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Key to the Chalcidoidea of the Czech & Slovak
Republics
Palearctic Area
(Derived from Ashmead, 1904, Nikolskaya, 1952, Peck et al., 1964
& Thomson, 1876 by E. F. Legner)
(Email
Contacts)
[This key is in a form commonly used
in North America. If the statement is
true, proceed
to the designated couplet, whereas
if it is false, go to "b" portion of the couplet. Numbers in parentheses refer to previous
couplet read]
(Note: Not all illustrations
are European species):
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1a. Only vein of wing
ending at front margin as stigmal-like enlargement (prestigma); legs with
one trochanter; antennae with 12 segments, without differentiated club or ring segments, attached
near mouth male .......... Bethylidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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1b. Wing venation
different from previous; if vein enlarged near margin, antennal segment
fewer or ring segments developed; legs usually clearly with 2 trochanters.
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2a (1). Abdomen with long,
2-segmented petiole; wing reticulately
alveolate, petiolate, with long
marginal fringe, venation reduced; pronotum reaches tegulae
......... Mymarommatidae <Habits>; <Adults>
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2b. Petiole of abdomen
with one segment or indistinct, hidden; wing not as above; pronotum does
not reach tegulae, separated by usually triangular prepectus (except Perilampus and Eucharitidae
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3a (2). Tarsi with only 3 segments; antennae short, at most with 2 funicular segments; body usually ca. 0.5 mm. long; postmarginal vein
absent; wing disc often with hairs in radiating rows ......... Trichogrammatidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniiles>
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3b. Tarsi with 4-5 segments; other characteristics
different from previous
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4a (3). Antennae attached
far from each other, long, without ring segments, male filiform, female
with ovoid club; frons with
transverse suture above antennae extending along inner eye margin; base of
wings often narrowed &
petiolate, margin frequently with long fringe; body usually shorter than 1 mm, not metallic ........ Mymaridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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4b. Antennae usually
attached near each other (except some encyrtids), nearer to each other than
to eyes, often short, usually with one to several ring segments; head always
without distinct transverse suture above antennae; wings not petiolate,
fringe usually short
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5a (4). Hind coxa huge,
triangular, unusually disk-like and flattened; wings extend beyond sessile abdomen,
wedge-shaped or almost parallel-sided; antennae at most with 10 segments, usually branched in male; female funicle with 3 segments; tarsi with 4 or 5 segments; body mostly steel-black or with yellowish markings
........... Elasmidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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5b. Hind coxa never unusually
disk-like or flattened; other characters also different from previous.
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6a (5). Hind femur much
enlarged, ventrally toothed; hind tibia arched; body medium to large, heavily
sclerotized, mainly without metallic hue
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6b. Hind femur normal,
only very seldom enlarged and dentate in which case the body is slim,
metallic and the hind tibia is straight (curved only in Podagrion
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7a (6). Wings
longitudinally folded as in wasps; ovipositor long, curved dorsally along
abdomen; tegulae narrowly extended forward; body with black and yellow
stripes .......... Leucospidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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7b. Wings not folded;
ovipositor not prominent in European species; tegulae scale-like, not produced;
abdomen always without yellow markings ......... Chalcididae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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8a (6). Antennae not
geniculate (= elbowed), without differentiated ring segments or club; head
small; pronotum dorsally hidden, laterally fused with prepectus; thorax
short and high; scutellum sometimes forked;abdomen high, rudder-shaped, petiole
slim ......... Eucharitidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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8b. Antennae clearly
geniculate; pronotum larger, prepectus usually well defined.
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9a (8). Body shorter than
one mm., dorsally flattened, shining black; scutellum transversely ribbonlike;
propodeum in middle with shining triangular area; antennae with 2-4 ring segments and long,
undivided club but without funicle
........... Signiphoridae
(= Thysanidae] <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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9b. Body not as
previous; propodeum never with triangular, flat area; scutellum only rarely
strongly transverse; antennae usually differently shaped than previous
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10a (9). Hind coxa usually at
least 3X larger than front; pronotum
large; parapsidal grooves complete; postmarginal vein developed; radius usually
short, often capitate; antennae with 13 segments
(in European insects)
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10b. Hind coxa only a
little larger than front; other characteristics partially different from
previous.
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11a (10). Thorax rather
densely punctate, interstices reticulate or rugulose, faintly shining;
parapsidal grooves somewhat deep; abdomen shining, finely sculptured,
sometimes shrunken; ovipositor often long; body somewhat slim ......... Torymidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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11b. Thorax shining, sparsely
punctate, weakly and transversely rugulose; parapsidal grooves shallow;
abdomen often coarsely sculptured, in male often pitted, in female conical
with epipygium long but ovipositor short, hidden; body robust; antennae
very short ........ Ormyridae <Habits>; <Adults>
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12a (10). Pronotum dorsally
rectangular, large; body usually not metallic, black, sometimes marked with
yellow; parapsidal grooves complete; abdomen convex, not shrunken;
postmarginal, marginal and radial veins developed; thorax often coarsely
punctate .......... Eurytomidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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12b. Pronotum narrowed
dorsally, at least in middle, or body distinctly metallic and thorax then
abdomen often shrunken
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13a (12). Body about one mm.
or less in length, not metallic; antennae at most with 8 evident segments (except ring segments), short; marginal vein
long; radial and postmarginal veins indistinct, reduced; parapsidal grooves
complete; abdomen broadly sessile; tarsi mostly with 5 segments, rarely 4 segments
........ Aphelinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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13b. Body with other
characteristics; postmarginal or radial vein, or body, distinctly
developed.
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14a (13). Tarsi with 4 segments; antennae at most with 9 distinct segments; veins distinct but postmarginal sometimes
reduced or absent; front tibial spur short, straight ......... Eulophidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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14b. Tarsi with 5 segments, rarely 4; if 4, then antennae have at least 11 segments
(Tetracampinae) or marginal, postmarginal and radial veins indistinct (Arrhenophagus); front tibia
usually with a distinctly bent spur
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15a (14). Mesoscutum
entirely and regularly convex or flat, without impressed grooves (rarely linear
parapsidal grooves indicated); scuto-scutellar suture mostly straight;
axillae transverse, usually forming uniform arch with scutellum;
mesopleuron convex, not impressed; middle basitarsus enlarged, middle spur
long; antennae without ring segments (or if with some, then funicle
lacking) ......... Encyrtidae <Adults-1> & <Adults-2>;
& <Juveniles>
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15b. Mesoscutum not
regularly convex, parapsidal grooves at least anteriorly impressed or
otherwise formed; axillae usually sloping backwards; antennae with ring
segments; if mesoscutum and mesopleuron convex, then antennae with one ring
segment
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16a (15). Mesopleuron in
female convex (as in Encyrtidae), not impressed; similarly, middle
basitarsus and tibial spur enlarged; mesonotum often impressed;
scuto-scutellar suture in female straight, allowing movement of dorsal
sclerites; antennae always with one ring segment and 7 funicular segments; male with parapsidal grooves deep,
complete and pleuron usually shallowly impressed ........... Eupelmidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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16b. Mesopleuron always
impressed; mesoscutum with parapsidal grooves complete or merely anteriorly
indicated, immobile against scutellum; scuto-scutellar suture not straight;
middle tibial spur small; antennae often with 2 or more ring segments
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17a (16). Thorax high and
short, dorsally either coarsely punctate or finely striate, always without
reticulate punctations; antennae short, with one ring segment and 7 transverse funicular segments; abdomen often transversely convex
......... Perilampidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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17b. Thorax usually not
high and short; if so, then mesoscutum and scutellum reticulate or antennae
different
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18a (17). Pronotum large,
bell-shaped, hind margin indistinct and closely joined to mesoscutum; parapsidal
grooves complete; antennae with 11-12 segments; male tarsi often with 4 segments; front tibial spur small ......... Tetracampidae <Habits>; <Adults>
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18b. Pronotum usually
small, not bell-shaped, hind margin always evident; parapsidal grooves
often incomplete; tarsi always have
5 segments; front tibial spur
distinct, bent ........... Pteromalidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
(for subfamilies go to couplet 19)
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Subfamilies of Pteromalidae: [Also
See: Additional
Details]
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19a. Antennae without
ring segments, with 8-10 segments
(club as one), attached close to mouth; parapsidal grooves complete;
usually not metallic insects; sculpture not reticulate
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19b. Antennae with one
or more ring segments; if indistinct, then body metallic or other characteristics
different from previous
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20a (19). Body entirely
black, sometimes faintly metallic, somewhat set with coarse hairy
punctures; abdomen petiolate; wings always developed .......... (Pteromalidae) (Spalangiinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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20b. Body partly yellowish,
always without deep punctures, usually smooth; abdomen subsessile; wings
usually with tufts of stiff hairs and sometimes dwarfed; head often toothed
near base of antennae ......... (Pteromalidae) (Cerocephalinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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21a (19). In females head
and thorax at least partly yellowish, with sparse, regularly spaced, long bristles;
wings usually dwarfed; male antennae very long, with one ring segment and
flagellum consisting of 10 subequal segments, club not
differentiated; parapsidal grooves complete; basal tergite very large,
convex .......... (Pteromalidae) (Diparinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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21b. Head and thorax
usually metallic, not yellowish (except in 2 rare species
from southern Europe) and without regular, sparse bristles apart from
normal hairs; male antennae usually with club formed by several closely
attached apical segments or at least ring segments present
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22a (21). Antennae unusually
slim, with 13 segments (3 ring segments), radicula at least 2X as long as broad, antennal club in male not differentiated;
boy shorter than 1.5 mm.,
shining, dark metallic, not reticulate; wings often dwarfed; female abdomen
compressed at sides, high; ovipositor somewhat prominent .......... (Pteromalidae) (Ceinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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22b. Antennae shaped
differently than previous; if long and slim, then thorax reticulate; club
differentiated in male
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23a (22). Pronotum in middle
at least as long as broad, much narrower than mesoscutum; antenna with one
ring segment only; front femur somewhat enlarged; wing sometimes dwarfed,
otherwise usually maculate; male antenna sometimes branched ........ (Pteromalidae) (Cleonyminae), part <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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23b. Pronotum either
shorter or posteriorly not unusually narrower than mesothorax; ring segments
usually at least 2 in number; male antennae never
branched
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24a (23). Wings dwarfed;
antennae always with 13 segments; head and thorax
metallic green, reticulate; parapsidal grooves incomplete......... (Pteromalidae) (Cleonyminae), part <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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24b. Wings fully
developed
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25a (24). Antennae at most
with 12 segments, at least in females
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25b. Antennae with 13 segments, club counted always as 3
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26a (25). Antennae very
long, with one ring and 7 long funicular segments, female
with 12 and male with 13 segments; middle tarsus very long, in female with 4 segments; marginal vein about 4X as long
as radius .......... (Pteromalidae) (Cleonyminae), part <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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26b. Antennae shorter
than previous and other characteristics different
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27a (26). Parapsidal furrows incomplete;
funicular segments transverse, 5 in
number
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27b. Parapsidal furrows
complete most ..... Pteromalidae ..... (Tridyminae) [Small subfamily
with only 3 species but Details unavailable]
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28a (27). Ring segments clearly 2 in number; head and thorax very densely, rather deeply,
irregularly punctate ............. (Pteromalidae) (Cleonyminae), part <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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29a (25). Parapsidal grooves
complete
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29b. Parapsidal grooves
incomplete, fading out at least in posterior 1/3rd of mesoscutum
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30a (29). Abdomen sessile or
subsessile
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31a (30). Antennae with one
ring and 7 funicular segments; marginal
vein usually several times as long as radius; males only
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31b. Antennae at most
with 6 funicular segments; marginal
vein usually rather short ........... (Pteromalidae) (Tridyminae) part ) [Small subfamily
with only 3 species but Details unavailable]
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32a (31). Parapsidal grooves
clearly cut, narrow; thorax usually densely hairy; mesopleuron shallowly
impressed without different sculpture; radius only rarely somewhat
capitate......males, family .......... Eupelmidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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32b. Parapsidal furrows
deep but broad; thorax nearly bare; radius strongly clavate, short
.......... (Pteromalidae) (Tridyminae) part ) [Small subfamily
with only 3 species but Details unavailable]
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34a (33). Axillae almost
entirely anterior to base of scutellum; marginal vein very long, yet
postmarginal and stigmal unusually short ........... (Pteromalidae) (Coleotrechninae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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34b. Axillae not
unusually produced anteriorly; stigmal vein not extremely short
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35a (34). Pronotum
bell-shaped, rather long; whole body (including eyes, wings and abdomen)
densely hairy; antenna with one ring segment and 7 funicular, apical one in female projecting laterally along
club .......... (Pteromalidae) (Cleonyminae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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35b. Pronotum not as
previous; whole body never densely hairy .......... (Pteromalidae) (Pteromalinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
REFERENCES:
Ashmead, W.
H. 1904. Classification of the Chalcid Flies. Mem. Carnegie Mus. 1: 225-551, Pittsburgh.
Nikolskaya,
M. N. 1952. Chalcids of the Fauna of the U.S.S.R. Sci. Acad. U.S.S.R., Moskva &
Leningrad.
Peck, O.,
Z. Boucek & A. Hoffer. 1964. Keys to the
Chalcidoidea of Czechoslovakia (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada 34: 120 p.
Thomson, C.
G. 1876-1878. Hymenoptera
Scandinaviae, Pteromalus
4, 5, Lund
Publ.
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