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Key to Families of Northwestern European Chalcidoidea
Palearctic Area
(Derived from Graham, 1969
by E. F. Legner)
(Email Contacts)
[This key is in a form commonly used
in North America. If the statement is
true, proceed to the designated couplet, whereas if it is false, go to
"b" portion of the couplet.
Numbers in parentheses refer to previous couplet read]
Chalcidoidea is a large Superfamily of important insects
that have been deployed successfully in biological control worldwide. Specialists generally agree to being aware
of only a fraction of those still awaiting discovery. Their taxonomy is often difficult as the
characters used may show wide variation.
Most species are small or very tiny, some being less than 0.4 mm in
long. Chalcids occur almost
everywhere, but because of their small size they are usually overlooked. Adults occur mainly on flowers and plant
foliage. Most species are parasitoids of other insects, attacking
the egg or larval stage of their hosts. Predominant hosts are Lepidoptera,
Diptera, Coleoptera, and Homoptera.
Because these host groups contain many agricultural pests, it is
obvious that the chalcids are a valuable group for natural control. Many
species have been imported into different countries for biological
control. The larvae of few species
are phytophagous.
[Refer to <Guide> for additional illustrations & <Hymenoptera> for Order details]
(Note: Not all illustrations are European species):
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1a. Petiole of abdomen
composed of 2 segments, each of which is
longer than broad, while both together are as long as the rest of abdomen (Mymaromma) .........
Mymaridae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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1b. Either abdomen has a petiole composed
of one segment, which is sometimes inconspicuous, or it is sessile
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2a (1). Head with antennal
toruli much nearer to eyes than to each other, and separated by not more than
their own diam. from eyes; frons with an impressed transverse (= at right
angles to longitudinal axis) straight line
just above the antennal toruli; from the ends of this line 2 other pairs of lines extend along the orbits on to the vertex
and face, respectively; nearly always macropterous, with hind wing having a basal stalk which is composed
solely of the submarginal vein, the wing lamina not extending to its base;
wing beyond the hamuli nearly always linear with its front and hind edges
subparallel; forewing venation
characteristic: marginal vein relatively short, stigmal rudimentary, the
tip of latter mostly situated before middle of wing, rarely beyond it;
antennae without true ring segments (= anelli); tarsi with 4-5 segments; body not metallic
......... Mymaridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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2b. Antennal toruli
rarely nearer to eyes than to each other, if so then frons lacks impressed
lines running along orbits and the transverse line, if present, is usually
not straight, while the structure of the fore and hind wings is different;
the antennae usually have one or more ring segments; body often metallic;
tarsi sometimes with only 3 segments
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3a (2). Apterous forms, or
brachypterous forms having wings shortened, rudimentary, or (occasionally) represented
by narrow filaments
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3b. Forms having
wings, except very rarely hind wings, fully developed, sometimes narrow but
never filamentous
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4a (3). Males
only: Species associated with figs (Ficus spp.); body and appendages often
very aberrant in structure; apterous, or with wings represented by
filaments; tarsi often heteromerous (= 3 pairs of
tarsi differ in No. segments); ocelli usually absent........... Agaonidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
and some Torymidae
<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
(Sychophaginae).
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4b. Males
& Females: Species not associated with figs
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5b. Tarsi with 4-5 segments; species often larger; antennae
often with a greater number of segments
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6b. Tarsi with 5 segments
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7a (6). Mid coxae inserted
at or slightly in front of middle of mesepisternum; mid tarsi thickened proximally,
tapering distally, their first segment, and often some of following
segments, with a double row of short thick spines beneath;
mesepisternum convex, without
femoral groove ......... Encyrtidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults-1> & <Adults-2>;
& <Juveniles>
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7b. Mid coxae inserted
at or near hind end of mesepisternum; mid tarsi with or without short thick
spines beneath; mesepisternum with or without femoral groove
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8a (7). Mid tarsi
thickened proximally, tapering distad, their 1st segment, and often some of following segments, with double
row of short thick spines beneath; mesepisternum convex, without true femoral groove, though separated from
mesosternum by an impressed line or suture; mid coxae ventrally with a
membranous area at their bases ........ Eupelmidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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8b. Mid tarsi not thus
thickened, without double row of short thick spines beneath; mesepisternum,
except in a few Aphelinidae, not evenly convex, but having a femoral
groove; mid coxae ventrally touching trochantinal lobes, without membranous
area at their bases
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10a (3). Females only: Tarsi heteromerous,
fore and hind tarsi with 5 segments, mid tarsi with 4 segments
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10b. Males & Females: Tarsi not
heteromerous
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11a (10). Antennae with 12-13 segments; forewing with postmarginal and stigmal veins well
developed; moderately sized species, length 2.0 to 3.5 mm. (Macromesus only)
.......... Pteromalidae
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11b. Antennae with 8 segments; forewing:
postmarginal vein absent or rudimentary, stigmal short; minute species, length 0.5 to 0.8 mm. (some Encarsia) ......... Aphelinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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12a (10). Tarsi with 3 segments; small to minute species, length 0.3 to 1.4 mm; antennae with only 5-8 segments and usually very short;
hairs of forewing often in longitudinal lines Trichogrammatidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniiles>
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12b. Tarsi with 4-5 segments; species often larger;
antennae often with a greater number of segments; hairs of forewing rarely
arranged in longitudinal lines
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13a (12). Tarsi with 4 segments
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13b. Tarsi with 5 segments
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14a (13). Mid coxae inserted about level with middle of
mesepisternum, or even anterior to this, the mesosternum being very short; mesepisternum
enlarged and lat least partly covers mesepimeron, convex, without femoral
groove; mid tibiae with very thick apical spur; mid tarsi thickened
proximally, at least their 1st segment with 2 rows of short stout spines beneath; notauli usually absent,
occasionally present or even complete but in such cases very superficial;
metapleuron often very narrow or invisible; last tergite of abdomen often
somewhat V-shaped ........ Encyrtidae <Habits>; <Adults-1> & <Adults-2>;
& <Juveniles>
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14b. Mid coxae inserted
behind level of middle of mesepisternum; mesepisternum, except in most and
some Eupelmidae, and a few aberrant
species of other families, neither enlarged nor evenly convex, but having a
femoral groove; mid tibial spur and mid tarsi, except in most Eupelmidae,
not thus modified
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15a (14). Mid tarsi
thickened proximally and tapering distally, their 1st segment, and usually some of the following segments, with 2 rows of short stout spines beneath; mid coxae separated from
trochantinal lobes of mesosternum by a membranous area which allows the
coxae to swing directly forward; spur of mid tibia thick; mesepisternum
(except in Oodera) greatly enlarged, evenly convex
and without femoral groove, though separated from mesosternum by a linear suture;
pronotum often divided longitudinally down middle by a groove, a membranous
line, or a carina; postspiracular sclerite
often longer than high, tending to be convex, sometimes free
ventrally and overlapping mesepisternum somewhat; propodeum almost always
shorter medially than at sides, sometimes absent medially; its hind margin
being deeply, almost semicircularly, excised; antennae of mostly with one ring segment, 7 funicular segments and a solid 3-segmented
clava ........ Eupelmidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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15b. Mid tarsi not
modified as in previous; mid coxae without a membranous area ventrally and
not capable of being swung directly forwards; spur of mid tibia rarely so
thick; mesepisternum nearly always with a femoral groove extending from
base of mid coxa towards base of forewing; pronotum, except in some exotic
Pteromalidae (Cleonyminae), not divided longitudinally; postspiracular
sclerite not free ventrally, nearly always as high or higher than broad,
usually flat, or somewhat concave with its upper and hind margins slightly
raised; propodeum usually not shorter, but often longer, medially than at
the sides
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16a (15). Postspiracular
sclerite lying in the same plane
as, and fused with, the lateral part of pronotum; the latter is rigidly coadapted
to the mesepisternum; thorax in profile
short and high; abdomen often with only 1-2 tergites visible in dorsal view;
notauli complete
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16b. Postspiracular sclerite
[absent in a very few species] not lying in the same plane as, and not
fused with, the lateral part of pronotum; the latter can usually swing
forwards away from the mesothorax; thorax sometimes otherwise in shape;
abdomen mostly with more than 2 tergites
visible in dorsal view
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17a (16). Pronotum not
visible from above, being hidden by mesoscutum which is strongly convex, or
protuberant anteriorly; mandibles nearly always sickle-shaped, in a few
species very short, straight and hanging down vertically; in these species
the antennal scape is shorter than the 1st
funicular segment and hardly longer than broad, while the head is narrower
than the thorax; petiole of abdomen longer, often very much longer, than
broad, often as long as the rest of abdomen; 3rd abdominal tergite usually covers the rest in dorsal view;
forewing : stigmal vein usually
directed at about a right angle relative to the costal edge, sometimes
slightly oblique; head in front view usually somewhat triangular; antennae
very variable in form: most often
without ring segments or with only one, usually with 7-8 funicular segments; flagellum
in often with branches; scutellum
in exotic species often with bizarre processes ......... Eucharitidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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17b. Pronotum clearly
visible in dorsal view of thorax; mandibles not sickle-shaped; antennal
scape considerably longer than the 1st
funicular segment, and much longer than broad; petiole very short and
transverse; dorsal surface of abdomen often occupied wholly or nearly
wholly by the connate 3rd and 4th abdominal tergites; forewing: stigmal vein oblique; head in front view not triangular;
antennal formula usually 1173, sometimes 11171; flagellum without branches;
scutellum without, or with at most short, teeth or processes ......... Perilampidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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18a (16). Females only: Mandible with proximal
appendage lying against the underside of head and transversely ridged, these ridges sometimes appearing
like serrations; 3rd or 4th segment of antenna often with a process or appendage;
species associated with figs (Ficus spp.); the only species found in
Europe is Blastophaga psenes (L.) which occurs in
southwestern Europe, Asia and Africa .......... Agaonidae <Habits>; <Adults>
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18b. Males & Females: Mandibles without such
an appendage; 3rd and 4th segments of antenna
without processes; species, except some Torymidae and Eurytomidae, not
associated with figs
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19a (18). Species associated
with figs (Ficus spp.); in
Europe only Philotrypesis caricae (Westwood), found in southwestern Europe, Asia and Africa;
female has the last 2 gastral segment much lengthened to
form a half cylinder which covers about the proximal 1/3rd of the ovipositor sheaths, the
latter much longer than the body; spiracles of propodeum placed about
midway between the front and hind margins of the sclerite (Sycophaginae)...Torymidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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19b. Species not associated
with figs; apical segments of
abdomen rarely thus lengthened, if so then the propodeal spiracles
are close to the hind margin of metanotum
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20a (19). Females only: Last tergite of
abdomen (9th abdominal) emarginate posteriorly, with a small
articulated flap (epipygium, ep.) in the arc of the emargination; cerci [=
pygostyles (p.): pair of small,
latral hairy processes] attached very near to or at the hind margin of the
tergite, and tending to be longer than thick; ovipositor sheaths somewhat
exserted, their exserted portion usually equalling at least 1/3rd the length of hind tibia,
sometimes longer than the whole body; sheaths often transversely striate;
anterior margin of metapleuron often sinuate ......... Torymidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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20b. Males & Females: Last tergite of
abdomen (9th abdominal) normally triangular
and not emarginate posteriorly, without an articulated epipygial flap, its
apex resting on the ovipositor sheaths, and its cerci somewhat less distant
from its hind margin; cerci rarely longer than thick, sometimes placoid; in
some Pteromalidae (Ormocerini) the last tergite is turned up, away from the
ovipositor sheaths, and the cerci
are attached to its hind margin; but these species have no
articulated epipygial flap; ovipositor sheaths seldom far exserted, if so
then they are reticulate, longitudinally aciculate, or smooth; anterior
margin of metapleuron straight or evenly curved, except in some Torymidae
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21a (20). Hind femora
strongly swollen, only 1.5-3X as long as broad, their ventral edge armed with teeth or
somewhat serrated; hind tibiae usually conspicuously curved, their apices
sometimes obliquely truncate; antennae most often with one ring segment and
7 funicular segments, or without
ring segments and with 8 funicular segments; head and
dorsum of thorax most often with strong, and sometimes dense, umbilicate
hairy punctures; pronotum often large and subrectangular
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21b. Hind femora rarely
so strongly swollen, if so then having their ventral edge unarmed; hind
tibiae at most slightly curved, their apices not obliquely truncate;
antennal formula often other than previously noted; head and dorsum of
thorax very often without conspicuous hairy punctures; pronotum often
shorter, or shaped differently
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22a (21). Postspiracular
sclerite usually invisible or
forming only a small or narrow plate near the tegula, if rather larger
(some Leucospidae) then the tegula nearly touches the pronotum; mesopleuron
narrowing ventrad, mesepimeron absent or indistinctly defined because of
coarse sculpture; body most often black, sometimes with white, yellow or
red markings, rarely metallic; antennae with one ring segment and 7 funicular segments, or without ring segments but with 8 funicular segments
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22b. Postspiracular
sclerite larger and extending far ventrad; tegula usually separated from pronotum by at least its own length; mesopleuron
usually distinctly divided into a mesepisternum and epimeron; body very
often metallic, if not metallic then the antennal formula is usually
different from that previously noted
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23a (22). Tegulae relatively
short, up to 2X, but rarely more than 1.5X as long as broad, their front
edge distinctly separated from pronotum; marginal vein of forewing at least
slightly longer than stigmal, postmarginal usually not longer than marginal
and sometimes very short or rudimentary; axillae separated by at most their
own width; glossa not elongated, not or hardly projecting below mandibles;
femoral groove extends far up the mesepisternum; notauli mostly complete
and moderately deep, occasionally superficial posteriorly; female
ovipositor not recurved over dorsum of abdomen, the latter without a dorsal
groove or ridge .......... Chalcididae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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23b. Tegulae.elongated, 2.5-3.5X as long
as broad, reaching or nearly reaching pronotum; marginal vein of forewing
short, at most 3X as long as thick, sometimes
nearly punctiform, not longer than stigmal vein, postmarginal vein very
long; axillae very small and widely
separated, often not distinctly marked off from scutellum; glossa somewhat
elongated, projecting below mandibles; femoral groove shorter, extending
barely 2/3rds up
the mesepisternum; notauli usually absent, sometimes weakly indicated
anteriorly; ovipositor in most
species recurved and often lying in a groove along the dorsum of abdomen,
if ovipositor is normal then the dorsum of the gaster is convex and hard,
with a median longitudinal line or ridge
.......... Leucospidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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24a (22). Inner orbits of
eyes diverge at most slightly ventrad; antennae inserted at least slightly
above level of ventral edge of eyes; postspiracular sclerite, sometimes
also the metapleuron, bare; postmarginal vein of fore wing shorter than
marginal, sometimes hardly longer than the short stigmal vein ......... Torymidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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24b. Inner orbits of
eyes diverge strongly ventrad; antennae inserted distinctly, often far,
below level of ventral edge of eyes; postspiracular sclerite and metapleuron
usually somewhat hairy; postmarginal vein of forewing usually as long or
longer than marginal vein ........ Pteromalidae
(part) (Chalcidectinae) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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25a (21). Pronotal
collar large, subrectangular, its
length from about 2/3rds that of
mesoscutum to longer than latter; head, and dorsum of thorax excluding
propodeum, with numerous conspicuous hairy punctures which usually coalesce
to form a deep, coarse honeycomb sculpture; genae with sharp edge or
flange; propodeum usually grooved or excavated down middle; body usually
not metallic, rarely metallic, sometimes partly to wholly yellow or reddish
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25b. Characters not as
previously described; if pronotal collar is comparable with the above in
size and form, then either the head and thorax have a different type of
sculpture, or else the genae are not sharp-edged
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26a (25). Antennae with one ring
segment, 7 funicular segments, and a solid
or indistinctly segmented clava; inner orbits of eyes diverging strongly
ventrad .......... Pteromalidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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26b. Antennae with at
most 6 funicular segments; inner orbits
of eyes diverging at most slightly
ventrad .......... Eurytomidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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27a (25). Pronotal collar
subrectangular, large, from about 1/2 as long to longer than mesoscutum; mesoscutal notauli complete
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27b. Pronotal collar
either not subrectangular, or else shorter than above; notauli complete
or incomplete
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28a (27). Marginal vein of
forewing 4-8X as long
as stigmal; postmarginal vein not or hardly longer than stigmal; one or
more of the bristles on cerci of abdomen very long; either the antennal toruli
touch edge of oral fossa, or else the face has tubercles or crests ....... Pteromalidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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28b. Either marginal
vein of forewing is at most 3X as long as stigmal; or bristles
of cerci relatively shorter, the antennal toruli are remote from the edge of
the oral fossa, and the face is unarmed
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29a (28). Antennae with 10-11 segments, of which 4-6 are funicular segments;
metapleuron not o indistinctly marked off from the
propodeum, usually somewhat hairy; propodeum with a median longitudinal
channel, or flat medially; axillulae not or only vaguely marked off from
the scutellum; body usually not metallic, black, brown, or partly to
entirely yellow to reddish, but rarely metallic .......... Eurytomidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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29b. Antennae usually
with 13 segments, occasionally with 12; funicle with 6-9
segments; the other characters rarely present in combination
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30a (29). Body black, not
metallic; propodeum with a median longitudinal channel; scutellum without
an offset frenum ......... Eurytomidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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30b. Either body is at
least partly metallic, or else propodeum lacks a median channel, and
usually also the scutellum has a frenum marked off by an impressed line
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31a (30). Abdomen with a conspicuous,
subrectangular, reticulate or striate petiole; front margin of metapleuron
not sinuate; hind femora neither swollen nor with teeth ventrally; stigma
of forewing small .......... Pteromalidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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31b. Abdomen with a relatively
inconspicuous, subconical, smooth or nearly smooth petiole
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32a (31). Antennae inserted
below level of the ventral edge of eyes; either forewing virtually lacks a speculum
and has the marginal vein hardly longer than the stigmal vein, or else the
vertex has 6-8
specialized dark bristles which point forwards .......... Pteromalidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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32b. Antennae inserted level
with or above ventral edge of eyes; forewing usually with a speculum,
marginal vein usually longer than stigmal; vertex either with more numerous
or less specialized bristles
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33b. Antennae with at
most 7 funicular segments; either
stigma of forewing large, or else vertex is clothed with more numerous
ordinary hairs or bristles
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34a (33). Pronotal collar
sharply margined anteriorly; squat, bright, metallic species much
resembling Perilampidae; abdomen shorter than thorax, subglobose,
ovipositor sheaths in not exserted;
mandibles large, bidentate ......... Pteromalidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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34b. Pronotal collar not
margined; characters disagreeing in some other respect from previously
noted ......... Torymidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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35a (27). Hind tibia with 2 stout apical spurs, one or both of these curved; hind
coxae nearly as long as their
femora, with a fine carina along their dorsal edge; middle segments of abdomen
with some strong hairy punctures which are usually modified and form part
of transverse bands of characteristic sculpture; marginal vein of forewing 6-9X as long as the very short
stigmal vein; antennae with 13 segments; postspiracular
sclerite very narrow, fused with
and lying in the same plane as mesopleuron .......... Ormyridae <Habits>; <Adults>
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35b. Hind tibia often
with only one apical spur, if with 2 then
both are straight; hind coxae rarely so long as in the above; middle
segments of gaster most often without conspicuous hairy punctures, without transverse
bands of sculpture resembling those of Ormyridae; marginal vein of forewing
often relatively shorter and the stigmal relatively longer; antennal
formula often otherwise; postspiracular sclerite rarely fused with
mesopleuron
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36a (35). Hind coxae greatly
enlarged and almost laminar; hind tibiae with a row of ca. 4-6 long bristles on their dorsal
edge, and a series of ca. 4 others on their external
surface, with 2 long apical spurs; forewing with
1-3 isolated
bristles on the membrane below apex of submarginal vein; antennae with 9 segments .......... Elasmidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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36b. Hind coxae neither
so greatly enlarged nor so strongly flattened; hind tibiae without
specialized series of long bristles, often with only one apical spur; the other
characters usually different
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37a (36). Thorax: axillae not distinctly marked off from
scutellum, the two together forming a transverse band; propodeum with
triangular median area; gaster sessile its basal segment as broad as propodeum;
antennae with 5-7
segments, with scape, pedicellus, 2-4 ring segments, and a long undivided clava; forewing with fringes from 1/3rd to more than 1/2 breadth of wing, stigma
rudimentary; external edge of mid tibia
often with 2-4 long
strong bristles; mid tarsi sometimes much longer than mid tibiae ..........
Signiphoridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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37b. Thorax: axillae distinctly marked off from
scutellum; propodeum without such a triangular median area; gaster most
often petiolate or subpetiolate with its basal segment at least slightly narrower
than the propodeum; antennal formula nearly always otherwise
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38a (37). Antennae with 3-9 segments; postmarginal vein of
forewing usually absent or represented by a short stub, only occasionally as
long as the stigmal vein
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38b. Antennae with 10-13 segments; postmarginal vein of
forewing usually well-developed and as long as or longer than stigmal vein,
occasionally shorter, but rarely absent
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39a (38). Abdomen
subsessile, the petiolar segment, if present, transversely linear and not
easily visible; postphragma extending at least slightly, often far, into
the abdomen; postmarginal vein of forewing at most ca. 1/6th the length of marginal vein,
but usually less; pronotum very short and strongly transverse; scutellum at
least slightly, often strongly, transverse .......... Aphelinidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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39b. Abdomen petiolate,
the petiolar segment, even if very short, clearly visible; either
postmarginal vein at least 1/4th the length
of marginal vein, or else the gastral petiole is conspicuous, rectangular
and reticulate, and the pronotum is large, longer than the mesoscutum
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40a (39). Propodeum
extensively pilose; its median 1/3rd with several hairs which converge towards the median line
and leave at most a narrow strip down the middle uncovered; antennae with 11 segments of which 6 are
funicular segments; hind edge of basal tergite of abdomen very convex, so
that in some aspects it appears as if a rather deep groove is present
between it and the 2nd tergite; spur of fore tibia
weak and straight; forewing without a speculum; pronotum from nearly as
long as to longer than, the mesoscutum; scutellum with 4 long bristles ......... Tetracampidae
(Tetracampinae) <Habits>;
<Adults>
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40b. At least the
middle 1/3rd of
propodeum bare, except in some exotic Pteromalidae in which the antennae
have 7 funicular segments; hind edge of
basal tergite of abdomen not so convex, without the appearance of a groove
between it and the 2nd tergite; spur of fore tibia
usually stronger and curved; forewing often with a speculum; pronotum often
relatively short; scutellum usually with more than 4 bristles
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41a (40). Females with spur
of fore tibia weak, nearly straight, only about 1/4th as long as the 1st tarsal segment; spur of mid tibia not longer than that of
the hind tibia; antennal formula 11163; Males
with forewing with a black sausage-like swelling which occupies the
marginal vein and the distal part of the submarginal vein; antennal formula
11153. Males & Females with pronotum bell-shaped, at least about
3/4ths as
long as the mesoscutum; anterior tentorial pits forming conspicuous foveae,
very large in males; occiput slightly margined ......... Tetracampidae
(part) (Platynocheilinae) <Habits>;
<Adults>
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41b. Females with spur of
fore tibia stronger and longer, nearly always curved but if straight then
the antennal formula is different and the pronotum is relatively shorter;
antennal formula rarely 11163, if so then the pronotum is
relatively shorter, and the anterior tentorial pits are small; Males with
forewings without a black swelling occupying this position, sometimes with
the marginal vein short and broad, but not swollen ......... most Pteromalidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
42a (13). Marginal vein of
forewing punctiform or virtually so; either the fringe of forewing extremely
long, the length of its longest hairs fully equal to the breadth of the
wing; or the antennae of with 5 segments with scape, pedicellus, 2 minute ring segments, and a long clava which is solid or has
at most slight traces of segmentation; minute species, 0.5 to 0.7 mm. ........ Encyrtidae
(part) (Antheminae &
Arrhenophaginae) <Habits>;
<Adults-1> & <Adults-2>;
& <Juveniles>
|
|
42b. Marginal vein of
forewing very distinctly, usually much, longer than broad; fringe of
forewing most often relatively shorter; antennae of nearly always with a different
structure; size usually greater
|
|
43a (42). Antennae with 6 funicular segments and one discoid ring segment, the latter
often hard to see; middle 1/3rd of propodeum
pilose, the hairs converging towards median line and leaving at most a
narrow median strip uncovered; forewing without a speculum ........ Tetracampidae
(part) (Tetracampinae) <Habits>;
<Adults>
|
|
43b. Antennae with at
most 5 funicular segments; at least the
middle 1/3rd of propodeum
bare; forewing most often with a speculum
|
|
44a (43). Hind legs having their coxae greatly enlarged and
strongly compressed laterally, almost laminar; outer surface of their tibiae
with numerous coarse blackish bristles, some of which form a pattern like a
series of lozenges; forewings narrow, nearly or almost 3X as long as broad, their front and hind margins nearly
parallel; marginal vein extremely long, hardly at all bent at its junction
with submarginal; postmarginal and stigmal very short; mid and hind femora
flattened and strongly expanded; occiput with sharp edge, the posterior
ocelli close to this or almost touching it .............. Elasmidae
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|
44b. Hind coxae not so
large and not laminately compressed; outer surface of hind tibiae without
coarse bristles forming a pattern
|
|
45a (44). Forewing with postmarginal
vein as long as or longer than stigmal vein, the latter not very short
......... Eulophidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
45b. Forewing with
postmarginal vein either absent, or clearly shorter than stigmal vein, the
latter sometimes very short or even rudimentary
|
|
46a (45). Abdomen distinctly
constricted at its junction with propodeum, and a petiole always present
even though sometimes strongly transverse; endophargma not extending into
gaster; stigmal vein forming an angle of not less than ca. 35° with costal edge of wing; body mostly often at least partly
metallic; if not metallic then scutellum
usually with a pair of impressed submedian longitudinal lines
.......... Eulophidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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|
46b. Abdomen
subsessile, i.e., its base almost as broad as propodeum; the petiole, if present,
very difficult to see; endophragma extends at least slightly, usually far,
into gaster; stigmal vein usually
forms a very acute angle with costal edge of wing; body not metallic,
black, or partly to entirely yellow or brown; scutellum without submedian
impressed longitudinal lines ......... Aphelinidae (part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
Subfamilies of Pteromalidae [Also See:
Additional
Details]
For Subfamilies details
please also see <nearct-2.key.htm>
|
47a. Mesoscutal notauli
complete of (some Diparinae) incomplete but meeting on the disc of
mesoscutum
|
|
47b. Notauli neither
reaching hind margin of mesoscutum, nor meeting on its disc
|
|
48a (47). Antennal
toruli touching lower edge of head
and situated on facial lobes which project ventrad slightly below level of
clypeus; antennae without ring segments, with 7 funicular segments, and a solid or 3-segmented clava; mesopleuron
produced posteriorly in the form of a lamina which completely
overlaps metapleuron; mesosternum with a broad deep median excavation
(mesolcus) extending from its hind margin more than 1/2 way towards front of sclerite;
propodeum with outer rim of each spiracle partly hidden by a raised flap of
callus; postero-lateral corners of propodeum dentiform; body black or
weakly metallic; head, and dorsum of thorax excluding propodeum, with very
conspicuous hairy punctures, the interspaces between these to a large extent,
or at least those of scutellum, with reduced microsculpture and so somewhat
polished; mandibles bidentate
.......... Spalangiinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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48b. Antennal toruli
nearly always at least slightly separated from lower edge of head, but if
touching it then not situated on projecting facial lobes, and antennae with
only 5-6
funicular segments; mesopleuron rarely produced posteriorly in the form of
a lamina, if so (Spalangiopelta, some Pirenini) then lamina does
not completely overlap metapleuron; mesosternum usually with at most a
narrow median longitudinal impressed line, if this line is rather broad
then it is situated mainly in the front portion of sclerite; propodeal
spiracles not overlapped by a raised flap; the other characters not present
simultaneously
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|
49a (48). Ant-like species
with head, thorax, and abdomen all at least partly testaceous; foramen
magnum situated near top of head; face on either side of clypeus often with
a tubercle, crest, or forwardly projecting tooth, sometimes with a second
crest on each side just below level of antennal toruli; malar sulcus
absent; antennae with 8-11
segments, without ring segments or, some
only, with one ring segment; propodeal spiracles separated by much
more than their own length from hind margin of metanotum; wings sometimes
vestigial; when developed having marginal vein very long, the stigmal vein
short, postmarginal vein equal to or shorter than stigmal; parastigma with
a callus which often bears a conspicuous tuft of dark bristles; body of Theocolax & Cerocephalinae <Habits>; <Adults>
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|
49b. Species rarely
ant-like; head, thorax and abdomen rarely all testaceous-marked, if so then
foramen magnum not situated near top of head, and face has neither crests nor
teeth; antennae often with a different formula; propodeal spiracles rarely separated by more than their own
length from the hind margin of metanotum
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|
50a (49). Spiracles of
propodeum situated about 1/2 way
between front and hind margins of the sclerite; antennal toruli placed on either side of clypeus and
close to edge of oral fossa, separated from it by a distance at least
slightly less than the height of the toruli; antennae with 3 ring segments and 5
funicular segments; malar sulcus absent; mandibles bidentate; body of Cea ......... Ceinae <Habits>; <Adults>
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|
50b. Spiracles of
propodeum always nearer to front margin of sclerite than to its hind
margin, sometimes even touching metanotum [Merostenu sexcavatus --
Eupelmidae-- has the propodeal spiracles only slightly nearer to front
margin than to hind margin of propodeum, but it has 1 ring segment & 7
funicular segments in antennae];
antennal toruli separated from edge of oral fossa by at least their own
height except in Neodipara, some
Eunotinae, and some Cleonyminae, in which antennae have a different formula
|
|
51a (50). Antennae inserted
on either side of clypeus, with their toruli touching edge of oral fossa;
with 5 funicular segments, without ring
segments or with only one minute ring segment; body black with a weak
metallic tinge; gastral petiole elongated, yellow; mandibles bidentate
........ Neodiparinae <Habits>; <Adults>
|
|
51b. Antennal toruli at
least slightly separated from edge of oral fossa, far above it in Dipara petiolata, the only species having a
blackish body and elongated yellow gastral petiole
|
|
52a (51). Vertex, in
addition to some fine hairs, with 6-12 conspicuously strong dark bristles, most or all of which curve
forwards; scutellum with 4 long bristles only, usually (at
least the frenum) longitudinally strigose; notauli usually complete and
somewhat strongly convergent, sometimes incomplete but meeting on the disc
of mesoscutum; gaster usually attached
to the propodeum at a relatively high level, the lower edge of petiolar
foramen being usually level with the upper surface of hind coxae as seen in
profile; one or more of bristles of
each cercus very long; antennae with 11-13 segments, with one ring segment; in with 7 funicular segments and a solid or 3-segmented clava; in
with 9 funicular segments and a short
clava which is solid or imperfectly 2-segmented;
body of Dipara ........ Diparinae <Habits>;
<Adults>
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|
52b. Vertex clothed
with hairs or bristles which are relatively uniform in length and most
often finer and shorter than in the above; scutellum usually with more than
4 bristles, if with only 4 then scutellum is not longitudinally strigose; notauli
complete, not meeting posteriorly; gaster usually attached to propodeum at
a lower level, with the petiolar foramen located between the hind coxae
|
|
53a (52). Macropterous;
front edge of costal cell of forewing
strongly curved apically, so that wing appears excised at the point
where submarginal vein meets marginal vein (Epicopterus and some
exotic genera) ......... Eunotinae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults>
|
|
53b. Either front edge of
costal cell of forewing in its apical portion is straight or at most weakly
sinuate; or species is brachypterous
|
|
54a (53). Species with the
following combination of characters:
head with posterior ocelli touching
occipital edge, which is sharp; head in front very subtriangular; genae
long to very long; scutellum large, slightly to considerably longer than mesoscutum, sometimes somewhat
overlapping abdomen; forewing with postmarginal vein usually at most as
long as, rarely slightly longer than, stigmal vein; 1st tergite of abdomen very large, usually concealing the
remaining tergites though sometimes (Scutellista)
occupying only ca. 1/2 the
abdomen, in which case the scutellum partly overlaps the abdomen; propodeal
callus with a raised longitudinal crest which ends posteriorly in a tooth;
antennae with 8-10
segments, inserted at least slightly below level of ventral edge of eyes;
body of Eunotus & ......... Eunotinae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults>
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|
54b. If occipito-vertical
edge sharp, then posterior ocelli do not touch it (except sometimes in Pirene,
in which the head is not subtriangular, the genae are short, the scutellum
is smaller, and other characters do not all agree with above); head in
front view more often somewhat oval; scutellum rarely distinctly longer
than mesoscutum, not overlapping abdomen [except partly in some exotic
Cleonyminae]; forewing with postmarginal vein often longer than stigmal; 1st tergite of abdomen rarely occupying more than 1/2 total length; propodeal callus
rarely with a longitudinal ridge; antennal formula often otherwise
|
|
55a (54). Wings bitten off
somewhere near their bases, so that venation, except part of submarginal
vein, is missing (dealate specimens of Bairamlia)
........ Asaphinae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults>
|
|
55b. Wings fully
developed with complete venation
|
|
56a (55). Forewing with
marginal vein conspicuously thickened, either throughout, or in its
proximal 1/2
|
|
56b. Forewing with
marginal vein not conspicuously thickened; Note: parastigma, which may be thickened, is not counted as part of
marginal vein
|
|
57a (56). Clypeus with at
most a trace of strigose sculpture at the sides, its anterior margin subtruncate;
hind tibia with one spur; antennal formula 11263 ( Epicopterus only)
....... Eunotinae (part) <Habits>; <Adults>
|
|
57b. Either the clypeus
is wholly radiately strigose, or its anterior margin is bilobed, and hind
tibia has 2 spurs; or antennal formula is
different
|
|
58a (57). Either head and
thorax are yellow and black, not metallic; or the antennal formula is 11173 ......... Miscogasterinae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
58b. Head and thorax
usually metallic, if not metallic then without yellow markings; antennal
formula otherwise ......... Pteromalinae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults>
|
|
59a (56). Females with
tarsi heteromerous, mid tarsi with only 4 segments;
fore and hind tarsi with 5; face with a longitudinal
impressed line on either side, each lying somewhat mesad of its
corresponding malar sulcus, extending
from the eye towards the oral edge; postspiracular sclerite
imperfectly developed and not distinctly separated from mesopleuron,
sometimes apparently absent; antennal formula 11174; Males with face with
longitudinal impressed lines like those of ; postspiracular sclerite as
described for ; antennal formula 11173 or 11182; body and appendages ........ Macromesinae <Habits>;
<Adults>
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|
59b. Females with
tarsi not heteromerous, all with 5
segments; face, except in some species of exotic genus Belonea, without
longitudinal impressed lines like those described for Macromesinae;
postspiracular sclerite distinctly separated from mesopleuron by a suture, sometimes
very small or narrow but often large; Males with face lacking longitudinal
impressed lines like those described above; postspiracular sclerite as in
females; antennal formula most often otherwise
|
|
60a (59). Males only with eyes very large and dorsally touching or almost touching
posterior ocelli, but their inner orbits diverging strongly ventrad;
antennae very short: either with 2 ring segments and 3
funicular segments, or 3 ring segments and 2
funicular segments; or 4 ring segments but only one
funicular segment; small species, at most 2 mm. in
length; (some Pirenini) .......... Miscogasterinae (part)
<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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|
60b. Either females or
males with eyes smaller and not nearly touching posterior ocelli dorsally, and
the other characters not all present simultaneously; males with inner
orbits diverging strongly have longer antennae, with either one ring
segment and 7 funicular segments, or no ring
segments but 8 funicular segments
|
|
61a (60). Inner orbits of
eyes diverging strongly ventrad, at
an angle of 20° to 45° to vertical axis of head; antennae with 7-8 funicular segments, with only
one ring segment, or without true ring segments; clava sometimes solid,
sometimes 2-3 segmented;
labrum often visible even when mandibles are closed; head and thorax often
with numerous and conspicuous hairy punctures; postspiracular sclerite
large and broad, often somewhat hairy
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|
61b. Inner orbits of
eyes parallel or diverging only slightly ventrad; antennae rarely with more
than 6 funicular segments, if with 7, some Chrysolampinae, some Asaphinae, Skeloceras
(Miscogasterinae), some % Torymidae, then the inner orbits of eyes are
nearly parallel; at least one ring segment present, often 2, occasionally 3-4; clava
most often with 3 segments, occasional with 2; labrum very rarely visible; head and thorax usually with
sparser or inconspicuous hairy punctures; postspiracular sclerite large or
small, nearly always bare
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|
62a (61). Antennae with 13 segments, most often with 2 ring
segments and 6 (occasionally 7) funicular segments,or 3 ring
segments and 5 funicular segments; occasionally
with only one ring segment, but then with 7
funicular segments; petiolar foramen of propodeum most often bounded by a
somewhat crescentric, smooth or transversely aciculate strip; or with a
convex, reticulate nucha; propodeum, medially, often produced caudad of the
bases of hind coxae; the supracoxal flanges, except in a few species, are
not very narrow and linear; anterior margin of clypeus often with teeth;
postmarginal vein of forewing often longer than marginal vein; petiole of
abdomen often distinctly sculptured, sometimes longer than broad
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|
62b. Antennae with 10, 11 or 12 segments, if with 2 ring
segments, then only 5 funicular segments; sometimes 3-4 ring segments but in that case
at most 3 funicular segments; often only one
ring segment but then at most 6
funicular segments; propodeum without nucha, its petiolar foramen bounded
by a simple ridge; propodeum, medially, not or hardly produced caudad of
the bases of hind coxae; supracoxal flanges, except in a few species, very
narrow and linear; anterior margin of clypeus rarely with teeth;
postmarginal vein of forewing in most species shorter than, and only rarely
longer than, marginal vein; petiole of abdomen smooth, usually somewhat
transverse, rarely as long as broad; body of Semiotellus
& of Pirene ......... Miscogasterinae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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|
63a (62). Antennae inserted
very high on head, their toruli distinctly nearer to median ocellus than to
the anterior margin of clypeus
|
|
63b. Antennae inserted lower
down the head, their toruli equidistant from median ocellus and the
anterior margin of clypeus, or nearer to the latter
|
|
64a (63). Antennal formula 11263; marginal vein of forewing 4-4.5X as long
as stigmal vein, costal cell very narrow, 12-20X as long as its maximum breadth; all coxae, femora, and tibiae
red, sometimes also the abdominal petiole and part of abdomen; body of Panstenon ........ Panstenoninae <Habits>;
<Adults>
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|
64b. Either the
antennal formula is 11173, or else the marginal vein of forewing
is less than 3X as long as stigmal vein, the
costal cell is relatively broader, and at least the coxae are mainly
metallic
|
|
65a (64). Marginal vein of
forewing 3.5-6X as long as the stigmal vein; pronotal collar large, at least 1/2 as long as mesoscutum, sharply
margined anteriorly; antennal formula 11263 or 11173; hind tibia with 2 strong apical spurs; petiole of abdomen usually distinctly
sculptured, longer than broad, and subrectangular ......... Chrysolampinae [Illustrations
unavailable]
|
|
65b. Marginal vein of
forewing rarely more than 3X as long as stigmal vein; if
more than 3X, then either the pronotal
collar is shorter, or else it is immarginate
|
|
66a (65). Body either brown
to black and not metallic; or the head and thorax at least partly yellow to
reddish
|
|
66b. Body at least
slightly metallic; head and thorax without yellow or reddish .markings
|
|
67a (66). Pronotum short, in
dorsal view with its sides converging strongly forwards (a few Ormocerini;
some exotic Brachyscelidiphagini) ......... Miscogasterinae (part)
<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
67b. pronotum long, in
dorsal view appearing subrectangular, or having its sides at most slightly
convergent ......... Torymidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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|
68a (66). Genae with sharp edge
or border which extends well up the temples; occiput also margined;
pronotum large and subrectangular;
antennae inserted below level of ventral edge of eyes, 11263 or 11173 …….. Asaphinae (part) <Habits>;
<Adults>
|
|
68b. Genae without
sharp edge except sometimes near mandibles, in which case the occiput is not
margined, while the pronotum is shorter and not subrectangular, and the
antennae are inserted higher on head
|
|
69a (68). Postmarginal vein
of forewing shorter than marginal vein; antennae inserted well below level of
ventral edge of eyes, 11263 in , 11353 in ; anterior margin of clypeus
without teeth (Bairamlia) ......... Asaphinae (part) <Habits>;
<Adults>
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|
69b. Either
postmarginal vein of forewing is at least slightly longer than marginal vein,
or else antennae are inserted level with or above the ventral edge of eyes;
antennal formula sometimes otherwise; anterior margin of clypeus often with a tooth or teeth
|
|
70a (69). Antennae lack clearly
differentiated ring segments, or with only one ring segment
|
|
70b. Antennae with 2 or more ring segments
|
|
71a (70). Males only: either petiole and base of abdomen reddish,
or pedicellus with a comb of
outstanding hairs beneath, and genae with some conspicuously long hairs;
scutellum tapers forwards to a
point
|
|
71b. Females or Males
not having the above characters (Brachylelatus, some male Torymidae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>, and some non-European Miscogasterinae (Brachyscelidiphagini). <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
72a (70). Forewing with postmarginal
vein at least slightly longer than marginal vein
|
|
72b. Forewing with
postmarginal vein not longer than marginal vein [Also try 79]
|
|
73a (72). Postspiracular sclerite
narrow; clypeus wholly strigose (only a very few species key out here)
........... Pteromalinae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults>
|
|
73b. Postspiracular
sclerite large and broad; clypeus either mainly to entirely reticular, or
smooth....
|
|
74a (73). Occiput margined,
at least medially
|
|
75a (72). Anterior margin of
clypeus with 3 asymmetric teeth, or with 2 teeth of which the left-hand one is somewhat bifid ......... Miscogasterinae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
75b. Anterior margin of
clypeus either edentate or, if teeth present, they are neither
asymmetrically placed nor bifid
|
|
76a (75). Petiole of abdomen
strongly sculptured, reticulate or strigose, often somewhat rectangular, or
longer than broad ......... Miscogasterinae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
76b. Petiole of abdomen
smooth or nearly so, usually somewhat transverse though sometimes as long
as broad
|
|
77a (76). Antennae inserted
low down, their toruli not or hardly above the level of the ventral edge of
eyes, 11263; clypeus without, or with at
most some vague, striae ......... Miscogasterinae (part)
|
|
77b. Either antennae
are inserted distinctly above level of ventral edge of eyes, or else their
formula is 11353; or clypeus has numerous
radiating striae
|
|
78a (77). Either clypeus is
mainly striate, or its anterior margin has a tooth, or two lobes ..... Pteromalinae (part) <Habits>;
<Adults>
|
|
78b. Clypeus not
striate, its anterior margin without teeth
|
|
79a (47). Face and/or frons
with a crest or tubercle on each side; or the outer edges of the deep
antennal grooves are raised to form crests
|
|
79b. Face and frons without
crests or tubercles, the interantennal tubercle, which is sometimes
carinate, is not counted; outer edges of antennal grooves not crested, such
grooves often shallow
|
|
80a (79). Inner orbits of
eyes diverge strongly ventrad, at
an angle of 20° to 45° to the vertical axis of head; antennae either with one ring
segment and 7 funicular segments, or without
ring segments but having 8 funicular segments
|
|
80b. Inner orbits of
eyes parallel or diverging only slightly; antennae almost always with 2-3 ring segments, and rarely more
than 6 funicular segments; if there are
7 or 8 funicular segments, then nearly always 2 ring segments are present
|
|
81a (80). Brachypterous or
apterous species (some Callitula, Meraporus, Leptomeraporus, Artholytus, Nasonia, Platypteromalus and Eupteromalus) ......... Pteromalidae (part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
81b. Macropterous
species
|
|
82a (81). Antennae with 10, 11 or 12 segments
|
|
82b. Antennae with 13 segments
|
|
83a (82). Antennae without
ring segments or with only one ring segment; clava neither acutely pointed
nor with an apical process, 2-3
segmented ......... Miscogasterinae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
83b. Antennae with 2-3 ring segments; clava acutely pointed,
acuminate, or with an apical process, usually solid or indistinctly
segmented (Callitula, Merisus, some Homoporus, Norbanus and Picroscytoides key out here) .......... Pteromalinae (part)
<Habits>; <Adults>
|
|
84a (82). Axillae produced forwards far in advance of scutellar
base, the latter broad; forewing with stigmal vein very short, the stigma
almost sessile, marginal vein 3-4X as long as stigmal, postmarginal vein relatively short; hind
tibiae somewhat compressed, their
posterior edge with a row of spines, 2 strong
apical spurs present of which the 2nd is
only slightly shorter than the 1st; hind
coxae very long, at least 3/4ths as
long as their femora, the latter compressed; spiracles of propodeum touch metanotum,
the latter often covering front part of spiracular rim; last 2-3 segments of abdomen clothed with dark bristles;
antennal formula 11263 in 11353 ........ Colotrechninae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
84b. Axillae very rarely produced so far in advance of scutellar base,
if so then the latter is narrower; venation of forewing usually quite
unlike above, if somewhat similar then hind tibiae have no spines along
their posterior edge, and have only one apical spur, while hind coxae are
relatively shorter and propodeal spiracles are at least slightly separated
from metanotum
|
|
85a (84). Antennae inserted
high on head, their toruli nearer to median ocellus than to anterior margin
of clypeus
|
|
85b. Antennae inserted
at a lower level, their toruli either midway between median ocellus and
anterior margin of clypeus, or nearer to latter
|
|
86a (85). Marginal vein of
forewing 4-4.5X as long as stigmal vein; costal cell narrow, 12-20X as long as its max. breadth
.......... Panstenoninae <Habits>; <Adults>
|
|
86b. Marginal vein of
forewing less than 3X as long as stigmal vein; costal
cell relatively broader than in the above
|
|
87a (86). Marginal vein of forewing
conspicuously thickened, either throughout or in its proximal half ........
Pteromalinae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults>
|
|
87b. Marginal vein of
forewing not conspicuously thickened
|
|
88a (88). Anterior margin of
clypeus with 3 asymmetric teeth ...... Miscogasterinae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
88b. Anterior margin of
clypeus either edentate, or if with teeth or lobes, then these are not
asymmetric
|
|
89a (88). Petiole of abdomen
conspicuous, sculptured, reticulate or strigose, usually somewhat
elongated, rarely transverse
|
|
89b. Petiole of abdomen
smooth or nearly so, usually somewhat transverse and relatively
inconspicuous, rarely somewhat longer than broad
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90a (89). Anterior margin of
clypeus bi- or tridentate ........ Miscogasterinae (part)
<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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90b. Anterior margin of
clypeus without teeth .......... Pteromalinae (part)
<Habits>; <Adults>
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91a (89). Anterior margin of
clypeus with 2 slightly projecting sharp teeth
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91b. Anterior margin of
clypeus not of this form, often somewhat less emarginate or incised but then
the angles on either side of emargination are blunt ........ Pteromalinae (most species) <Habits>;
<Adults>
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92a (91). Antennae inserted
low on head, not or hardly above level of ventral edge of eyes; axillae
meet or nearly meet, so that scutellum touches mesoscutum only on a narrow base
or at a point; clypeus reticulate or smooth ........ Miscogasterinae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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92b. Antennae inserted
higher, distinctly above level of ventral edge of eyes; axillae widely
separated, so that scutellum touches mesoscutum on a broad base; clypeus
most often striate .......... Pteromalinae (part)
<Habits>; <Adults>
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93a (79). Antennae with 3 ring segments and 5
funicular segments (Nikolskayana only) ........ Pteromalinae (part) <Habits>;
<Adults>
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93b. Antennae with one
ring segment, or without such segments; with 7-8 funicular segments
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94a (93). Head massive,
somewhat, broader than thorax; clypeus with strong radiating striae which extend
some distance up face and genae; inner orbits of eyes virtually parallel;
head and thorax without conspicuous hairy punctures; antennal formula 11083 (ring segments not clearly
differentiated) ........ Cratominae
<Habits>; <Adults>
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94b. Head less massive,
not much broader than thorax; clypeus without strong radiating striae
(nearly always reticulare without any striae); inner orbits of eyes usually
diverge ventrad, sometimes strongly so; head and thorax sometimes with
conspicuous hairy punctures; antennae often with an ring segment
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95a (94). Males only: Either the pedicellus has a comb of
outstanding hairs beneath, or the coxae, gastral petiole, and base of
gaster are all somewhat red, the propodeal spiracles are small, circular, and
separated by much more than their own diam. from the hind margin of
metanotum ......... Eupelmidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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95b. Either or in which
antennal pedicellus lacks a comb of outstanding hairs beneath, the coxae
petiole and base of gaster are not simultaneously red, and the propodeal spiracles
are not more than their own diam. from hind margin of metanotum ......... Cleonyminae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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96a (74). Antennae with 2 or more ring segments
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96b. Antennae with only
one ring segment (11173)
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97a (96). Either hind femora
beneath have a tooth, some teeth, or fine serrations, or else the occiput
is margined .......... Torymidae (part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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97b. Hind femora
without teeth or serrations; occiput not margined
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98b. Antennae with 3 or more ring segments
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99a (98). Proximal segments
of antennal flagellum increasing gradually in size, so that there is no
very clear distinction between ring segments and funicular segments
......... Torymidae (part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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99b. Antennae with 3 ring segments which are obviously smaller than any of the succeeding
funicular segments (antennal formula 11353)
........ Pteromalinae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults>
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100a (96). Anterior margin of
metapleuron not sinuate; ventral edge of hind femora without teeth or
serrations; occiput not margined ......... Eupelmidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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100b. Either anterior
margin of metapleuron sinuate, or ventral edge of hind femora has a tooth, teeth
or fine serrations; of occiput is margined ......... Torymidae
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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REFERENCES:
Graham, M.
W. R. de V. 1969. The Pteromalidae of
Northwestern Europe (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea). Bull. British Museum of Nat. Hist., Entomology, Suppl. 16. 909 p.
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