the Cross prepares us for that ultimate remembrance while preparing for the breaking of the bread (for His) suffering (while we) confide in the Lord.
 
kuilen:
.ku     eku     ekurutasun     peace of mind
ile       ile      ilezin              everlasting
en.     ene     eneganatu       to come over me/us
 
The story of the cross prepares us for that ultimate everlasting peace of mind (which will) come over us. 
 

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THE BALLINTAGGERT STONE

Transliteration:
B.Fell:
Ma-q -q -i -i -a -r -i y i m a
E.Nyland: .
MAK. KI.IARI. E.A.IMA

 

          This rather startling Ogam inscription is included here to give an impression of the great variety of topics written on stone in Ireland. The Ballintaggert text is inscribed on a phallic stone from County Kerry, Ireland (James P.Whittall II). The transliteration was published in Barry Fell's book "America B.C." (p.22) and corrected by me. I inserted dots to show where the author of the inscription had eliminated vowels. Fell's "y" in the transliteration could not be used as this letter is not part of the Ogam alphabet. Also, the "X" shown in the inscription is the standard forfeda character for "EA". More about the five Forfeda characters in Translating Ogam.

 

.ma-ak-.ki-i.a-ari-i.e-e.a-ima
 
.ma              ema               emagose          sexual desire
ak.              aku               akuilatu         stimulate
.ki               uki                ukitu             to touch
i.i                 ihi                  ihizitegi         secret place
i.a                iha                 ihardun         to spend time
ari               ari                 arrigarri        marvelous
i.e                ihe                 ihesaldi         escape
e.a               eha                ea                  (emphasis)
a.i                ahi                 ahigarri        exhausting
ima              ima                imatz            wattle shelter
 
Stimulate your sexual desire by touching your secret place and spend a marvelous time in exhausting escape in the wattle shelter. 
 
 

= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =

 

CILLE BARRA STONE

TIRTHURKIRTHUS  INRRISKURSSIARISTA  A

 

          This stone was removed in 1865 from the ancient Cille Barra cemetary and taken to the Museum of Antiquities in Edinburgh. It was always thought to be a gravestone, which it obviously is not. The transliteration was copied from a local tourist pamphlet. Barra-Vatersay is the most southerly populated island in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. Dots indicate where vowels were removed by the author. In this inscription, only one 'h' was removed, also indicated by a dot.

 

.ti-ir.-.t.-.hu-ur.-.ki-ir.-.t.-hu-us.     in.-.r.-.ri-is.-.ku-ur.-.s.-.si-i.a-ari-is.-.ta    a


.ti      uti     utikan         get away from here!
ir.      iro    
irol              run-off
.t.      ota   
otamendi     brush covered mountain
.hu    ahu   
ahulkor      weakened   
ur.    ure    
ure              water
.ki     eki    
ekin            to continue
ir.     iru     
irudi           to look like
.t.     utsi   
utsitu          to empty, to surge
.hu    ihu   
ihurtzuri     thunder
us.    usta  
ustakatu     to scourge

in.     ino    inor             everyone
.r.     ora   
orratio         dismayed
.ri     ari    
arritu          petrified
is.     isi    
isiltze          overwhelmed
.ku    iku   
ikustaile     eye-witness
ur.    ura   
uraldi          flood
.s.    asa   
asaldagarri    shocking
.si    asi    
asialdi         beginning
i.a    iha   
ihartu          to dry up
ari    ari    
arinari        to escape
is.    isi    
isiltoke         shelter
.ta    ita   
itaizur          leaky

a      ?      ?


    Get away from here! The run-off has weakened the brush-covered mountain and it looks like (the water) will continue to surge and the thunder to scour. Everyone is dismayed, petrified and overwhelmed to see this shocking flood from the beginning; to dry up we escaped to this leaky shelter.

 

 

     Bibliography

 

==========================================

 

For further detail, please refer to:

 

          Nyland, Edo.  2001.  Linguistic Archaeology: An
               Introduction.   Trafford Publ., Victoria, B.C., Canada.

               ISBN 1-55212-668-4. 541 p. [ see abstract & summary]

 

          Nyland, Edo.  2002.  Odysseus and the Sea Peoples: A

               Bronze Age History of Scotland  Trafford Publ., Victoria,

               B.C., Canada.  307 p.   [see abstract & summary].

 

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