[Note: All Basque words are in Italics and Bold-faced Green]
A review derived from the following:
Nyland, Edo. 2001. Linguistic Archaeology: AnIntroduction. Trafford Publ., Victoria, B.C., Canada.
ISBN 1-55212-668-4. 541 p.
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Introduction An ancient language form that
originated in the North African area of our most ancient civilizations has
been studied by Nyland (2001). He found that many
words used to describe names of places and things in the area of The
Netherlands seem to be closely related to the ancient language, Nyland called
Saharan, and which later was predated by the Igbo Language of West
Africa. Fortuitously, the Basque
Language is a close relative to the original Saharan. Following is a discussion of this
relationship: In discussions of the English
language, the Ogam
script and the Benedictines,
Nyland (2001) showed how the Benedictine clergy and their grammarians invented thousands of words by manipulating the
universal language, the Saharan/Basque language, with the use of the
vowel-interlocking Ogam formula. The same was done when they created the
Dutch and German languages but with an
important difference. For English
they followed the example of Latin and Sanskrit, and used primarily that half
of the Basque vocabulary that started with vowel-consonant (VC). To invent
Dutch and German, both halves of the Basque language, VC and CV words were
used and the originally strict VCV Formula rules of word
agglutination were relaxed. That is
why their work resulted in quite different languages. In order to understand the
methods of word and name translations, it is necessary to become familiar
with a specific procedure (see Ogam script & Translations). BENEDICTINE ABBEY OF EGMOND
Although the languages mentioned
are not mutually fully understandable, it is relatively easy for a native of
The Netherlands to learn both German and English because Dutch is a kind of
bridge between the two. The reason for this appears to be that all three
languages were made up during the same era by the same brotherhood of
Benedictine grammarians who worked closely together and borrowed newly
created words regularly. Then they
shaped the words according to predetermined sets of character rules. The Egmond Abbey, which was built in 922 A.D.
near the North Sea coast, west of the City of Alkmaar in North Holland,
appears to have been the central clearinghouse for the exchange and
distribution of words and literature. Contact between this abbey and the other
scriptorium was frequent. The Abbey
was accessible by boat both from the sea to the west, and from the Rhine
hinterland to the east. The name "Egmond" relates to the linguistic activities going
on at the abbey: eg.-mo-ond. eg.
egi
egin to create
Documents available from Alcuin's time in the late 800's (Shipley-Duckett
1951) tell us that the monks from England regularly
sailed to the mainland, while the monks from Germany and Austria would go over
land and by boat down the Rhine. These monks were highly mobile in their
small boats and this may well have been the origin of the name . "Holland", ol.-.la-and., ol. ola olatu
waves
The main linguistic center of the
French language, located in the Benedictine Abbey of Cluny, appeared to have had little
direct contact with Egmond Abbey. Its
main contacts over land with the Romance world instead. The Scandinavian,
Hungarian and East European linguistic efforts were still many years in the
future. Over the centuries the Benedictine grammarians created tens of
thousands of new words out of the universal Saharan
language, many of which did not fit in the design plan for the home
languages. Rejected words were taken in context to Egmond Abbey where they were
evaluated by local Benedictine linguists and others visiting from other
countries and then exchanged. Unwanted words passed into oblivion. This may have been the fate of the
majority of the grammarians’ creations. CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE
LANGUAGE
It was in about 1,060 A.D. that the Abbot Willeram,
of Ebersberg Benedictine Abbey in Bavaria (east of München) wrote a
commentary on Solomon's Song of Songs, the Bible's wedding song. In it, love
is explained in an allegorical sense as a dialog between Christ and His
Church. The love bed is conceived as evangelism and lovely breasts as mercy.
It is not likely that Willeram was the writer's real name because the meaning
tells us that it was the title of his work: Willeram: il.-.le-era.am. (the "w" has
no meaning)
As was normal practice, shortly
after completion, the manuscript was taken to Egmond Abbey and made available
for study by the visiting monks/grammarians. Willeram's work had a profound
influence upon the early development of both Dutch and German. The document
is now located in the nearby library of the University of Leiden, Holland.
Similarly, at about the same time, the four lines of "Olla Vogala", written in the Rochester
Benedictine Abbey near Chatham, England, were taken to Egmond after some of
its new words were accepted into the English language (olla became
"all", nestas became "nests" etc). All four lines were
published in context that made it possible to bring out the hidden Basque
sentences. In Egmond several of the newly created words were quickly picked
up by the monks working on the Dutch and German languages e.g. 'hebban'
became "hebben" in Dutch, "haben" in German,
"have" in English, while vogala became "vogels" (birds)
in Dutch and "Vögel" in German. First let us look in detail at
"Olla Vogala" (van Oostrom). OLLA VOGALA
The following lines were written
on the back page of a prayer book dating from the 11th century, originating
in the Benedictine scriptorium of Rochester, England. The third and fourth
lines are considered by linguists to be the oldest known prose in the Dutch
language, shown here in context: quid expectamus nuncabent omnes volucres nidos inceptos nisi ego et tuhebban olla vogala nestas hagunnan hinase hicenda thu wat unbidan we nu.
Lines 1 and 2 contain recognizable
Latin words, be it a kind of dog-Latin. Literally, in the order given they
read: "What do we expect now gone away all birds' nests begun except I
and you (Furlong). Lines 3 and 4 are thought to say in Dutch: Hebben alle vogelen
nesten begonnen behalve ik en jij; wat verwachten we nu ("All birds have
started nest building except you and I; what can we expect now?"). Lines
1 and 2 therefore say roughly the same in Latin what lines 3 and 4 say in
archaic Dutch. These words, supposedly coming from the pen of a Benedictine
monk, were received with chuckles and wondering. It better applied to a lover
telling his beloved to mirror herself on the behavior of the birds. But is
this really what the monk wrote? Again apply the VCV Formula and see what happens; (the "/" indicates a break in the
vowel-linking; "c" and "q" must be read as "k",
"v" as "b." kuid expektamus nunk : .ku-id./ek.-.s.-.pe-ek.-.ta-amu-us./.nu-un.-.k./ .ku iku ikuskari visitor id./ idu idurikortsu very distrustful ek. eka ekaitz storm .s. ase asetu to get tired .pe epe epel weak ek. eko ekoitzi to supply .to ota otapur crumb amu amu amultsu trusting us./ usu usu usually .nu inu inular evening un. una una dull .k. aka akatsun miserable
The visitors were very distrustful. Tired and weak from the
storm, I gave crumbs to the usually trusting (birds) on that dull, miserable evening. abent omnes volukres: abe.ent./om.-.ne-es./.bo-ol.-.ju-uk.-.re-es./ abe abe abestu to sing ent./ entz entzungale longing to hear om. ome omendatu to pay tribute, to thank .ne ene enegana to me es. esa esan to express .bo abo abots voice ol. ola ola cabin .ju aju ajuria field of heather uk. uka ukan to have .re are arremankor sociable es./ esa esamesaka gossiping
I longed to hear them sing, expressing thanks to me. Their voices
(could be heard) from the cabin in the field of heather where
they had their sociable gossiping time. nidos inkeptos
nisi ego: .ni-ido-os./in.-.ke-ep.-.to-os./.ni-isi/ego/ .ni eni eni to me ido ido idoroketa discovery, revelation os./oso oso complete in. ino inoizka occasionally .ke oke okerbidetu to go astray ep. epe epel timid .to eto etorle arrival os. osa osatu to unify (with family) .ni ani anitzetan often isi/ isi isilbidez quietly ego/ego egon to stay
(It was) a complete revelation to me. Occasionally, when a timid
arrival had gone astray, looking for its family, it often quietly stayed. et tu hebban olla
vogala: et./.tu/.he-eb.-.ba-an./ol.-.la/.bo-oga-ala/ et./ eto etor to come .tu/ atu atutxa oak forest .he ihe ihesleku to shelter eb. eba ebatzi to decide .ba aba abarratsu many branched an./ana anaitu together ol. ole oles egin to call upon .la ela elaberritsu talkative, chattering .bo abo aboskatu o voice oga oga ogasun wealth ala/ ala alaitasun happiness
They came to the oak forest and decided to shelter together among
the many branches and called upon (all) by chattering and voicing a wealth of happiness .... nestas hagunnan
hinase: .ne-esta-as./.ha-agu-un.-.na-an./.hi-ina-ase/ .ne ene enean at the time esta esta estaldu to pair off as./ ase asegaitz urge .ha oha oharatu to become receptive to mating agu agu agudotu to get active un. uni unibertsalki generally .na ina inarrosi to agitate an./ ano ano food supply .hi ehi ehizaldi to hunt ina ina inarroskatu excitedly ase/ ase asegabi greedily
At the time that they got the urge to pair off. Becoming receptive to mating, they got
generally active and agitated over their food supply.
They hunted excitedly and greedily, hik enda thu wat
unbidan we nu: .hi-ik./en.-.da/.t.-.hu/at./un.-.bi-ida-an./eu/.nu .hi ahi ahitugaitz inexhaustibly ik. ike ikerraldi exploring en. ena -ena superlative .da ada ada noise .t. ate ateratu to depart .hu/ehu ehundaka by the hundreds at./ ata atano evergreen oak forest un. una unatasun fatigue .bi abi abiatu to leave behind ida ida idazlan writing an./ana anaia monk eu eu eu you .nu/inu inurritu to inspire
Exploring inexhaustibly. Noisily they departed by the hundreds
from the oak forest, leaving your exhausted monk behind to write and inspire you. This is a masterful piece of
"double speak" in three languages, Latin, Basque and Dutch. The
unique creativity lies in the linguist's ability to write one sentence in
Latin, translate this into archaic Dutch and still hide a quite different
story in both sentences to be decoded with the use of Basque. This hidden
story makes clear that the birds arrived at their wintering grounds in
south-east England where they were fed and observed by the monk. In spring,
the birds paired off and departed to nest somewhere in the north. The monk's
word "nestas" has therefore nothing to do with nest building; it
simply means: "at the time they had the urge to pair off." The new
word "vogala" certainly described the small songbirds beautifully,
they really do "voice a wealth of happiness". There are quite a
number of songbird species over wintering in southern England that may have
been the "vogala" such as blue and grey tits. PRE-CHRISTIAN
INFLUENCES
Dutch has many words and names
that seem to be unique to the language.
However, most of these are also found in Basque, often with a closely
related meaning. Several of these words have been declared "slang"
by linguists in an effort to rid the new language of pre-Christian
vocabulary. About some of the words it is hinted that they were borrowed from
Yiddish and therefore are supposedly not Dutch at all. This is not true (see the origin of Yiddish ).
INGVAEOONS
The Dutch use some rather strange
sounding words without knowing the meaning of them; Ingvaeoon is possibly the most
outlandish. The pre-Christian inhabitants of Holland were called ingvaeoon by Tacitus, a word
which Dutch linguists say means: "living along the ocean, a Saxon
word...." To find out the original meaning, again apply the VCV interlocking formula: Ingvaeoon: ing.-.ba-a.e-e.o-on.
Corpse-exposure was, of course,
common practice among all peoples worshipping the supreme Goddess of the Ashera Religion. Exposure to the
elements was done in special protected facilities to properly release the
soul of the deceased from the body for speedy re-incarnation into a newborn
child. Dutch linguists use the word Ingvaeoons as the name of the
language spoken by the pre-historic people of Holland, a use that the actual
meaning of the word shows is incorrect. PLACE NAMES IN THE NETHERLANDS
Most older Dutch place names can
be decoded with the VCV
Formula and translated with the Basque
dictionary. There is no doubt that the people spoke the pre-Christian
language of all of Europe that was the universal language of the Neolithic,
tht Edo Nyland has called Saharan, of which Basque is a close relative. Some of the
sentences hidden in the following names must have histories of their own: Amerongen: ame-ero-onge-en., ameskor (dreaming) erosle (Redeemer) onginahi (kindness) enegana (to me): "I am
dreaming about the Redeemer's kindness to me".
Barnegat: .ba-arnegat, ebanjelari (evangelist) arnegatu (to get angry):
"The evangelist got angry". Beveland: .be-ebe-ela-and., ibeni (to introduce, tell) ebertar (Hebrew) ela (story) andi (marvelous):
"Tell the marvellous story of Jesus". Delden: .de-el.-.de-en., ade-ela-ade-ene, adeitasun (good manners) ele (conversation) ederretsi (pleasing) adeitsu (courteous)-enetan (always): "Good
manners, pleasing conversation and always courteous". (compare this name
with the neighboring town of
"Hengelo"). (Delden is the author's family homestead). Delft: .de-el-.f.-.t., ede-ela-afa-ati, eder (beautiful) ela (story) afa (happy) atxikitzaile (faithfulness):
"Beautiful story of happy faithfulness". Drachten, .d.-.ra-ak.-.te-.en,
ada-ara-aka-ate-entz, adarka (by goring, stabbing)
arakintzo (massacre) akabatu (to end a life) atezatu (to live on) entzute (fame): "The stabbing
massacre ended his life, but his fame lives on". Was that about St.
Boniface? Drente, .d.-.re-en.-.te, adei (courteous) errezibimendu (welcome) enetan (always) etenda (tired): "Always
a courteous welcome (for those who are) tired". Ede: ede, ederren (the most beautiful):
"The most beautiful". Ellekom: el.-.le-eko-om., ela-ale-eko-ome, ela (story) alegera (happy) ekonomo (administrator) omenezko (honorable):
"Happy story of the honorable
administrator". Enschede: en.-.ske-ede, ena (superlative) aske (free, independent) eder (beautiful):
"Very independent and beautiful". Goes: gus, gustoko (my favorite):
"My favorite (town)". Gouda: .go-uda, egoitzar (home) uda (summer):
"Summer home". Groningen: .gro-oni-inge-en., aguro (diligent) onibilera (prosperous) ingiratu (to get ready) eneganatu (to attract
people): "Diligent, prosperous
and getting ready to attract people". Heilo: .he-ilo, ihe-ilo, ihesari eman (to escape) ilordu (agony): "(We)
escaped the agony". den Helder: .de-en./.he-el.-.de-er.,
ede-ene/ihe-ela-ade-era: ederren (the most beautiful) ene (to attract, come to)
ihesleku (shelter, harbour) elaberritsu (fond of the news) adeitsu (courteous) errezibimendu (welcome): "Come
to the most beautiful harbor for the latest news and a courteous
welcome". Hengelo: .he-enge-elo, uher (malicious) engera (disgusting) elorritsu (crude):
"Malicious, disgusting and crude". (Compare this name with neighboring "Delden"). Hilversum: .hi-il.-.be-er.-.su-um., ahi (I hope) ilezin (immortal) ebertar (Hebrew) errixee (common people) isuri (to inspire) umiltasun (humbleness): "I
hope that the immortal story of Jesus will inspire the common people to
humbleness". de Koog: de/.ko-og., ede-ako-oga, eder (beautiful) akorduan euki (to remember) ogasun (estate):
"Beautiful estate (worth)
remembering". Leerdam: .le-er.-.da-am., ale-ere-eda-am.: alegera (happily) eregu (indulging) edan (to drink) ameskoikeria (delirium):
"Happily
indulging in drinking (causes) delirium". Medemblik: .me-ede-em.-.bli-ik.,
ome-ede-emo-obli-iku: omenezko (honorable) edesti (history) emon (to give) obligazio
(obligation) ikusbera (vigilant): "Our
honorable history obliges us to be vigilant". Naarden: na-ar.-.de-en., nabarmen (obvious) arazotu (to be worried) adelatu (to prepare) enetan (always): "It is
obvious that they are worried and always prepared". Rekken: .re-ek.-.ke-en., arrerakor (kind) ekarri (to bring) aker (male goat) eni (to me): "Kind
(of you) to bring the male goat to me". Renkum: .re-en.-.ku-um., arren (please) ene (come to me) ekurutasun (peace of mind) umiltasun (humbleness):
"Please come to me (to find) peace of mind and humbleness". Staphorst: .sta-ap.-.ho-orst,
esta-apa-aho-orrits: estatuburu (head of state) apailatu (to organize) ahogozagarri (delicious) orrits (banquet): "The head of state
organized a delicious banquet". Utrecht: ut.-.re-ek.-.t., uti-ire-eki-itu: utzi (to abandon, put a
stop to) iresle (destruction) ekinalean (doing as much as
possible) itundu (to make a treaty): "To put a stop to
the destruction, do as much as possible to make a treaty". Walcheren: adaption of: alkarren (together, mutual):
"Togetherness". Zwolle: .zu-ol.-.le, azu-ole-ele, azurruts (skeleton) oleazio (last rites) eleizakoak (Sacraments):
"(He gave) the skeleton the last rites of the Sacraments". GROUPINGS OF WORDS
Certain letter combinations were
used repeatedly by the Benedictines to make up a diversity of words, as can
be seen in the following list -- gooien, hooien, looien, pooien, tooien,
rooien -- which all use the Basque word oian meaning: forest or
wood. There are many other such letter combinations. Some "oian" words.
gooien (to throw) go-oien,
ego-oian, egotzi (to throw) oian (wood):
Throwing wood. Some "aik" Words.
Every newly invented
language was given some "characteristic" peculiarities and Dutch
was assigned (beside the guttural "g") the "ij,"
pronounced something like "eye." Another letter combination,
pronounced exactly the same way, is "ei," but Dutch shares this
peculiarity with German. It is interesting to note that the "i" of
"ij" is pronounced the English way instead of like in Latin, which
may indicate that English grammarians had a hand in concocting this one. A
few Dutch words with "ij" or "ei" and their origin
follow: Dutch: Origin:
Comment: Then there is the boy's name
"Haiko or Heiko" which came from aiko maikoka (making excuses). Maiko (dinner guest) became
the Dutch girl's name "Maaike" etc. One interesting bit about Prof.
R. "de Rijk", the internationally known, Basque-speaking professor
in Leiden, whose name is derived from: "de Rai-ik": dei (called) arrai (kind) ik (you):
"called: you are kind". A good Basque name to have, even if he
didn't know it. Many Dutch names start with "van" meaning
"from." The origin of "van" is ban (b and v are
interchangeable) which is an abbreviation of the Basque word banatu meaning,
"to disperse," "to separate from." Most Dutch names and
words can be shown to have been wrought out of Basque; take Edo Nyland’s
name", ni-land.: ni (my) landa (field, countryside).
An early branch of the family in Gescher (West Phalia), Germany, still spells
the name as Niland. Many Dutch names have been distorted so much that it is
nigh impossible to trace their origin with any certainty, just like elsewhere
in Western Europe. Some "aide" Words. beide (both), bai-aide, bai (yes) aide (family): Say
yes for a family.
rijden (to ride)
rai-aide-en, arraitu (to be happy) aide (family) endekoi Some "ust" Words. buste (bust) .bu-uste, aburu (opinion) uzte (to leave out, to refuse): Refuse an opinion. gust (barren*).gu-ust., igurtzi (to rub) ustu (to empty): Rub to empty. justitia(justice).ju-usti-iti-iha, uju (shout of joy, pleased) uzti (omission) itiki (to discover, expose) ihardukitze (dispute): Pleased to expose the omission in the dispute. kust (coast) .ku-ust., ekuru (quietly) uste (hopeful): Quietly hopeful. lust (delight)luzatu (to make it last): Make it last. rust (rest) .ru-uste, arrunt (simple) uste (trust): Simple trust. * not producing milk Some "olde" Words. bolder (bitt) .bo-olde.er., abonau (to approve of) oldez (instantaneous) erremolke (towing): Give the signal to start towing. folder (brochure) .fo-olde-er., ebo-olde-er.,eboluzionatu (to develop, organize) oldez (instantaneous) erabilgarbitasun (availability): Organize instantaneous availability. kolder (giddiness) koldar (cowardly): Cowardly. polder (diked-in area) .po-olde-er., oposatu (to obstruct) olde (unrestricted, natural) eraiketa (movement): Obstruct the natural movement (of the water). soldeer (solder) .so-olde-er., oso (simple) olde (instantaneous) erremedio (to repair): Simple instantaneous repair. zolder (ceiling) zo-olde-er., zohi (sod) oldei (moss) eraman (to carry): It carries the mossy sod. "GENETIC" RELATIONSHIPS
There is no way of determining
where the basic rules for the creation of the Germanic languages were first
laid down. The original powerhouse of Germanic language-creation was
apparently in York, England, where Alcuin
had been the undisputed master of the grammarians and language teachers. In
782, after many years in York, England, Alcuin had joined Charlemagne at his
Palace school in Aachen where he functioned as headmaster and motivator, as he
had done before in York (see Benedictines). It may have
been Alcuin, the master organizer, who oversaw the development of the basic
structure and grammar of Dutch and German. What is more important is to
realize that all three languages had been largely invented,
and were not evolved naturally. The rules laid down by the Benedictines were
generally adhered to in the creation of the vocabulary, but exactly what
these rules were, is still to be researched. While studying the language, our
modern academics realized that there was something involved they didn't know
about and decided that the truth could be established scientifically by using
classical comparative methodology. To accomplish this, our linguists proposed
four criteria that were supposed to be diagnostic: 1) phonological
correspondences, 2) shared vocabularies, 3) common grammatical features and
4) identical constructive particles. But the Benedictines, eminent linguists
that they were, had been 1,500 years ahead of our academics and, using these
same four "diagnostic criteria", had built a careful
"genetic" relationship into the languages. This had already been done with Sanskrit
and the Romance languages where Latin, Spanish, French and Italian all are
similarly "genetically" related. In addition, it would later be
done to create the Slavic and the Finno-Ugric groups of languages. The work
was so professional that linguists at the University of Pennsylvania were now
able to "prove without a doubt" the existence of the
"genetic" relationship, through "advanced computer
analysis" (Johnson 1996). This contrived relationship
between English, Dutch and German is best shown by analyzing a number of
words which display an "obvious genetic" relationship to each
other. An attempt has been made to identify the word (shown in CAPITALS),
which appears closest to the Basque language, and it is assumed that this is
the originally created word. The other two words were then supposedly touched
up according to the rules laid down for each language. In case the words are
alike, no words are capitalized. As usual the "b" and "v or
f" are interchangeable, so are "c" and "k"; the
sharp "sch" is always written as "x" in Basque. BAKERY-bakkerij-Bäckerei: .ba-ake-eri, ebadura (slice of bread) akeita (coffee) eri (village):
BLOOD-bloed-Blut: .b.-.lo-od, eba-alo-odo, ebakidura (wound) alor (farmer) odolisurle (bloody): blue-BLAAUW-BLAU: from blaust (blow on the eye), a
"blue" eye, in English called a black eye. Boer-BOER(farmer)-bauer: buru (people);
"People." (on) board-AAN BOORD-AN BORD borda (ship's cabin);
"Ship's cabin". boat-boot-Boot: bota (to launch); To launch.
or: bo-at, bota (to launch) atoitu (to drag):
"Dragging bow(for arrows)-BOOG-BOGEN boga (to bend; "To
bend". BOOK-BOEK-Buch: buka, bukatze (finishing?);
"Are you finished?" boom (floating timber)-boom (tree)-BAUM:
.bau-um, abaunza (mass of branches) umo (ripe, full break-BREEK-brechen: bre-ek, berre-eka, berregin (to re-do, to repair)
ekinaldi (attempt): bread-brood-BROT: .bro-ot., abaro (shady place) otarre (basket): "Put
the basket in a shady place". bench-BANK-BANK: bank, banku (bench):
"Bench". BOSS-baas-böse (angry): boz (voice);
"Voice". butter-BOTER-Butter: .bo-ote-er., eboluzionatu (to produce) ote (perhaps) eragin (to churn): camp-kamp-Kamp: kanpo (outdoors);
"Outdoors". cantata-cantate-Kantate: .ka-an.-.ta-atu, ekarpen (contribution) anaitu (in unity) atalkide (member) card-kaart-KARTE
karta
(letter), "Letter." cellar-KELDER-Keller: ke-eldar., kentze (to put away) eldarniagarri (delirious):
"Put him away CHALICE-schaal-Schale: txali-is, txalin (wooden dish) isurki (liquid):
"Wooden dish for liquids". chamber-KAMER-Kammer:
kamar, errekamara (chamber): "Chamber". (erre comes from cheese-KAAS-Käse: ka-as., kario (expensive) asezin
(craving):"Expensive craving". chest-KIST-KISTE ki-ist., kinkila (drygoods) isterbabes (protection):
"Protection for drygoods". cloister-KLOOSTER-KLOSTER: .k.-.lo-oste-er, akordio (tradition) ologi (to feed oatbread) coach-koets-KUTSCHE
kutsha,
kutxa (box, chest): "(Large) box". coast-KUST-Küste: ku-ust, eku-uste, ekuru (quietly) uste
(hopeful):"Quietly hopeful". come-KOMEN-kommen: komen, komeni (to be helpful).
"Be helpful". cook-KOK-Koch: kok (bellyfull);
"Bellyfull". corn-KOREN-Korn: .ko-oren; eko-oren; ekoitzi (to produce) orrenbeste (same amount again): CRUST-korst-Kruste: currust, kurrustu (crust):
"Crust". DARK-DONKER-dunkel: donker, donkeria (evil, bad);
"Evil", bad. or: DARK: da-ark., DAY-dag-Tag: dai, daigun (let's): "Let's
go". dead-DOOD-tot: .do-od., edo-odo, edonon (everywhere) odol (blood): "Blood
everywhere". door-DEUR-Tür: deu-eur, deuseztatu (to shut out) euriketa (rain storm):
"Shut out the rainstorm". double-dubbel-DOPPEL do-ope-el, odolberoko (spontaneous) opetsi (to offer) elexurikeria DRAGON-DRAAK-Drache: .dra-ago-on.,
dura-ago-on., adurra (to drool) ago (mouth) DRAAK: dura-ak., adurra (to drool) akarraldi
(in anger): "He drools in anger". (A)DRIFT-(OP) DRIFT-(Ab)trift: dri-ifi-it, iduri (it appears) ifili (to be) ito (to drown, go down): drunk-BEDRONKEN-betrunken:
.be-ed.-.ro-onki-in.; obe-eda-aro-onki-in; obegipeko (favorite) dumb-dom-DUMM:du-um, idu-ume, iduri (to appear) umekeria (childish):
"Appears to be childish". eat-ETEN-essen:
eten
(interruption). "Interruption". evil-euvel-ÜBEL: ubel (purple), the
favorite color of the Priestess. "Evil". FAME-faam-famos: fama (fame);
"Fame". FAR-ver-fern: far, ifar (north):
"North". FAULT-fout-Fehler:
falta
(error); "Error". feast-feest-FEST: fa-est., afa (happy) este (intestine):
"Happy intestine". fever-fieber-Fieber: .fi-ibe-er., abiatu (to begin) ibeni (to put on) erremedio (remedy); "Begin
with fiddle-FIDEEL (jovial)-fidel (jolly): .fi-id.-.de-el., ifili (to be) idekoki (appropriately) ederton field-VELD-FELD: fa-eld., afa (happy) eldu (to ripen):
"Happy to (see it) ripen". FINGER-vinger-FINGER: .fi-ingir, .bi-ingir., ibili (to act) ingiratu (to be repugnant): fiord-fjord-Fjord: fa-jor.-di, afa (happy) jori (abundance) di (place of),
"Place of happy abundance". FLAG-vlag-Flagge: f.-.lag, afa-alaig, afa (happy) alaigarri (comforting).
"Happily comforting". fleet-VLOOT-Flotte: flota (fleet);
"Fleet". folk-volk-Volk: bolk, boladak (group of people).
"Group of people". FRIEND-vriend-Freund: f.-.rend, afa (happy) arrendu (to call upon):
"Happy to call upon". fusilier-FUSELIER-Füsilier: fa-uz.-elir, afa (happy) uzkali (to vanquish) elikera (food); "Happily
vanquishing food". GARDEN-gaarde-Garten: jardun (to be busy with):
(probably borrowed from France.) "To be good-goed-GUT: gut, gutizia (desire, longing).
"Desire" gradual-GRADAAL (archaic)-graduell:
.g.-.ra-ada-al; igo-ora-ada-al; igon (to grow tall) grain-GRAAN-Grän:
garan, garaun (grain); "Grain". grey-GRIJS-grau: gris (grey);
"Grey". hand-hand-Hand: hand, handiera (extension):
"Extention". honey-honing-HONIG: ho-oni-ig., ahobeteko (tasteful) onizan (useful) igita (harvest);
"Useful house-huis-HAUS: hau-aus, haundi (large) ausarki (abundantly, more
than enough): "More than HEATHER-heide-Heide: heder, hederia (bundled together,
broom); "Bundled together, broom". king-KONING-König: kon-ing, konde (nobleman) ingira (disposition),
"Nobleman's disposition". kitchen-KEUKEN-Küche: .ke-euki-in; ikertu (to examine) eukitzaile (contents) inoizka (from knee-knie-Knie: .k.-.ni, ika-ani, ikaradun (frightened) anitzetan (often).
"Frightened often lamb-lam-Lamm: la-am.-.b., ala-amai, alai (joyful) amaigabeko (endless) abeltegi (sheepfold): lick-LIKKEN-lecken: likin (sticky);
"Sticky". life-leven-LEBEN: .le-eban, ele (story) ebanjelio (gospels): "The
story of the Gospels". lust-lust-Lust: luzt, luzatu (to prolong, to
stretch out): "To prolong, make it last". MAGIC-magie-Magie: ma-agi-ik, ama (mother, Priestess) agindu (command) ikarakortu (to be MAID-meid-Maid: ma-aid., ama (mother's) aide (relative);
"Mother's relative". MARKET-markt-Markt: me-erkat, eme (woman) erkatu (to compare):
"The women compare". matey-MAAT-MAAT: ma-at, ama (mother's) ateka (bad moment);
"Mother's bad moment". meager-MAGER-MAGER: ma-ager, ama (mother's) ager (appearance);
"Mother's appearance". meal-MAAL-Mahl: ma-al, ama (mother's) altzokada (apron full);
"Mother's apron full". meteor-meteor-Meteor: me-ete-e.or, mendi (mountain) ete (perhaps) ehortziri (to bury):
"Perhaps metal-metaal-Metal: me-eta-al, emendatu (to increase) eta (amount) al (power, strength):
"To milk-melk-Milch: .me-elk., emeta (gently) elki (to empty);
"Empty gently". moon-MAAN-Mond: ma-an, ama-anu, ama (mother) anu (fainting);
"Mother's fainting". mouse-muis-MAUSE: ma-aus, ama-auzo, ama (mother) auzogabetu (to move away):
"Mother runs NAIL-nagel-Nagel: nai-il, nai (wish) il (death):
"Deathwish". needle-naald-NADEL: .na-ade-el, anaia (brother) adelu (finery) elkarbatu (to stitch together):
"Stitch neighbour-buur-NACHBAR: nabari (obvious, in sight):
"In sight". NIGHT-nacht-Nacht: nait, naitaezko (inevitable):
"Inevitable". nose-neus-NASE: nasa, arnasa (to breathe):
"To breathe". powder-POEDER-Puder: .po-ede-er, opor (time off) ederreztatu (to beautify) ereti (occasion): rest-RUST-Rast: ru-ust, arru-uste, arrunt (simple) uste (trust): "Simple
trust". red-rood-ROT: rot, arrot, arrotu (flushed):
"Flushed face". rider-ruiter-REITER: rai-tor, arrai (gentle) aitor (legendary
patriarch), probably referring to right-RECHT-RECHT: re-ekt, are-ekit, arren (please) ekite (to persevere):
"Please persevere". rime (hoarfrost)-RIJP (pron: raip)-reif:
.rai-aip., arraitasun (brightness) aipa (to mention); SALMON-zalm-Salm: .za-al.-.mon,
iza-ale-emo-on., izate (nature) alegera (rejoicing) salt-zout-SALTZE: saltze, gesaltze (to melt). "It
melts". scratch-KRAS-Kratzen:
karras, karrask (scrape, scratch). "Scratch". seldom-ZELDEN-selten: .zel-den, ezel-den; ezelan (somehow) denbora ediren (find time); send-ZENDEN-senden: .zen-den., izen-denok; izeneztatu ((signed by) denok (all of us);
"Signed by ship-SCHIP-Schiff: ski-ip, aski-ipu, askitan (many times, often) ipurterre (restless, sleepless):
shit-skyt/SKOIT: (Friesian)-Scheisse:
.sho-it., exo-ito, exorzizatu (cast out, eliminate) itoi (filth): short-kort-KURTZ: .ku-urtz, aku-urtz; akuilatu (to stimulate/bring
about) urtzintz (sneeze); "To sing-zingen-singen: ing, zingle (delicate):
"Delicate (voice)". singe-verzengen-SENGEN: .zeng, izengabetu (to discredit):
"Discredited (burned his fingers)". sink-ZINKEN-senken: .zin-ken; ezindu
(incapacitated/unable) kendu (to avoid);
"Unable to avoid". sister-ZUSTER-schwester:
zuzter, zuztertu (growing up fast): "Growing up fast". soldier-SOLDAAT-SOLDAT: .so-olda-at; osoki (totally) oldar (brave) atxikimendu soul-ZIEL-Seele: .zi-il, ezi-ilo; ezik (without) ilordu (hour of death);
"Deathless". stone-steen-STEIN: stai-in, estai (stay put) indar (strong, firm);
"Stays firmly in place". storm-storm-STURM: stu-uri-im., astundu (to become heavy) urizapparada (downpour) street-STRAAT-Strasse: sta-arrat, asta (donkey) arrate (narrow passage):
"Donkey's narrow SUGAR-suiker-Zucker: su-uga-ar, isu-uga-ara, isuri (to flow) ugari (abundant) aratz (pure); supple-soepel-n.a.: su-upe-el, isu-upe-ela, isuri (to inspire, to cause)
upeohol
(stave) elastiko sweat-zweet-SCHWITZE: xu-itze, xukatu (to mop up) itzetik mustuka (quickly with the
cloth). SWELLING-zwelling-Schwellung:
.se-ela-ali-ing., iseka egin (to make fun of) elastiko (bump/ thumb-duim-DAUME: dau-um., daukat (I have) umoretsu (fun). "Thumb
up, I have fun". tobacco-TABAK-TABAK: ta-bake, taldeko (of the group, tribe)
bake (peace); (Smoking the
peace true-trouw-TRAU: ta-arau, ta (slapping) arau (discipline):
"Slapping discipline". under-ONDER-unter: ondar (bottom):
"Bottom". wall (wattle)-wal-Walle: wattle, atela (place of door
opening): The "w" is usually meaningless. "Place warp-WERP-Wurf: erp, erpintsu (pointed):
"Pointed". WATER-WATER-Wasser: ater, atera (to get). "Go
get it". weather-weder-WETTER: etor, etorki (expecting).
"(What to) expect?" weave-weef-WEBE: ebe, eba, ebaki (making decisions).
"Making decisions". wife-wijf-WEIB: Weibe, ai-be, ai (strong desire) be'ar (necessity,
indispensable): "Strong desire for wind-wind-Wind: ind, indar (strength, force).
"Hard blow". wood-hout-HOLTZ: oholtza ("pile of
lumber"). Wood could come from ud- udare (pear wood). WORD-woord-Wort: ord, ordainbide (promisory note):
"Promise". work-WERK-WERK: erk, erakarpen (contribution).
"Contribution". world-WERELD-Welt: ereld, eraldatu (to reform, to
renew); the world was to be made over. yellow-geel-GELB: gelbera (hesitant, afraid):
"Afraid". YESTERDAY-gisteren-gestern:
.ie-este-er.-.da-a.i, aie-este-ere-eda-ahi: aieneka (grieving) FRIESIAN PLACE NAMES
The Friesian language will be discussed
elsewhere but included here is a list of the Friesian islands, of which there
are more than 50, now divided between Nederland, Germany and Denmark. All the
names of these islands can be translated with the use of the Basque
dictionary, which confirms the same underlying language. Here are some: FRIESIAN ISLANDS IN
THE NETHERLANDS
Texel,
the most westerly of all the islands: tek-sil, tekadun (having pods) silo (storage barn):
"Storage barn for the pea and bean harvest". It must have been a high
and prominent feature, clearly seen from the sea. Vlieland, bili-landa, bili (to and fro) landa (region): "To and
fro region?" Terschelling,
tera-schilin: tera (to, towards) txilin (tinkling bells,
community pasture): "To the community pasture" where all the animals have bells to ward off bad spirits
and dangers, and also to be heard. Ameland, ame-landa, amets (strong desire,
longing for) landa (country-side, region): "I long for my
country-side"; it still is a wonderful place to live. Schiermonnikoog, txir-mon-nik-oga, txir (oyster) mondar (beach) nik (my) ogasun (property): "My
private oyster beach". Rottum, rot-um, arrotsu (proud) ume (child): "Proud
little island". Urk,
(island in the middle of the Zuider Zee); it may have had the Friesian corpse-exposure
facility for the departed. If so, here the bodies were exposed to the air so
the soul would be released from the body and proper re-incarnation could take
place. The bones were later bundled together and placed in a tribal tomb.
This practice was continued by the R.C. church which to this day displays the
bones of many martyrs and Saints in glass show-cases. In early
"Christian" times, this holy site was desecrated by "urka" (gallows). FRIESIAN ISLANDS IN GERMANY
Borkum, bor-kum, borda (hut) kuma (cradle), "Hut
with a cradle". Juist, ju-ist, jujatu (to judge, evaluate) istil (mud): "Judge,
evaluate the mud". Baltrum, bal-trum, bala (profusion) trumoi (thunder clap):
"A profusion of thunder claps". Langeoog, langa-og, langa (barrier, fence) ogasun (property):
"Fenced property". Spiekeroog, sop-iker-og, sopi (soppy wet) ikerketa (to explore) ogasun (property):
"Soaking wet I explored the property". Minsener, min-senar, min (in pain) senar (husband): "My
husband is in pain". Oldoog, old-og, oldar (attack) ogasun (property):
"Attack on the property". Scharhorn, ar-horn, xare (small net) horni (supplying food):
"Small net for supplying food". Eiderstadt, ei-dor-suta-d., ei (they say) dator (he is coming) sutargi (home, homefire) -da (for/to me):
"They say he is coming
home to me". Süderoog, udur-og, sudur (sticking out, far
out) ogasun (property): "Far out property". Rantum, rant-um, arrantzu (large catch of fish)
ume (child): "The
child caught a lot of fish". FRIESIAN ISLANDS IN DENMARK
Jorsand, jor-sand, joritsu (rich) santujale (devout): "Rich
and devout" (person). Rømø, ro-mo, arro (proud, upright) modu (manner):
"Proud/upright manner". Koresand, korru-sant, korru (circle) santujale (devout, religious):
"Holy (stone) circle?" Was this one of the many pre-Christian stone
circles found all over the Atlantic coast of Europe and North Africa? Kilsand, kil-sant, kili (gentle) santujale (devout):
"Gentle and devout" (owner?) Fanø, fano (horsepasture):
"Horse pasture". Skallingen, ska-al.-ling-en., sikatu (dry out) alik ondoen (as well as possible)
lingirda (seaweed) -enetan (always):
"Always dry out the seaweed as well as possible". Ho Bugt, ho-bukat, aho (mouth) bukatu (inlet): "Mouth of
the inlet (this is a channel)". Blåvands huk, bla-band-huk, bila (searching for) banda (direction) hukiketa (point of contact):
"Searching for direction to our point of contact". MISC. FRIESIAN PLACE NAMES
Bolsward, bol-su-ard, bolada (occasion) su (fight, brawl) ardo (wine): "On
occasion a drunken brawl". Franeker, f.-.ran-neker, afa (happy) arran (bells) nekarazi (tired of): "I'm
tired of the happily tingling bells". Harlingen, (the main harbour): har-ling-en, harri (stones) lingirda (slime, seaweed) -enetan (always): "The
stones are always slimey". Lemmer, (harbor on the south-west coast), lemar (helmsman). Ljouwert, L-jau-ert, (L:?) jaundu (to dominate) erd (center):
"Dominates the center". Marknesse, mark-neska, markatu (to wave) neska (unmarried young
woman): "A young woman is waving". Sneek, sine-ek, sinesgarri (testimony) ekinaldi (persistence):
"Testimony to persistence". Ulrum, uler-um, uler (to understand) ume (child): "I
understand the child". Wirdum, uhir-du-um, uhir (naughty) du (he has) ume (child): "She
has a naughty child". Zurich, zurik (flatterer): "Flatterer".
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