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Arthropoda
- Insecta ORTHOPTERA & BLATTARIA (Grasshoppers
& Waterbugs (Contact) [Also See: Blattaria Key] GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Order Orthoptera The Order Orthoptera -- <Adults> & <Juveniles>, meaning "straight-winged,
are large insects and among the most injurious to plants of all insects. However, their medical importance is
primarily in annoyance, especially when they assemble in large numbers in and
around dwellings. They have biting mouthparts, and their hind legs have
enlarged femora for jumping. The fore
wings are straight and leathery and are modified as tegmina, which overlap
each other, while the hind wings are fanlike. The cerci are unjointed and the pronotum has enlarged lobes
that hide the pleural wall. The
ovipositor is well developed, and there are specialized stridulatory organs. This order includes grasshoppers, locusts and crickets. Among
the grasshoppers are the katydid or long-horned grasshopper Tettigoniidae== <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> -- with large sword-like ovipositors
consisting of three pairs of valves borne on the 8th and 9th abdominal
segments. By means of these the eggs,
not enclosed in an ootheca, can be deposited in plant tissues, on which these
insects regularly feed. The antennae also are long, often extending backwards
beyond the apex of the abdomen. Stridulation is brought about by rubbing a
toothed ridge on the left tegmen against an analogous region of its right
counterpart. This latter has a smooth tense membrane and acts as a resonator
when the tegmina are in motion and the noise, produced mostly at night, can
be very loud. Auditory organs of some
complexity are situated in each fore tibia.
The Mormon cricket, Anabrus simplex
Haldeman, can be a serious pest of agricultural crops in the Intermountain
western North America. A miracle of
sorts occurred in Utah where a serious outbreak of these crickets was
destroying agricultural crops, but which was significantly reduced by
seagulls (Larus californicus)
(Borror, D. J. et al. 1981).
The long
established family name Gryllidae -- <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> -- has been used for the true crickets, but current changes
in classification does not distinguish them as a clear taxonomic group (see Orthoptera Classification). They more
closely resemble the long-homed grasshoppers in their antennae, ovipositor
and stridulatory apparatus, and appear to be directly related to them. Gryllus domesticus,
the house-cricket,
competes with the cockroaches for a place in domestic dwellings and leads
there a similar life. Gryllotaipa gryllotaipa, the mole cricket, is subterranean in habit. It is possible to estimate ambient temperature from the rate of
their crick-crick chirps. [Also see: Gryllacrididae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> --]. The Blattaria are the cockroaches, sometimes called
"waterbugs", which have been
transferred from the Orthoptera to the new order Blattaria. They have generalized biting mouthparts
and a five-jointed tarsus. They are
considered as probably the oldest group of present day insects. The anterior wings are narrower and
stouter than the posterior ones, which are more membranous and fold like a
fan. Jointed cerci & styles occur in adult males only. The ovipositor is small or absent. The metamorphosis is hemimetabolous. Eggs are laid in beanlike capsules or
oothecae that are produced by secretions of female accessory glands. The female may deposit these all at one
time, or they may be carried around until they hatch. Cockroaches
are nocturnal in their habits and omnivorous. They are also gregarious.
The mid gut
is the site of the formation of a full complement of enzymes suitable to the
mixed diet on which the animals feed. Examples are the cockroaches Periplaneta americana
and P. australasiae and
the less common German cockroach, Blattella germanica
and Oriental roach, Blatta orientalis. Further
detail on Blattaria may be
found at <Blattariamed.htm> CONTROL During the
20th Century the Chlorinated Hydrocarbons were widely used to control
grasshoppers in North America and Africa, where they periodically cause great
damage to agricultural crops. But
today the these compounds have been banned because of their carcinogentic
properties. The Desert Locust, Schistocerca gregaria,
of Africa has been considered as the most destructive insect in the world. It has been responsible for periodic
famine. It migrates from central
Africa to more northern regions where the damage cause is severe. With the ban of these insecticides in
North America cultural means of control were substituted, which requires
plowing the fields before springtime. Cockroaches
may be controlled with poisoned baits, but sanitation is the most effective
way to reduce their invasion into home areas. However, neighboring dwellings that harbor large populations of
roaches may pose a threat because they are able to travel through the sewer
systems. |
Key References: <medvet.ref.htm> <Hexapoda> [Additional references may be found at: MELVYL Library] Appel, A. G. &
L. M. Smith. 2003. biology and management of the smokey-brown
cockroach. Ann. Vev. Entomol. 47: 33-55. Bell,
William J. & K. G. Adiyodi.
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H.S. & H. Brown. 1964. "Insect Allergy Preliminary Studies
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Sanders, & J. Collier. 1934. "The Wood-Feeding Roach Cryptocercus, IN:
Protozoa, and the Symbiosis between Protozoa & Roach". Mem. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci.
17 (2): 185–382. Cram, E. B. 1937. A species of Orthoptera serving as
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N. Berbrash. 2006. Carriage by the German cockroach (Blatella germanica) of multiple
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Rivaul. 2012. The social biology of domiciliary
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Lockwood, C. E. Stith, C. L. Cambell, S. P. Schell, B. S. Drolet, W. C.
Wilson, D. M. White. and G. J. Letchworth. 2003. O'Neill, K. M. 1985. Livestock Dung as a food
resource & thermal refuge for rangeland grasshoppers (Orthoptera:
Acrididae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 70: 222-229. McKittrick,
F.A. 1965. A contribution to the understanding of cockroach-termite
affinities . Ann Ent. Soc. Amer. 58
(1): 18–22. Pai, H. H., W. C. Chen & C. F.
Peng. 2005. Isolation of bacteria with antibiotic resistance from household
cockroaches (Periplaneta americana and Blatella germanica). Acta Tropica 93:
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Shurdut. 1999. Human health risk from cockroaches and
cockroach management: a risk analysis
approach. Amer. Entomol. 45: 142-8. Rentz,
David. 2014. A Guide to the Cockroaches of
Australia. CSIRO Publishing Corp. Richman,
Dina L. 2014. Asian cockroach. Featured Creatures. University of Florida. Roth,
L. M. & E. R. Willis. 1960. The biotic associations of
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M. K., D. A. Reierson & K. H. Hangsen.
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M. K. 2007. Cockroaches. Univ.
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M. K. , J. M. Owens & D. A. Relerson, ed. 1995. Understanding and
Controlling the German Cockroach.
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C; Hamilton, R. L. 1990. Integrated suppression of synanthropic
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Medical Entomology For Students.
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Stelmach, et al. 2002. Cockroach allergy and exposure to
cockroach allegen in Polish children with asthma. Allergy 57: 701-5. Styne, D. G. 1962.
Grasshopper (Phymateus leprosus Fabr.) poisoning in a Bantu child. South
African Medical Journal 36: 822-823. Tanaka, K. & S. Tanaka. 1997.
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14 (5) 849–853.Valles, S. M.; Koehler, P. G.; Brenner, R. J. 1999. Comparative insecticide susceptibility
& detoxification enzyme activities among pestiferous blattoidea. Comp.Infibous Biochem Physiol. Pharmacol Toxicol Endocrinol. 124 (3): 227–232 Whitman, D. W., C. G. Jones, and M. S. Blum. 1992.
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Taeniopoda eques (Orthoptera: Acrididae) in Southeastern Arizona. Ann Ent. Soc. Amer. 78: 811-825 |