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L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z ------------------------------------------- Key to symbols: Gr. = Greek; Icel. = Icelandic; L. = Latin; ME. ; = Middle English; NL. := New Latin. ------------------------------------------- <A words> Acervulus
(pl. acervuli; L. acerous = heap, dimin. form): a mat of hyphae giving rise
to short conidiophores closely packed together forD1ing a bedlike mass.
Characteristic of the Melanconiales. Achlorophyllous (G~. a = not + chlaros = green + Phyllon = leaf):
lacking chlorophyll. Aeciospore
(Gr. aikia = injury + spotos = seed, spore): a binucleate spore produced in
an aecium. Aecium
(pI. aĞia; Gr. aikia = injury): a structure consisting of binucleate hyphal
cells, with or without a peridium, which produce spore chains consisting of
aeciospores alternating with disjunctor cells, by the successive, conjugate
division of the nuclei. Aethalium
(pl. aethalia; Gr. aethalos = soot): a rather large, sometimes massive,
generally cushion-shaped fructification of some Myxomycophyta. Akaryote
(Gr. a = not + karyon '= nut, nucleus): a phase in the life cycle of the.
Plasmodiophorales during which the
nucleoplasm loses its affinity for stains Alga
(pl. algae; L. alga." sea\veed): anyone of a group. of thallus plants
containing chlorophyll. Amphitrichous. (Gr. amPhi = both +thrix .;, hair): refers to a
bacterial cell with a tuft of flagella at each pole Anisogamous
planogametes (Gr. a == not + ;sos =: equal + gamos = marriage; Planetes :=
wanderer + gametes = husband): motile gametes which are morphologically
similar but which differ in size Anisogamy
(Gr. a = not + isos ::= equal + gamos = marriage, union): union of planogametes which are morphologically
similar but which differ in size. Annulus
(pl. annuli; 1.. annulus '= ring): the ring found on the stem of certain
species of mushrooms. Remnant of the inner veil. Antheridium (pl.
anthttidia; Gr. Antheros
= flowery + .idion, a dimin. suffix); a male gametangium Antherozoid
(Gr. antheros = flowery + zodion ~ little animal): the motile male gamete of
the Monoblepharidales Antibiotic
(Gr. anti = against + bios = life): a substance produced by a living
organism, which injures or kills another living organism. Aplanetic
(Gr. a = not + Planetes = wanderer): nonmotile. Aplanospore
(Gr. a = not + planetes = wanderer + sporos = seed, spore): a nonmotile spore Apothecium
(pI. apothecia; Gr. apotheke = storehouse): an open ascocarp Archicarp
(Gr. atche = beginning + karpos = fruit): the initial stage of a fruiting
body. Arthrospore
(Gr. arthron ;; joint + sporos = seed, spore): a spore resulting from the
fragmentation of a hypha. Also called oidium. Ascocarp
(Gr. askos;; .sac + karpos = fruit): a fruiting body containing asci Ascogenous
hypha (Gr. askos = sac + gennao = I give birth + hyphae = web):a specialized
hypha which gives rise to one or more asci Ascogonium
(pI. ascogonia; Gr. Gskas:::
sac + gennao =.1 give birth): the female gametangium of the Ascomycota Ascospore
(Gr. askos = sac + sporos = seed, spore): a spore, which results from
meiosis, borne in an ascus Ascus
(pI. asci; Gr. askos ;; sac): a sac.like structure generally containing a
definite number of ascospores-typically eight-which is usually formed as a
result of karyogamy and meiosis. Characteristic of the Ascomycota. Aseptate
(L. ab = away + septum = hedge): lacking cross walls Asexual
(L. ab = away + sexus = sex): reproduction not involving union of two nuclei Aspergillosis (Aspergillus = a genus of Ascomycota): one of a
group of diseases of animals and humans caused by various species of
Aspergillus. Asporogenous
(Gr. a = not + sporos = seed, spore + gennoo = I give birth): non-spore
forming. Autoecism
(Gr. autos = self, i.e., the same + oikos = home): the ability of a parasitic
fungus to complete its entire life cycle on a single host species. Used
particularly for certain rusts. Azygospore
(Gr. a = not + zygos =' yoke + sporos = seed, spore): a zygospore, which
develops parthenogenetically. <B words> Bacillus
(pl. bacilli; L. bacillum, dim in. for stick): a rod shaped bacterium Bacteriology
(Gr. bakterion = small rod + logos = discourse): the science, which treats of
bacteria. Basidiocarp (Gr.
basidion = small base, basidium + karpos = fruit): a fruiting body, which
bears basidia Basidiospore
(Gr. basidion = small base + sporos =
seed, spore): a spore borne on the outside of a basidium, resulting from
karyogamy and meiosis Basidium (pl.
basidia; Gr. basidion = a small base): a structure bearing on its surface a
definite number of basidiospores-typically four-which are usually formed as a
result of karyogamy and meiosis Binomial
(L. bi = two + nomen == name): the scientific name of an organism. It is
composed of two names, the first designating the genus, and the second the
species. Bipolarity
(L. bi =two + Gr. poloJ = pole): a condition of sexual compatibility in
certain Basidiomycota in which two basidiospores of each basidium are of one
strain, and two are of another. Blastospore
(Gr. blaslos = bud, shoot + sporos = seed, spore): an asexual spore formed by
budding Budding
(ME. budde = bud): the production of a small outgrowth (bud) from a parent
cell. A method of asexual reproduction. <C words> Capillitium
(pl. capillitia; L. capillus = hair): sterile, thread-like structures present
among the spores in the fruiting bodies of many Myxogastres and
Gasteromycetes Capsule
(L. capsula = a small box): a halo-like, gelatinous or mucilaginous sheath
around certain bacterial cells Chlamydospore (Gr. chlamys = mantle + sporos :: seed, spore): a hyphal
cell, enveloped by a thick cell wall, which eventually becomes separated from
the parent hypha and behaves as a resting spore Clamp connection: a bridge-like hyphal connection characteristic of the
secondary mycelium of many Basidiomycota Cleistothecium (pl. cleistothecia; Gr. kleistos :: closed + theke =
case): a completely closed ascocarp Coccus
(pl. cocci; Gr. kokkos = grain, kernel): a spherical bacterium Coenocytic
(Gr. koinos = common + kylos = a hollow vessel): non-septate; referring to
the fact that the nuclei are embedded in the cytoplasm without being
separated by cross-walls. i.e., th(: nuclei lic in a common matrix Colony (L.
colonia = a settlement): a group of individuals of the same species living in
close association. In fungi, the term usually refers to n1any hyphae growing
out of a single point and forming a round or globose thallus. Columella
(pl. columellae; L. columen = column): a sterile structure within a
sporangium or other fructification; often an extension of the stalk Compound oosphere (Gr. oon = egg + sphaira = sphere): .an oosphere with
many functional gamete nuclei. Conidiophore (conidiophore, conidia) (Gr. konis = dust + Phoreus =
bearer): a specialized hypha bearing conidia. Conidium
(pl. conidia, Gr. konis = dust + -idion, dimin. suffix): a spore formed asexually,
usually at the tip or side of a hypha Conjugate nuclear division (L. con == with + jugum = yoke): the
simultaneous division of the two nuclei in a dikaryon, giving rise to four
daughter nuclei. These generally become separated by a septum into two cells,
the sister nuclei migrating into different daughter cells. Context
(L. contexere = to weave together): the fibrous tissue which makes up the
body of the pileus in the Basidiomycota. Coprophilous
(Gr. kopros = dung + Philein = to love): growing on dung. Cortina
(pl. cortinae; L. cortina = curtain): a curtain.like, cobwebby veil hanging
from the margin of the cap of certain mushrooms. Cystidium
(pl. cystidia; Gr. kystis = bladder + .idion, dimin. s\lffix): a large
sterile structure in the hymenium of a Basidiomycete <D words> Damping-off:
a disease of seedlings which causes them to rot at the soil level and to fall
over. Dermatophyte
(Gr. derma = skin + phyton = plant): anyone of several fungi which cause skin
diseases. Dikaryon
(NL. di = two + Gr. karyon ~ nut, nucleus): a pair of closely associated
nuclei, each \lS\lally derived from a different parent cell. Dikaryotic
(NL. di = two + Gr. karyon =nut, nucleus): pertaining to a cell wliich
contains a dikaryon Dioecious (NL.
di = two + Gr. oikos = home): refers to species in which the sexes are
segregated in different individuals (Figure 99). The use of this term is often restricted to higher plants. Diplanetic
(Gr. dis = twice + planetes = wanderer): refers to a species which produces
two types of zo&pores and in which two swarming periods occ\\r Diplococcus
(pl. diplococci; Gr. diplous = double + kokko$ = grain. kernel):an
arrangement of spherical bacterial cells in pairs Diploid
(Gr. diplou.f'= double): containing the double (2n) number of chromosomes. <E words> Egg
(Icel. egg = egg): female gamete Endospore
(Gr. endos = inside + sporos ;: seed, spore): a resting stage produced by
some bacteria, which is resistant to unfavorable conditions Epibasidium
(pl. epibasidia; Gr. ePi = upon + basidion = small base): the upper portion
of the basidial apparatus of the HemiBasidiomycota Epigean
(Gr. epi = upon + ge ;: earth): above the ground. Epiphytotic (Gr. epi :=;
upon + phyton ;: plant): a widespread occurrence of a plant disease. Epithecium
(pl. epithecia; Gr. ePi = upon + theke :; a case): a layer of tis- sue on the
surface of the hymenium of an apothecium, formed by the union of the tips of
the paraphyses over the asci. Epizootic
(Gr. ePi = upon + %oon ~ animal): a widespread occurrence of an animal
disease. Eucarpic
(Gr. t'u:=; good + karpos ;: fruit): forming reproductive struct\Ites on certain portions of the thallus, the
thallus itself continuing to perform its somatic functions. Excipulum (pl.
excipu1a; NL. excipulum = receptacle): the outer layer of the hypothecium <F words> Facultative parasite (L. facultas = ability; Gr.
parasitos = table mate): an organism capable of infecting another living organism
or of growing on dead organic matter, according to circumstances. Facultative saprobe (L. facultas = ability; Gr. sapros = rotten + bios ==
1ife}: an organism capable of growing on dead organic matter, or of infecting
another living organism, according to circumstances. Fairy ring:
a ring of mushrooms on the ground representing the periphery of mycelial
growth of a Basidiomycot. Fertilization tube (L. fertilis = fertile): a tube originating from the male
gametangium and penetrating into the female through which the male gametes
(nuclei) are transferred. Fission
(L. fissio = splitting): the splitting of a cell into two cells directly. Flagellum
(pl. flagella; L. flagellum= whip): a hair.. whip-, or tinsel-1ike structure
which serves to propel a motile cell. Fragmentation (L. frangere = to break): the segrnentation of the
thallus into a number of fragments each of which is capable of growing into a
new individual. A method of asexual reproduction. Fructification (L. fructus = fruit): any fungal structure that contains
or bears spores. Fruiting body: see fructification. Fungus
(pL fungi; L. fungus = mushroom): One of the achlorophyllous thallophytes
whose somatic structures are usually filamentous and branched fungi have cell
walls and demonstrable nuclei. They reproduce typically both by sexual and
asexual means. Funiculus
(pl. funiculi; I.. funiculus
= a small cord): a thin cord by means of which the peridioles of some
Nidulariales are attached to the basidiocarp which bears them. <G words> Gamettangial contact (Gr. gametes = husband + angeion =
vessel): a method of sexual reproduction in which two gametangia come in
contact but do not fuse. The male nucleus migrates through a ~re or
fertilization tube into tile female gametangium Gametangial copulation (Gr. gametes:: husband + angeion =
vessel)~ a method of sexual reproduction in which two gametangia 0]' their
protoplasts fuse and give rise to a zygote which develops into a resting
spore Gametangium (pl. gametangia; Gr. gametes:: husband
+ angeion :0: vessel): a structure which contains gametes. Gamete.
(Gr. gametes:::: hll.sband, sex cell): a differentiated sex cell or a sex
nucleus wl1ich fuses with another in sexual reproduction Gametothallus (pl. gametothalli; Gr. gamctes = husband + thallos =
shoot}: a thallus which produces gametes, as opposed to a sporothallus Gemma
(PI; gemmae; L. Gemma = bud): a thick-walled cell similar to a chlamydospore Genus
(pl. genera; L. genus = race): a taxonomic category that includes a number of
species. The genus name (generic name) is the first name in a binomial. Gleba
(pl. glebae; L gleba = clod): the
inner, fertile portion of the fruiting body of the Gasteromycetes. <H words> Haploid
(Gr. haplous = simplex): containing the reduced (n) number of chromosomes. Hapteron
(pl. haptera; Gr. hapto = I touch): a mass of highly adhesive hyphae that
form an attachment organ at the base of the funicular cord of the
Nidulariaceae. Haustorium
(pl. haustoria; L. haustor = drinker): absorbing organ originating on a hypha
of a parasite and penetrating into a cell of the host. Most often associated
with obligate parasites, but also produced by some facultative parasites. Helotism
(Gr. heilotia = serfdom): the name applied to the relationship of the alga to
the fungus in a lichen, by those who do not concede that it is strict
parasitism. Hermaphroditic (Gr. Hermes = the messenger of the gods, symbol of the
male sex + Aphrodite = the goddess of love, symbol of the female sex): refers
to species in which both male and female sex organs are produced by each
individual Heteroecism
(Gr. hetero$ == other, different + oikos ""home, i.e., host): the
necessity of two host species for the completion of the life cycle of certain
parasitic fungi. Hcterogametangia (sing. heterogametangium; Gr. heteron = other, different
+ gametes = husband + angeion = vessel): male and female gametangia that are
distinguishable morphologically Heterogametes (Gr. heteros = other, different + gametes = husband): male
and female gametes that are distinguishable morphologically Heterokaryotic (Gr. heteron = other, different + karyon = nut, nucleus):
containing nuclei of different strains. Heterothallic (Gr. heteros = other, different + thallos = shoot,
thallus): According to one version: refers to a species consisting of
self-sterile (self. incompatible) individuals requiring therefore the union
of two compatible thalli for sexual reproduction, regardless of the possible
presence of both male and female organs on the same individual. According to
another version: refers to a species in which the sexes are segregated in
separate thalli, two different thalli being required for sexual reproduction. Heterothahallism (Gr. heteros = other, different + thallos = shoot, thallus):
the condition exemplified by heterothallic species. Holobasidium
(pl. holobasidia; Gr. halon = entire + basidion = a small base): a simple,
club-shaped structure in which karyogamy and meiosis occur, which bears
basidiospores on its surface Holocarpic
(Gr. holo~ = entirely + kapos = fruit): refers to an organism whose thallus
is entirely converted into one or more reproductive structures. Holozoic
(Gr. holos = entirely + oikos = of animals): ingesting food in the form of
solid particles. Homothallic
(Gr. homo = same + thallos = shoot. thallus): refers to fungi in which sexual
reproduction lakes place in a single thallus which is, therefore,
(essentially self-compatible. Homothallism
(Gr. homo = same + thallos = shoot. thallus): the condition exemplified by
homothallic species. Host
(L. hospes = one who receives a stranger as his guest): a living organism
harboring a parasite. Hyaline
(Gr. hyalinos: made of glass, i.e.,
colorless): colorless, transparent. Hymenium
(pl. hymenia; Gr. hymen = membrane\: a fertile layer consisting of asci or
basidia Hyperplasia
(Gr. hyper: over + plasis. = molding, formation): excessive multiplication of
cells; abnormal rate of cell division. Hypertrophy (Gr.
hyper = over t trophe = food): excessive enlargement of cells. Hypha
(pl. hyphae; Gr. hyphe = web): the unit of structure of the fungi; a tubular
filament Hyphal body (Gr. hyphe = web): a fragment of the
mycelium of the Entomophthorales Hypobasidium
(pl. hypobasidia; Gr. hypo == under + basidion = small base): the basal
portion of the basidial apparatus of the Hemibasidiomycetes Hypogean
(Gr. hypo = under + ge =earth): growing below the ground. Hypothallus
(pl. hypothalli; Gr. hypo = under + thallos = shoot, thallus): a thin, often
transparent deposit at the ba.~e of the fructifications of some Myxogastres. Hypothecium
(pl. hypothecia; Gr. hypo = under + theke = case): the thick fleshy portion
or main body of an apothecium <I words> Indusium
(PI. indusia; L. indusium:: undergarment): a skirt-like structure hanging
from the receptacle of the expanded fruiting body of Dictyophora (one
of the stinkhorns) Inner veil: the hyphal membrane that covers the gills of a
young mushroom. Isogametangia (sing. isogametangium; Gr. ison = equal + gametes =
husband + angeion = container): gametangia, presumably of opposite sex which
are indistinguishable morphologically Isogamete.
Gr. isos = equal + gametes = husband): gametes, presumably of opposite sex,
which are indistinguishable morphologically Isoplanogametes (Gr. isos; equal + planetes = wanderer + gametes ==
husband): motile gametes, presumably of opposite sex, which are
indistinguishable morphologically <J words> <K words> Karyogamy (Gr.
karyon = nut, nucleus + gamos = marriage, union): the fusion of two nuclei <L words> Lamella
(pl. lamellae; L. lamina = plate, dimin. form): a plate-like structure (gill)
on which some Basidiomycota produce their basidia Lichen (Gr.
lichen = lichen): a combination of an alga and a fungus in which the two
components are so interwoven as to form what appears to be a single
individual. Locule
(L. loculus :: a little place): a cavity within a stroma Lophotrichous (Gr. lophos = hill + thrix = hair): refers to a bacterial
cell with a tuft of polar flagella at one pole <M words> Macroconidium (pl. macroconidia; Gr. makrott: long -t- kottis:: dust
+.jdion, dimin. suffix): a conidium, as distinguished from a microconidium Macrocyclic (Gr.
makros = long + kyklos :: circle, cycle): long cycled. Applied to those
species of rusts that produce one or more types of binucleate spores in
addition to teleutospores. Medium
(pl. media; L. medium = intermediate): sub-stratum of a balanced chemical
composition employed in the laboratory for growing microorganisms. Media may
be used in the liquid state or may be solidified with agar, gelatin, or other
solidifying agents. Meiosis
(Gr. meiosis = reduction): a pair of nuclear divisions in quick succession,
one of which is reductional. Four haploid nuclei are produced as a result of
meiosis. Meristogenous (Gr. Meros = part + gennao = I give birth): refers to the
origin of a fruiting body from the division of a simple cell or of adjacent
cells of the same hypha Meront
(Gr. meros = po;tion): a portion of anything, but more especially of a
splitting plasmodium (schizont) of the Plasmodiophorales Micrococcus
(Gr. mikros == small + kokkos = grain, kernel): an arrangement of spherical
bacteria either as isolated, single cells or as sheets one cell thick, the
latter resulting from cell division in two planes Microconidium (pl. microconidia; Gr. mikron: small + konis :. dust +
.idion, dimin. suffix): small conidium which often acts as a spermatium Microcyclic
(Gr. mikros :: small + kyklos = circle, cycle): short-cycled. Applied to
those species of rusts that produce no binucleate spores other than
teleutospores. Micron
(pl. microns or micra: Gr. mikron = small): a unit of measurement equal to
0.001 mm. or approx. 1/25,000 inch. Monokaryotic
(Gr. monon : alone, single + karyon = nut, nucleus): containing a single
nucleus. Monophyletic
(Gr. monon = alone, single + Phylon = stock, race): of a single line of
descent. Monoplanetic
(Gr. monvs = alone, only + planetes = wanderer): refers to a species which
produces only one type of zoospore and in which there is but one swarming
period. Monotrichous
(Gr. mane 0: alone, single + thrix = hair): refers to a bacterial cell with a
single polar flagellum Mycelium (Mycelium) (pl. mycelia; Gr. mykes = mushroom,
fungus): mass of hyphae constituting the body (thallus) of a fungus. Mycology
(Gr. mykes = mushroom, fungus + logos =: discourse): the science that treats
of fungi. Myxamoeba
(pl. myxamoebae; Gr- myxa = slime + amoebe = change): an amoeboid cell,
particularly one of the Myxomycophyta <N words> <O words> Obligate parasite (L. obligate = to bind; Gr. parasitos = table mate): an or-ganism
\vhich can obtain food only from living protoplasm. Obligate parasites cannot
be grown in culture on non-living media Obligate saprobe (L. obligare ,: to bind; Gr. sapros = rotten + bios =
life): an organism which must obtain its food from dead organic matter, and
is incapable of infecting another living organism. Oidiophore
(Gr. oidion: small egg + phorcus = bearer): a hypha whic11 fragments into
oidia from the tip toward the base Oidium (pl.
oidia; Gr. oidion = small egg): a thin-walled, free, hyphal cell derived from
the fragmentation of a somatic hypha into its component cells, or from an
oidiophore. It behaves as a spore or as a spermatium. Oidization
(Gr. oidion = small egg): the union of an oidium with a somatic hypha
resulting in the dikaryotization of the latter.. Oogamous
(Gr. oon = egg + gamos = marriage, union): refers to 'a type of fertilization
in which two heterogametangia corne in contact, and the contents of one flow
into the other through a pore or tube Oogonium
(pl. oogonia; Gr- oon = egg + gennao = I give birth): a female gametangium
ontaining one or more eggs. Oosphere
(Gr. oon = egg + sphaira = sphere): a large, naked, non-motile, female gamete Oospore
(Gr. oon = egg + sporos = seed, spore): a thick-walled spore which develops
from an oospherc through either fertilization or parthenogenesis Operculum
(pl. opercula; L. operculum = lid): a hinged cap on a sporangium or an ascus Ostio1e
(L. ostiolum = little door): a neck-like structure in an ascocarp, lined with
periphyses, and terminating in a pore. Also the opening of a pycnidium <P words> Paraphyses
(sing. paraphysis; Gr. para = beside + physis ,: a being, a growth): sterile,
basally attached structures in a hymenium Parasite
(Gr. parasitos = eating beside another; from para = beside + sitos = \'{heat,
fond): an organism that lives at the expense of another, usually invading it
and causing disease. Parthenogenesis (Gr. parthenos = virgin + genesis = birth): the development
of the normal product of sexual reproduction from the female gamete alone. Pellicle
(L. pellis = skin, dimin. form): a skin-like aggregation of bacteria or
yeasts on the surface of liquid media. Any surface, skin-like growth. Penicillus (pI.
penicilli; L. penicillum = small brush): the conidiophore of tile genus Penicillium Peridiole
(Gr. peridion = small leather pouch + L -alum = dimin. suffix): the glebal
chamber of the Nidulariales which has a hard, waxy wall of its own; contains
the basidiospores, but acts as a propagating unit as a whole Peridium
(pl. peridia; Gr. peridion "" small leather pouch): the outside
covering or wall of a fructification. Periphyses
(sing. periphysis; Gr. peri = around. = physis = a being, a growth): short,
hair-like growths in the form of a fringe lining the inside of an ostiole or
of a pore in a stroma Periplasm
(Gr. peri = around + Plasma = a molded structure): a layer of protoplasm
surrounding the oosphere of certain Phycomycota Perithecium
(pI. perithecia; Gr. peri = around + theke = a case): a closed ascocarp with
a pore at the top, a true ostiole~ and a wall of its own Peritrichous
(Gr. peri"" around + thrix = hair): refers to a bacterial cell with
many flagella around its periphery or with one flagellum attached at the side
Petri dish (named after R. J. Petri, a German
scientist): a glass container consisting of a circular, flat dish with
vertical sides, and a similar but slightly larger covers which fits over it.
Standard equipment for the growth of microorganisms in pure culture. Phylum
(pI. phyla; Gr. phylon = stock, race): a large taxonomic category consisting
of many classes. Pileus
(pl. pilei; L. pileus = cap): upper portion or cap of certain types of
ascocarps and basidiocarps Planogamete
(Gr. Planetes = wanderer + gametes = husband, sex cell): a motile gamete Planogametic
copulation (Gr. planetes ::; wanderer + gametes = husband; L. copulate = to
couple): fusion of naked gametes, one or both of which are motile Plasmodesmid
(Gr. plasma = a molded object, i.e., protoplasm + desmos = bond): an
isthmus-like protoplasmic connection between adjacent cells of a grouping,
filament, or tissue Plasmodiocarp (Gr. Plasma = a molded object + karpos = fruit): a curved
or branched, vein-like fruiting structure of some of the Myxogastres Plasmodium
(pl. plasmodia; Gr. plasmo. =
a molded object): a naked, multinucleate mass of protoplasm moving and
feeding in amoeboid fashion. The
somatic phase of the Myxomyceteae and the Plasmodiophoreae Plasmogamy
(Gr. plasma = a molded object + gamos = marriage, union): the fusion of two
protoplasts Plectenchyma
(Gr. pleko = I weave + enchyma = infusion, i.e., a woven tissue): the general
term employed to designate all types of fungal tissues. The two most common
types of tissues are pros6nchyma and pseudoparenchyma. Polyphyletic
(Gr. poly = much, many + phylon = stock. race): of several lines of descent. Primordium
(pl. primordia; L. primordium = beginning): the beginning stage of any
structure. Progametangium (pl. progametangia; Gr. pro = before + gametangium): a
cell which gives rise to a gametangium Promycelium
(pl. promycelia; Gr. pro = before + mycelium}: the epibasidium of the rusts
and smuts. A germ tube issuing from the teleutospore, which bears the
basidiospores Prosenchyma
(Gr. pros = toward + enchyma = infusion, i.e., approaching a tissue): a type
of plectenchyma in which the component hyphae lie parallel to one another and
are easily recognized as such Prosorus
(pl. prosori; Gr. pro = before + soro" = heap): a structure which
eventually divides to give rise to a sorus Pseudocapillitium (pl. pseudocapillitia; Gr. pseudo = false + capillitium):
irregular threads, plates, or other structures present among the spores
within the fructifications of many Myxogastres; resembles capillitium. Pseudomycelium (pl. pseudomycelia; Gr. pseudo = false + mycelium): a
series of cells adhering end to end forming a chain. Produced by some yeasts. Pseudoparaphyses (sing. pseudoparaphysisi Gr. pseudo = false +
paraphysis): sterile threads attached both to the roof and to the base of an
ascocarp. Pseudoparenchyma (pl. pseudoparenchymata; Gr. pseudo = false + parenchyma
= a type of plant tissue): a type of plectenchyma consisting of oval or
isodiametric cells, the component hyphae having lost their individuality Pseudoplasmodium (pl. pseudoplasmodia; Gr. pseudo = false + plasmodium):
an aggregation of amoeboid cells constituting the initial stage. of fruiting
of the Acrasieae pseudoseptum (pl.
pseudosepta; Gr. pseudo = false + L septum = hedge): a plug-like partition of
cellulin or other substance in a hypha, resembling a septum. Pycnidiospore (Pycnidium + Gr. sporo! = seed, spore): a conidium borne
in a pycnidium Pycnidium
(pl. pycnidia; Gr. pyknon = concentrated + -idion, dim in. suffix): an
asexual, hollow fruiting body, lined inside with conidiophores Pycniospore (Gr. pyknos = concentrated + sporos
= seed, spore): the old designation for the spermatium of the rusts, used before the true
function of the spermatia of the rusts was discovered Pycnium (pl. pycnia; Gr. pyknon = concentrated): the old designation for the spermogonium of the
rusts Pycnosclerotium (pl. pycnosclerotia; pycnidium + sclerotium, from Gr. skleron = hard): a more or less hard-walled structure
resembling a pycnidium but containing no spores <Q words> <R words> Reproduction (L. re = prefix for again + producere = to bring forth): the production of new individuals having
all the characteristics typical of the species. Resupinate (L. resupinatus = inverted): lying flat on the sub-stratum with the hymenium on the
free surface. Reticulate (L. reticulum = a small net): having the form of a net; covered with net-like ridges Rhizoid (Rhizoids) (Gr. rhiza = root + -oeides
= like): a short, thin branch of a
thallus, superficially
resembling a root Rhizomorph (Gr. rhiza = root + morphe
= shape): a thick strand of somatic hyphae in which the hyphae have lost
their individuality, the whole mass behaving as an organized unit. The
structure of the growing tip of the rhizomorph somewhat resembles that of a
root tip: hence the name. Rhizomycelium (pl. rhizomycelia; Gr. rhiza = root + mycelium):
a rhizoidal system extensive enough to resemble mycelium superficially. <S words> Saprobe (Gr. sapros = rotten + bios
= life): an organism that utilizes dead
organic matter
for food. Sarcina (pl. sarcinae; L. sarcina = bundle): an arrangement of spherical bacterial cells in cubical
masses, resulting from the division of the cells in three planes. Also a
genus of spherical bacteria that exhibit such an arrangement. Schizont (Gr. schizo = I tear): anything that splits up into portions, but more
especially a plasmodium of the Plasmodiophorales, which behaves in this
manner. Sclerotium (pl. sclerotia; Gr. skleron = hard): a hard resting body resistant to unfavorable conditions, which may
remain dormant for long periods of time and germinate upon the return of
favorable conditions Self-compatible (L. compati = to suffer with): self-fertile. Refers to a thallus that reproduces sexually by itself. Self-incompatible (L. in = not + compati = to
suffer with): self-sterile. Refers to a thallus which cannot reproduce by itself
sexually.Septate (L. septum = hedge):
with cross-walls Septum (pl. septa; L. septum = hedge, partition): a cross-wall in a
hypha Seta (pl. setae; L. seta = bristle): a bristle-like hair (Figures 132B, 134F, G).Sexual reproduction: reproduction
involving the fusion of two compatible nuclei Slime mold:
a member of the phylum Myxomycophyta Soma
(pl. somata; Gr. soma = body): the body of an organism as distinguished from its
reproductive organs or reproductive phase. Somatic
(Gr. soma = body): refers to the body phase-in plants, the vegetative
phase-structure, or function as distinguished from the reproductive. Somatogamy
(Gr. soma = body + gamos = marriage, union): fusion of somatic cells during
plasmogamy Sorocarp
(Gr. Sofas = heap + karpos = fruit): the fructification of the Acrasieae Sorus (pl. sori; Gr. Sofas = heap): a mass of sporangia or
spores. Species (sing.
and pl. species; L. species = kind): the unit of classification. A group of closely related individuals
resembling one another in certain inherited characteristics. It is designated
by a binomial consisting of the generic name and the specific epithet. Spermatiophore (Gr. spermation = little seed + phoreus = bearer): a
specialized hypha that produces spermatia Spermatium
(pl. spermatia; Gr. spermation = little seed): a non-motile, uni-ucleate,
spore-like male structure that empties its contents into a re-ceptive female
structure during plasmogamy. Spermatia are variously regarded as gametes or
gametangia. Spermatization (Gr. sperma = seed): plasmogamy by the union of a
spermatium with a receptive structure Spermogonium
(pl. spermogonia; Gr. sperma = seed, sperm + gennao = I give birth): a
structure resembling a pycnidium which contains minute, rod- shaped, or oval
spore-like bodies which in some cases have proved to be functional spermatia Sphaerocyst
(Gr. sphaira = sphere + kystis = bladder): spherical cells present in the
trama of certain Agaricaceae such as Russula Spirillum
(pl. spirilla; Gr. speira = coil): a spiral bacterial cell. Also a genus of
spiral bacteria. Sporangiolum
(pl. sporangiola; Gr. sporos = seed, spore + angeion = vessel + L. -alum,
dimin. suffix): a small sporangium containing few spores Sporangiophore (Gr. sporos = seed, spore + angeion = vessel + phoreus =
bearer): a hypha that bears a sporangium Sporangiospore (Sporangiospores) (Gr. sporos = seed, spore + angeion = vessel + sporos): a spore
borne within a sporangium Sporangium
(pl. sporangia; Gr. sporos = seed, spore + angeion = vessel): a cell that
contains one or more spores. Generally an asexual structure Spore (Spores) (Gr. sporos = seed, spore): a minute
propagative unit functioning as a seed, but differing from it in that a spore
does not contain a preformed embryo Sporodocbium (pl.
sporodocbia; Gr. sporos = seed, spore + docheion = container): a cushion
shaped stroma covered with conidiophores Sporophore
(Gr. sporos = seed, spore + phoreus = bearer): any structure that bears
spores. Sporoplasm
(Gr. sporos = seed, spore + plasma = a molded object, i.e., protoplasm): the
protoplast of a spore, particularly of a bacterial endospore. Sporotballus
(pl. sporotballi; Gr. sporos = seed, spore + thollos = shoot, thallus): a
thallus that produces spores, as opposed to a gametothallus Staphylococcus (pl. staphylococci; Gr. staphyle = grape + kokkos =
grain, kernel): an arrangement of spherical bacterial cells in irregular
groups resembling bunches of grapes Sterigma
(pl. sterigmata; Gr. sterigma = support): a small hyphal branch or structure,
which supports a sporangium, a conidium, or a basidiospore Streptococcus (pl. streptococci; Gr. streptos = curved, twisted +
kokkos = grain, kernel): an arrangement of spherical bacterial cells in
chains resulting from cell division in only one plane. Also a genus of
spherical bacteria exhibiting such an arrangement. Stroma
(pl. stromata; Gr. stroma = mattress): a compact somatic structure, much like
a mattress, on which or in which fructifications are usually formed Stylospore
(Gr. stylos = pilar + sporos = seed, spore): an elongated or cane shaped
pycnidiospore of unknown function Symphogenous
(Gr. synphyein = to grow together + gignesthai = to be born, i.e.,
originating from structures which grow together): refers to the origin of a
fruiting body from a number of interweaving hyphae Synnema
(pL synnemata; Gr. syn = together + nema = yam): a group of conidiophores
cemented together and forming an elongated spore.bearing structure <T words> Taxonomy
(Gr. Taxis = order, arrangement + nomos = law): the science of
classification. Teleutospore
(Gr. Teleutaios = last + sporos = seed, spore): a thick-walled resting spore
in some Hemibasidiomycetes, notably the rusts and smuts, in which karyogamy
occurs; it is apart of the basidial apparatus Telium (pl.
telia; Gr. telD's;;: end): a group of binucleate cells which produce
teleutospores Tetrapolarity (Gr. tetras = a group of four + polos = pole): a
condition of sexual compatibility in some Basidiomycota in which each of the
four basidiospores of a basidium is of a different strain. Thallophyte
(Gr. thallos = shoot, thallus + phyton = plant): a plant whose somatic phase
is devoid of stems, roots or leaves, and which propagates by means of spores. Thallus
(pl. thalli; Gr. thallos = shoot): a relatively simple plant body devoid of
stems, roots and leaves; in fungi, the somatic phase. Trama
(pl. tramae; L. trama = woof): the fungal tissue composing the pileus or
bearing the hymenium of the Holobasidiomycetes Trichogyne
(Gr. Thrix = hair + gyne = woman, female): the receptive neck of the
ascogonium, which is often long and hair-like <U words> Universal veil: a thin, veil-like membrane that covers certain types of
young mushrooms. Upon expansion of the mushroom, the universal veil tears and
its remnants may be seen in the form of scales on the pileus and in the form
of a volva. Uredium
(pl. uredia; L. urere = to burn): a group of binucleate cells which give rise
to uredospores Uredospore
(L. urere = to burn + Gr. sporos = seed, spore): a binucleate, repeating
spore of the Uredinales <V words> Vesicle
(L. vesicula = small bladder): a thin, bubble.like structure in which
zoospores are released or in which zoospores are differentiated; also the
bulbous head terminating the conidiophore of Aspergillus Virus
(pl. viruses; L. virus = poison): a minute, particulate, infectious entity
that causes disease. Volva
(pl. valvae; L. tlolva = covering): a cup at the base of the stem of certain
mushrooms <W words> <X words> <Y words> <Z words> Zoogamete (Gr.
zoon = animal + gametes = husband): a motile gamete. Also called planogamete. Zoosporangium (Gr. zoon == animal + sporangium): a sporangium that
contains zoospores Zoospore
(Zoospores) (Gr. zoon == animal + sporos = seed, spore): a motile, asexually
produced spore Zygophore (Gr. zygos = yoke + phoreus =
bearer): a specialized hyphal branch bearing zygospores Zygosporangium (pl. zygosporangia; Gr. zygos = yoke + sporangium): a
sporangium which is formed from the germination of a zygospore. Zygospore
(Gr. zygos = yoke + sporos = seed, spore): a resting spore which results from
the fusion of two gametangia in the Zygomycota Zygote (Gr. zygos = yoke): a diploid cell
resulting from the union of two haploid cells. |