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301a (300b). Pronotum large and almost conical,
collar not delimited by an edge (e.g., Figs.A-B)
or, if only moderately large then with
distinct median line on rear slope (e.g., Fig.C)
and inner eye margins much diverging in lower half (Fig.D);
thorax dorsally densely pitted and hairy; scutellum regularly densely hairy
but without outstanding longer bristles;
[fore or hind femora, or both, often distinctly thickened] ....... A
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301b. Pronotum short or, if large (rarely), then with collar
anteriorly delimited by transverse edge, always without median line,
inner orbits not unusually diverging in lower half; thorax mostly
with different sculpture; scutellum often posteriorly with 2 frenal
bristles, sometimes with
additional pairs of conspicuous setae anteriorly
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For
Pteromalidae Subfamilies also see
<nearct-2.key.htm>
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302a (301a). Scutellum with distinct, though
sometimes fine, sublateral grooves (Fig.A); inner orbits often parallel; antennal formula
mostly 11173; ovipositor protruding ....... A.... Pteromalidae
(Colotrechninae)
(part) <Habits>;
<Adults> (also Fig. 35)
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302b. Scutellum without sublateral grooves;
otherwise also partly different
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303a (302b). Propodeum medially short, with deep
petiolar notches in form of an inverted V (Fig.A); petiole long and almost conical to
pear-shaped, round in cross section, with some thin long hairs but without
ridges or coarse sculpture; body with unusually long but not thickly
hairy; femora slender; ovipositor protruding (Fig.B) .... A....... Pteromalidae
(Nefoeninae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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303b. Propodeum without deep petiolar notches; petiole, if rarely
evident, of quite different form
and bare; body without long sparse hairs; femora often thickened;
ovipositor protruding or
not
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304a (303b). Males only: Head with distinct occipital carina;
(back of head with hypostomal areas meeting below foramen); hind coxa
fairly large; forewing with marginal vein very long but the
stigmal short or unusually knobbed (see Fig.A). non-Pteromalidae
........ A ….. Torymidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> (also Fig. 59)
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304b. Males & Females: Occipital carina indistinct
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305b. Scutellum without distinct frenal
line, without frenal bristles
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306a (305b). Pronotum dorsally rounded or at least
without transverse edge, medially often with smooth strip or raised
longitudinal line; hind margin only moderately notched; thorax usually
pitted (Figs.A-B). ....... A ........ Pteromalidae
(Cleonyminae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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306b.
Pronotum with collar dorsally separated by an edge (Fig.A), sloping
medially without any line,
hind margin rather deeply notched; thorax sculpture irregularly rugulose (= wrinkled) but rather
densely haired ....... Pteromalidae
(Ditropinotellinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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307a (301b). Notauli incomplete and wide apart; marginal vein widened in
basal part (Fig.A); dorsum of thorax reticulate,
almost bare, without bristles; female antennae 11173 (Figs.B-E)
........ A ......... Pteromalidae
(Pteromalinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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307b. Notauli mostly clearly complete, if
incomplete (some Diparinae and Coelocybinae, also Eunotopsia) thenmarginal vein not widened in
basal half, etc.
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308a (307b). Second dorsal plate of petiolate
abdomen very large, covering most of dorsum, dorsally somewhat fused with the
1st dorsal plate; head with no temple (Fig.A), gena posteriorly produced into a
lamina; antenna thick club, all preclub segments of flagellum obviously
at right angles to longitudinal axis; scutellum anteriorly with 2 deep
pits.... A ........ Pteromalidae (Asaphinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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308b. Second dorsal plate never covering most of abdomen; abdomen
often sessile; temple and antenna
different; scutellum without double deep pit at base
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309a (308b). First dorsal plate greatly enlarged, convex, non-collapsing
(Figs.A-B), covering more than
1/3rd (often much more, but only 1/4th in male Austrosystasis) of abdomen; antennal
sockets usually close to each other; often not metallic ... A.
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309b. First dorsal plate never bell-shaped, not so convex and
large; if covering over 1/3rd of abdomen then either itself
collapsing from base or whole abdomen dorsally caving in; antennal
sockets usually rather wide apart
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310a (309a). Antennae with 13 segments; hind coxa
inserted unusually high (Figs.A-B), its outer face often with
longitudinal sculpture; short-winged or wingless females common; either vertex
and/or thorax dorsally with paired dark bristles and gena posteriorly
rounded, or bristles absent (Fig.C) and then gena ridged in lower part, in
latter case antenna long, 11173 .........
A ……Pteromalidae
(Diparinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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310b. Antennae with 12 segments, with 1 ring segment and 6
funicular segments; gena posteriorly
mostly ridged
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311a (310b). Thorax with coarse and deep hairy
pits, hairs not placed on papillae (Fig.A); abdomen almost sessile, somewhat
compressed laterally, high, eurytomid-like, 1st dorsal plate
reduced on sides; hind coxa long, inserted high .... A ...... Pteromalidae
(Austrosystasinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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311b. Thorax mostly with much finer or sparse sculpture or, if
densely hairy then hairs arising from elevated papillae (in Herbertia); hind coxae not inserted very
high
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312a (311b). Petiole long, with longitudinal ribs;
pronotum fairly large and at right angles to longitudinal axis; clypeal margin arcuately
produced, mandibles long and curved, teeth 2:3..East Asiatic ......... Pteromalidae
(Elatoidinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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312b. Petiole at right angles to longitudinal axis, often concealed;
pronotum short; clypeal margin
not produced; mandibles short, different
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313a (312b). First dorsal plate with longitudinal
grooves; head and thorax dorsally often with paired bristles (Fig.A); postmarginal vein shorter than
stigmal, or even absent ....... A ....... Pteromalidae
(Erotolepsiinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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313b. First dorsal plate without distinct longitudinal grooves; head
including large eyes, thorax dorsally
and wings regularly densely hairy, never with paired bristles (Fig.A); postmargina vein much longer than
stigmal ... Pteromalidae (Herbertiinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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314a (309b). Scapula produced backwards outside the
rectangular outer corner of axilla, axilla fully 2X as long as broad; mid
tarsus with 4 segments, unusually long (Fig.A), first segment as long as rest;
prepectus unusually small (Fig.B) ...... A ....... Pteromalidae
(Macromesinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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314b. Scapula not produced backwards outside of axilla, latter mostly
much shorter; all tarsi with
5 segments, shorter; prepectus usually larger, different
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315a (314b). Scutellum with obvious paired bristles, at least 2 frenal
ones present in posterior corners
(Figs.A-B), often with additional pairs on
scutellum or even posteriorly on scutum; antennae inserted low on
face, sockets rather far apart (Fig.C); body mostly not metallic
...... A.
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315b. Scutellum without any pairs of obvious bristles, thorax
generally either with rather regular hairiness or almost bare; in other
respects also partly different
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316a (315a). Fore wing densely pubescent, even basally; marginal vein very
long (Fig.A), about 5X as long as the stigmal, latter
with long uncus; propodeum with long hairs which medially converge
towards median line; antennae with 6 almost equal funicular segments and
one (often indistinct) ring segment; hind
margin of 1st dorsal plate usually bent down; abdomen sometimes
petiolate; hind tibial spur very small. non-Pteromalidae ....... A ….. Tetracampidae <Habits>; <Adults> (also Fig. 68)
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316b. Fore wing somewhat bare in basal 1/3rd (in regional
species); marginal vein relatively much shorter, mostly much less than 4X
as long as the stigmal, stigmal uncus short; propodeum extensively
bare; antennae different, often clubbed with basal or all flagellar
segments shortened
(e.g., Fig.A); hind margin of 1st dorsal plate flat;
abdomen sessile; hind tibial spurs
often stout ......... Pteromalidae (Coelocybinae) <Habits>;
<Adults>
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317a (315b). Occipital carina distinctly developed
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317b. Occipital carina absent
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318a (317a). Axillae very much advanced (Fig.A); abdomen almost sessile; base of
short stigmal vein
thickened, postmarginal vein hardly as long as stigmal (Fig.B);
gena posteriorly finely ridged
....... A ....... Pteromalidae
(Parasaphodinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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318b. Axillae not or only slightly advanced;
abdomen usually different, also venation different
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319a (318b). Abdomen almost sessile; pronotum long,
cubical, with edged collar (Fig.A), fully as long as
mesoscutum, dull with transverse rugose (= wrinkled) pits; gena broadly
rounded; mesopleuron
with reticulate depression similar to that of Pteromalinae ........ A .......... Pteromalidae
(Keiraninae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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319b. Abdomen petiolate, petiole with longitudinal ribs (Fig.A); pronotum at right angles to longitudinal
axis, anteriorly rounded; gena
posteriorly usually ridged; mesopleuron with large peculiar pits (Fig.B) ....... Pteromalidae
(Asaphinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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320a (317b). Pronotum broad, almost rectangular (Figs.A-B), shiny, even if densely pitted, often
anteriorly ridged; clypeus very broad, lower margin somewhat produced but
antennae at
center of face; mandibles long, crescent-shaped, 2-toothed (Fig.C); mouth corners angular,
with malar depression, mouth margin in corners ridged; antennae 11173, club symmetric;
abdomen short, often on sculptured petiole; [thorax often shiny, axillae
close to each
other medially] ....... A. ...... non-Pteromalidae ........ Perilampidae (Chrysolampinae) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles> (also Fig 52)
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320b. Pronotum mostly different, or, if
almost rectangular then dull with dense sculpture (Ditropinotella, Fig.A); clypeus not broad, not produced;
mouth corners notched, not angular, not conspicuously ridged; at least
right mandible with 3 teeth; abdomen almost always sessile
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321a (320b). Pronotum with collar edge or ridge,
hind margin deeply notched, sides rather long; thorax
densely pitted and hairy, gaps between densely wrinkled-reticulate;
propodeum with median
ridge and extensive hairy; [in female hypopygium ending near tip and often
sheaths protruding
and upturned (Fig.A)] ....... A ........ Pteromalidae
(Ditropinotellinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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321b. Pronotum rounded dorsally, different; if thorax sometimes
similar to previously described, then propodeum not extensively
hairy
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322a (321b). Males only: Antennae with tiny indistinct ring segment,
7 funicular and 2 club segments; mandibles with 4 teeth; notauli complete
and deep, thorax rather shiny ........
Pteromalidae (Pireninae)
(rare forms) <Habits>;
<Adults>
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322b. Females or if
Males then club 3-segmented or undivided, mandibles different, in
other respects
also partly different
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323a (322b). Males only: Head and thorax usually dull metallic,
densely hairy and with regular pitted and wrinkled sculpture; antennae
mostly 11173, or club undivided, rarely funicle shortened
(some Anastatus); propodeum mostly with fine median ridge; axillae
distinctly separated
by short but squared base of scutellum; mid tibial spur usually enlarged,
longe than spur of hind tibia.
...... non-Pteromalidae,
Eupelmidae
(Eupelminae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> (also Figs. 3
& 65)
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323b. Males & Females: Thorax usually not metallic, sculpture either longitudinally
wrinkled or rather
fine, hairiness rather sparse, often very sparse; propodeum often without
median ridge; axillae
usually close to each other; mid tibial spur not enlarged ............ Pteromalidae (Ormocerinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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324a (299b). Antennae with 12-13 segments including
at least 2 ring segments (sometimes 3-4);notauli complete or incomplete
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324b. Antennae with fewer than 12 segments and often with only 1 ring
segment; notauli always complete
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325a (324a). Scutellum in dorsal view with distinct
sublateral grooves or lines which posteriorly mostly
curve outwards (Fig.A); if grooves are placed more towards sides,
then antennae with
4 short ring segments; [axillae often advanced; notauli complete or
incomplete] ........
A ....... Pteromalidae
(Colotrechinae) <Habits>;
<Adults>
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325b. Scutellum mostly without sublateral lines or, if
such lines are visible on sloping sides then they are straight and/or
incomplete (e.g., Figs.A-C); antennae with 2-3 short ring
segments, or segments after 2nd ring segment short but gradually increasing
in size
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326a (325b). Scutellum posteriorly with a pair of
conspicuous bristles, at lateral ends of frenal line (Fig.A), its sculpture never
raised-reticulate; body mostly without metallic tinge; [antennae with 13 segments, often clubbed
and short, with several or most segments after pedicel at
right angles to longitudinal axis, club often asymmetric ...... A .......... Pteromalidae
(Coelocybinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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326b. Scutellum without frenal bristles, or if with 2 thicker
hairs posteriorly then whole scutellum
has raised net-like sculpture and/or metallic hue.
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327a (326b). Antennae inserted in lower 1/3rd of
face, very rarely with 13 segments, usually 11-12 segments,
with 1-2, mostly very small, ring segments (Fig.A);
mandibles with 4 teeth; clypeus
conspicuous, convex, its sides converging, lower margin produced (as in Fig.B), even
in forms with 13-segmented antennae .....… A ........ Pteromalidae (Pireninae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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327b. Antennae mostly inserted near to or even above center of
face, but if below center than with 13
segments, with 2-3 ring segments (very rarely more segments ring-shaped);
clypeus always
different from previously described
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328a (327b). Axillar grooves anteriorly somewhat meeting (Figs.A-B) so that scutellum does not reach
or only narrowly reaches mesoscutum; body without regular reticulation,
mostly regulose,
without metallic hue; abdomen sessile; propodeal spiracles mostly unusually
large; antennae with 12-13 segments ......... A .......... Pteromalidae
(Ormocerinae) (part)
<Habits>;
<Adults>
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328b. Axillar grooves wide apart so that scutellum broadly
borders on mesoscutum; most other aspects also different
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329a (328b). Antennae with 12 segments, with 2
distinct ring segments and 5 funicular segments (Fig.A);
clypeus almost rectangular, flat, not produced, dorsally with deep
tentorial pits; notauli
very deep, complete; abdomen sessile .......... Pteromalidae (Ormocerinae) (part)
<Habits>;
<Adults>
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329b. Antennae different, with 13 segments, mostly with 2-3 ring
segments; clypeus mostly different
from previous; notauli often incomplete; thorax usually with raised
reticulation; abdomen
often petiolate
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330a (329b). Clypeal margin with deep median
incision and asymmetric teeth (Figs.A-B); antennae inserted below ocular
line; notauli (in regional species) complete but posteriorly often very
shallow; propodeum convex in median 1/3rd, mostly with indicated ridge; marginal
vein slender (Fig.C ........ A ....... Pteromalidae
(Miscogasterinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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331a (324b). Gena posteriorly ridged (rarely only
with angular edge, in Scutellista); between pedicel and
club only 4 (mainly males) or 5 segments (most females) first of which may
be shortened, ring-shaped (as in Fig.A); thorax
hairiness mostly replaced by distinct and sparse bristles (Fig.B),
rarely uniformly hairy (Scutellista, Fig.C);
clypeal margin not produced .......... .A.. ......... Pteromalidae (Eunotinae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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331b. Gena without ridge or edge; antennae different; either 2 or
more rounded, segments ring-shaped or with at least 6 segments between
pedicel and club (Figs.A-B); thorax always without
stout bristles; clypeal margin mostly produced
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332a (331b). Pronotum large, almost rectangular,
with almost parallel sides, anteriorly ridged or rounded (Figs.A-B); antennae always with 6 segments
between pedicel and club, 1st segment sometimes ring-shaped;
club asymmetric owing to a collapsing area of tiny hairs; face shiny;
[abdomen hardly ever collapsed, mostly very convex, often with produced
ovipositor] ........ A ........ Pteromalidae
(Chromeurytominae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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332b. Pronotum at least medio-dorsally very short and usually
rounded, rarely collar separated
by blunt edge or ridge (Fig.A), but then
it is less than 1/6th the length of mesoscutum; antenna with 1 small ring
segment and often 5 (female) of 6 funicular segments (male), or
funicular segments reduced in number and size (Pireninae)
in extremes only 2 short segments between
pedicel and club, latter mostly symmetric .......... Pteromalidae
(Pireninae) <Habits>; <Adults>
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
NOTE:
Illustrations were simplified, corrected and/or updated to suit
the present key.
However, please refer to cited
authors for greater detail.
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