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Major Families of Adult Chalcidoidea
(Email Contacts)
This is a large Superfamily of
important insects that have been deployed successfully in biological control
worldwide. Specialists generally agree
to being aware of only a fraction of those still awaiting discovery. Their taxonomy is often difficult as the
characters used may show wide variation.
Most species are small or very tiny, some being less than 0.4 mm in
long. Chalcids occur almost everywhere,
but because of their small size they are usually overlooked. Adults occur mainly on flowers and plant
foliage. Most species are parasitoids of other insects,
attacking the egg or larval stage of their hosts. Predominant hosts are
Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, and Homoptera. Because these host groups contain many agricultural pests, it
is obvious that the chalcids are a valuable group for natural control. Many
species have been imported into different countries for biological
control. The larvae of few species
are phytophagous.
Generalized drawings of Chalcidoidea morphology by Noyes &
Valentine (1989) are
Presented in Figs.A-G.
For greater detail on specific geographic
areas also refer to <Regional Keys>
[A will display all images
for both pairs of a couplet]
Chalcidoidea <Overview>;
<General References>
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248a (123b). Hind femur enlarged, with ventral teeth, either a few large
or many small ones (saw-like) (Fig.A); hind
tibia not quite equal to femur and arched; specimens usually 5-15 mm, broad bodied, rarely <1-2 mm ........ A.
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248b. Hind femur not enlarged, ventral teeth, if present, 2 or less, or ventral edge serrated (Fig.
A);
hindtibia straight (rarely half length of femur); specimens usually 1-10 mm., robust
to fragile
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249a (248a). Prepectus reduced or fused (Fig.A), not readily apparent, of if so, not triangular
in outline (Fig.A).... A
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249b. Prepectus in the form of a triangular plate (Fig.A)
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250a (249a). Ovipositor directed horizontally [in
most species not extended beyond tip of abdomen]; tegula almost an oval
disc; fore wing not folded longitudinally; posterior gena with distinct
ridge; body often large but not usually metallic (Figs.A-D) ...... A ..... Chalcididae <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles>
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250b. Ovipositor curved upwards over abdomen (Fig.A); male abdomen covered by pitted
hard covering of fused dorsal
plates (Fig.A ); tegula narrowly extended forward,
ladel-like; fore wing often folded longitudinally; body large, wasp-like,
with fore wing longitudinally folded as in Vespidae, frequently with black
and yellow pattern (Figs.B-D) ....... Leucospidae <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles>
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251b. Frons not modified as "horns," mostly flat in
dorsal view (Fig.A); hind tibia almost perpendicularly
squared at tip; 2 hind tibial spurs ...….... Chalcididae (Haltichellinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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251c. Frons not modified as "horns," mostly flat in dorsal
view; hind tibia obliquely squared at tip (Fig.A); either 1hind tibial spur or spur not apparent; abdominal petiole
eitherconcealed or much shorter
than 1/2 length of abdomen and not striated longitudinally
............ Chalcididae (Chalcidinae) <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles>
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253a (248b). Antennae with 5-7 segments between pedicel and club; tarsi usually with 5 segments (if with 4, then
males of Tetracampidae, or tiny specimens with long antennae and characteristic wings, (see Mymaridae illustrations) (Fig.A)..........
A ...... <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles>
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253b. Antennae with 0-4 segments between pedicel and club; tarsi with 3, 4, or 5 segments (Fig.A); or specimens 0.2-1 or 2 mm. long and such characters
hard to see (many tiny fragile specimens)
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254a (253a). Hind wing without stalk, expanded as
shown; forewing venation ends beyond basal 1/3rd (postmarginal present, stigmal elongated to sessile) (Fig.A); specimens usually >2 mm ......... A
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254b. Hind wing stalked and elongated (rarely reduced to only a
short stub, hooked at tip); fore wing venation linear, ending in basal 1/3rd (postmarginal vein absent, stigmal
rudimentary), or seemingly absent; specimens usually <2 mm
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255a (254b). Abdominal petiole with distinct 2 segments and very thin; fore wing reticulate (= net-like); both fore and
hind wings narrow at base into a linear stalk (Fig.A); mandibles with teeth exodont (extended outwards); antennal
sockets closer to eyes than to each other (rare in North American
collections) .......... A ......... Mymerommatidae (= Callimomidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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255b. Abdominal petiole with 1
segment or none; fore wing membrane smooth, hind wing membrane not reaching
base, but reduced to a linear stalk formed by submarginal vein (Fig.A); frons with H-shaped impressed lines (Fig.A ); antennal
sockets much closer to eyes than to
each other; egg parasites (common in North American collections) .... (Figs.B-H). ... Mymaridae <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles>
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256a (254a). Mesopleuron concave; midtibial spur
thin and like a spine (Fig.A) ........ A
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256b. Mesopleuron convex (bulging); midtibial spur relatively
thick (Fig.A)
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257a (256a). Head projects forward, female mandible
with rasplike appendage; female scape always distinctly widened but
irregular in shape (Fig.A), 3rd antennal
segment not ring-like but extended mesodorsally into a thick spine (Fig.A); eyes very small or vestigial, celli
mostly absent; at least hind tibia shorter than femur; male wingless (much
modified) or short-winged, wing stumps often as short filaments, rarely
with narrow wing blade; body yellowish to dark brown or black, with
shortened spiny tibiae, tarsal segments often very reduced; not parasitic
and collected from fig fruits (Figs.B-F) ...... A ...... Agaonidae
<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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257b. Head projects downward,female without appendage on
mandible; hind tibia at least as long as femur, usually longer; male
similar to female (Fig.A)
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258a (257b). Antennal insertion definitely more
than one socket diameter above free margin of clypeus; if doubtful, then
either eyes diverge ventrally or side of head ("cheeks") ridged (carinate) ...... A ...… (Fig.A)
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258b. Antennal
insertion less than one socket diameter above free margin of clypeus; if
doubtful, side of head without ridges
....... (Fig.A)
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259a (258b). Antennae arise at side and below free
margin of clypeus; thorax with some distinct pits or wrinkles, often also
head; scutellum without sublateral lines but often with pitted frenal line
(Fig.A ); fore wing membrane flat,
pubescent, without a tuft of scales; frons with median pitted groove;
abdominal petiole longer than wide; body black or slightly metallic (Figs.B-D) (common in North American
collections)......A... Pteromalidae (Spalangiinae) .... <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles> [also see 294
and fly-par.htm
]
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259b. Antennae arise slightly above free margin of clypeus;
abdominal petiole not visible (Fig.
A)
(rare in North American collections) ........ Pteromalidae (Ceinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> [also see Asaphinae
& Eunotinae].
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260a (258a). Fore wing stigma enlarged (Fig.A), longer than stigmal vein, and
projects toward hind margin of wing; ovipositor sheaths always protruding;
antennae with 7 funicle segments; thorax with
rather sparse and usually outstanding conspicuous hairs, always without
short hairs; body often somewhat yellow and rarely metallic (Figs.B-C)
....... .A ........ Torymidae (Megastigminae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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260b. Fore wing stigma not enlarged, shorter than stigmal vein
(stigma at times surrounded by pigmented tainlike area); ovipositor and
antenna variable (Fig.A)
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261a (260b). Scutellum with submedian grooves that
meet prescutal sutures and outline a median rectangular area (ra) or stigmal vein long and almost at right angle to marginal
vein (Figs.A-B) (rare in collections from fig fruits in
Florida .... .A ..... Torymidae (Sycophaginae) <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles>
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261b. Scutellum without submedian grooves, prescutal sutures
separated from scutellum by axilla (= triangular or rounded sclerite
on side of scutellum and mostly just back of the base of front wing);
either stigmal vein ling and angled off of marginal vein or short (Fig.A) (common
& widespread in North America)
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262a (261b). Hind coxa much longer and wider than
forecoxa by 2-3 times; if doubtful, then prescutal sutures absent or weak
and female with protruding ovipositor (Fig.A ........... A.
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262b. Hind coxa nearly same size as fore coxa; if doubtful, then
prescutal sutures well developed
and female ovipositor not protruding (Fig.A)
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263a (262a). Ovipositor at least a little
protruding; both sexes: abdomen without pits; propodeum postero-laterally
angled and does not project over hind coxa (dorsal view); cerci of last
dorsal plate elongated or 4-sided and with long setae
(not as apparent in male as female); pronotum mostly long, often almost
conical; prepectus almost equal to tegula; hind tibial spurs thin; male
abdomen collapsed or convex, in latter case at least as high as broad,
without lateral edge (Figs.A-E)
....... A....... Torymidae ...... <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles> (Subfamilies: … 264)
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263b. Ovipositor not protruding; both sexes: pronotum relatively short; abdomen with pits
and always heavily sclerotized; propodeum postero-laterally rounded and
projects over hind coxa (dorsal
view); cerci of last dorsal plate reduced to low plates (like a disk);
prepectus much smaller than tegula;
hind tibial spurs thickened (Figs.A-B) ........... Ormyridae <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles>
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264a (263a). Metapleuron with straight
anterior margin; stigmal vein much shorter than breadth of coastal cell,
stigma at most only slightly knobbed (Fig.A ); head and thorax always metallic or slightly
so in Australian species; hairs on thorax usually dense and short ........ A ........ Torymidae (Monodontomerinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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264b. Metapleuron with anterior margin angled or protruding
forward (Fig.A ), so that metapleuron forms a
distinct lobe; antennae of Australian species always with 1 anellus (ring segment) and 7 funicular segments (Fig.B) ...... Torymidae (Toryminae) <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles>
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265a (262b). Pronotum rectangular in dorsal view, about
as wide as scutum, sides parallel and flat laterally; body black, yellow, or mixed black &
yellow, but rarely faintly metallic; thorax mostly with coarse hairy pits;
abdomen usually oval in crossview and compressed laterally (Figs.A-D) ........ A ..... Eurytomidae <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles> (Subfamilies: 266)
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265b. Pronotum in
dorsal view narrowed to a transverse (= at right angles to longitudinal
axis) strip, or not visible (if elongated, then narrower at base than apex
and sides concave to accomodate front femora (rare, some Cleonyminae); body
often metallic blue or green, rarely black; abdomen usually keel-shaped
(triangular in cross view) and somewhat compressed dorsally (Fig.A)
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266a (265a). Prepectus (p) as large or larger than
tegula; antennae at most with 12
segments (Fig.A ), with only 1 ring segment and this often almost fused with first
funicular A segment; apical segments mostly fused into a club (Fig.B) ........ Eurytomidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> (Eurytominae)
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266b. Prepectus smaller than tegula (Fig.A)
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267b. Scutellum without
projection; tegula smooth; antennae with 13
segments (Fig.A), the segments after pedicel either not
differentiated or proximal 3 segments of flagellum shortened and then almost anelliform (= ring-like)........ Eurytomidae (Rileyinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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268a (265b). Pronotum not visible in dorsal view, covered
by distinctly arched scutum; sculpture on thorax often coarse; abdomen like
a rudder, on long petiole; marginal vein usually very long, but sometimes
poorly defined; mandibles often sickle-shaped, narrow (Fig.A
);
marginal vein unusually long in some species (Figs.B-E) ... Eucharitidae ... A
…. <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles> (Subfamilies: 269)
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268b. Pronotum visible in dorsal view, scutum not heavily arched;
abdomen usually elongated and petiole usually not visible.... (petiolate
forms occur) (Fig.A)
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270a (268b). Abdomen covered by first two dorsal plates
(or seemingly covered by single plate); prepectus often fused with side
panel of pronotum (Fig.A), if
prepectus clearly separated than face with discernible supraclypeal area
and strong mandibles only 2-toothed (Fig.A);
prescutal sutures always complete; body short and squat; head with well
defined clypeus and at least 1 mandible with 2
teeth; body metallic to black, thorax mostly with coarse hairy pits (Figs.B-C) ...... A .….......... Perilampidae <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles> (Subfamilies:….. 271)
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270b. Abdomen with 3 or
more readily visible dorsal plates; body usually elongated; head variable but
usually with inconspicuous clypeus and small mandibles with 3-4 teeth; either prescutal sutures incomplete or antenna with 13
segments (Figs.A-B) ..........
Pteromalidae ... (Subfamilies: 272 & 294)
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271b. Prepectus fused to pronotum (suture absent or barely
visible) (Figs.A-D) ............. Perilampidae (Perilampinae)
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272a (270b) Axillae
(ax) advanced far forward of scutellum or cuts a distinct angle into side
lobe of scutum (Fig.A) ......... A
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272b. Axillae not extended forward of scutellum, or if slightly
advanced, does not cut a distinct angle into side lobe of scutum .... (Fig.A)
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273b. Axillae not enlarged, not close medially; body without
white, scale-like setae (Fig.A)
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274b. Scutellum posterior with triangular "projection"
(is part of metanotum) and without apparent dorsal grooves; scapula extends
backwards outside the rectangular outer corner of axilla, axilla 2X as long as broad; mid tarsus with 4 segments, unusually long (Fig.A), first segment as long as rest;
prepectus unusually small Pteromalidae (Macromesinae) <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles> ....... [also see 294]
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275a (272b). Head in dorsal view with posterior
ocelli touching sharp occipital (= dorsal posterior) edge,
gena usually posteriorly ridged; clypeal margin not extended; thorax A hariness mostly replaced by sparce bristles (Figs.A-C) …..... Pteromalidae
(Eunotinae) <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles> .... [also see 294]
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275b. Head in dorsal view with posterior ocelli distant from
rounded occipital margin; if doubtful, then head with curved black spines (Fig.A)
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276a (275b). Head with projection between antennae,
visible both from above and side (antennae not shown) (Fig.A); body and antennae shiny, latter
usually always without anelli (= ring segments); wings, if
not reduced, without conspicuous hariness but with fine long marginal
fringe, sometimes with a tuft at stigma; marginal vein usually long, but
postmarginal and stigmal veins short; body yellowish to blackish, rarely
metallic. ......... .A ..... Pteromalidae
(Cerocephalinae) <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles> .... [also see 294]
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276b. Head without interantennal projection (Fig.A) ...,,,,... A
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277a (276b). Head and thorax dorsally with black,
curved spines; antennae with 13
segments; hind coxae with fine longitudinal ridges and inserted unusually
high (Fig.A), its outer face often with
longitudinal sculpture; short-winged or wingless females common ......... A ......... Pteromalidae (Diparinae) <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles> .... [also see 294]
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277b. Head and thorax may have setae, but not black spines; hind
coxae sculptured or smooth, without longitudinal ridges ........... (Fig.A)
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278a (277b). Body typically elongated (1-2 cm.); head with ridged,
raised areas (crests) between eye and scrobal basin; pronotum in dorsal
view about 2X as long as broad, also
petiole, legs and wings unusually long and slender (Fig.A); ovipositor protrudes, long; antennae with 13 segments without ring segments; very rare in
NorthAmerica)........A. ....... Pteromalidae
(Leptofoeninae) <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles> .... [also see 294]
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278b. Body less elongated (usually less than 1 cm.); head without ridged, raised area between eye and
scrobal basin (Fig.A) (commonly collected in North America)
.......... A
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279a (278b). Eyes divergent ventrally, parallel
dorsally; pronotum often, though not always, longer than wide, dorsally
rounded and medially often with smooth strip or raised longitudinal line;
thorax usually pitted (Figs.A-C) ........ A ....... Pteromalidae
(Cleonyminae) <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles> ....
[also see 294]
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279b. Eye margins mostly parallel; pronotum always wider than
long (Fig.A)
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280a (279b). Either eyes, head, and thorax densely
covered with setae, or scutellum largely
A ........ .polished and with only 2 pairs of bristles (rare in North American collections) (Fig.A)
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280b. Eyes not densely covered with setae, head and thorax occasionally
so; scutellum rarely with paired bristles, but if so there are 3 or more pairs and they are inconspicuous (Fig.A)
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281a (280a). Eyes, head and thorax densely covered with
setae; first dorsal plate without distinct longitudinal grooves; head
including large eyes, thorax dorsally and wings regularly densely hairy,
never with paired bristles (Fig.A); postmarginal vein much longer than
stigmal. ........ A .......... Pteromalidae (Herbertinae) <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles> .... [also see 294]
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281b. Eyes not covered with setae; scutellum largely polished and
with 2 pairs of prominent bristles;
male antennae with 6 conspicuous segments between
pedicel and club (Fig.A), rarely 5 (Fig.A); marginal vein at least 4X as long as stigmal vein (Fig.A),
fore wing mostly very densely hairy, including basal 1/3rd; in females antenna with 6 distinct funicular segments and sometimes with 1 ring-like segment (Fig.A);
female propodeum often very hairy (Figs.A-C)
............ Tetracampidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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282a (280b). Sides of head ("cheeks")
laterally ridged, temple absent (Fig.A), gena posteriorly produced into a
lamina; antenna clubbed, all preclub segments of flagellum at right angles
to longitudinal axis; scutellum anteriorly with 2 deep pits; second dorsal plate of petiolate abdomen very
large, covering most of dorsum, dorsally somewhat fused with the 1st dorsal plate. ..... A ........ Pteromalidae
(Asaphinae) <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles> .... [also see 294]
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282b. Sides of head
rounded laterally; notauli (= longitudinal sutures of
the mesonotum separating the median area from the lateral area) incomplete
and wide apart; marginal vein widened in basal part (Fig.A); clypeal margin often with deep
incision and asymmetric teeth; dorsum of thorax
reticulate, almost bare, without bristles (Fig.B) ..... Pteromalidae
(Pteromalinae / Miscogasterinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> .......... .[also
see 294]
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283a (256b). Cercus at tip of abdomen; fore and midcoxae
separated (midcoxa posterior to midpoint of mesopleuron); axillae (ax) do
not meet medially (if so, at least as long as wide); marginal vein longer
than stigmal or postmarginal (Fig.A) ......... A
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283b. Cercus anterior to tip of abdomen; fore & mid coxae
nearly touching (mid coxa anterior to middle of mesopleuron) (Fig.A); flagellum with at most 9 segments (occasionally one very small ring-like segment);
axillae transverse (= at right angle with
longitudinal axis), often meeting in midline (Fig.A);
marginal vein often shorter than stigmal or postmarginal; mesoscutum convex
and short; prescutal sutures absent or indicated by superficial lines converging to meet at the pointed front
end of scutellum (Figs.B-Z) ......... Encyrtidae <Habits>; <Adults-1> & <Adults-2>; & <Juveniles> [also
see fly-par.htm ]
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284a (283a). Prescutal sutures mostly invisible, do
not meet; prepectus flat, not projected flagellum with 7-8 segmented funicle plus club;
mid coxae much closer to hind coxae than to fore ones (Fig.A);
axillae not obviously at right angles with longitudinal axis and mostly
wide apart so that scutellum is only rarely pointed anteriorly; marginal
vein always much longer than stigmal vein (Figs.B-F) ...... A ......
Eupelmidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> .. (Subfamilies: 285)
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284b. Prepectus swollen, in dorsal view protruding forwards as
conspicuous shoulders (Fig.A), prescutal sutures meet medially; pronotum
very short; always fully winged, stigmal vein fairly long but shorter than
marginal (Fig.A); antennae with 12 segments; tropical and
phytophagous (not parasitic) .......... Tanaostigmatidae <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles>
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285b. With membranous area anterior to midcoxal insertion (Fig.A)
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287a (253b). Usually 1 mm. or longer; body often metallic or dark in color; abdomennarrowly
joined at propodeum (petiole may or may not be apparent); tarsi always with
4 segments; postmarginal vein present or absent (Fig.A) ........... A.
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287b. Usually 1 mm or less in length; body mostly pale yellow to white,
sometimes with dark markings or wholly dark, but not metallic; abdomen
broadly joined to propodeum; postmarginal vein absent; tarsi usually with 3-5 segments (if 4 segments, then club large and undivided or wing fringed
with long setae, or middle tarsi with only 4
segments) (Fig A)
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288a (287a). Hind coxa greatly enlarged; posterior scutellum
with triangular, usually translucent flap overhanging propodeum; hind tibia
with irregular, linear, or diamond-shaped patterns of setae; prescutal
sutures indistinct; tarsi with 4
segments; fore wing very narrow, wedge-shaped and almost completely hairy,
without outstanding bristles; male antenna with 3 branches.......... (Fig.A); general appearance (Figs.A-E) ...... A ...... Elasmidae <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles>
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288b. Hind coxa not greatly enlarged (normal); posterior scutellum
without overhanging triangular
flap; hind tibia without irregular setal patterns; body ranges from minute
to medium size (Figs.A-D) (up to 6 mm
long) ..........Eulophidae <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles> ..... (Subfamilies: 289)
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289a (288b). Scutellum usually with 1 pair of setae; submarginal vein with 2 dorsal bristles (except some Neotropical genera with more);
stigmal vein always very short and postmarginal even shorter than stigmal;
face usually with scrobal and facial grooves; notaular grooves abruptly
directed sideways and before the bend at least shortly interrupted; fully
winged (Fig.A)......... A....... Eulophidae (Entedoninae) <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles>
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289b. Scutellum with 2 pairs
of setae (rarely 3 or more); submarginal with 3 or more setae (rarely with 1 or 2); face usually without distinct grooves
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290a (289b). Fore wing with bare area posterior to
marginal vein with single row of setae; usually with 2-3 "lines of setae" radiating from stigmal vein;
scutellum in dorsal view entire, without longitudinal grooves, axillae on its
sides separated by a depression which is not visible dorsally (Fig.A); female abdomen with 2 dorsal plates after the 6th
(spiracle bearing), these loose or only partly fused ....... A ...... Eulophidae (Euderinae) <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles>
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290b. Fore wing usually evenly setose posterior to marginal vein
without row of setae; rarely with any "lines of setae" radiating
from stigmal, when present, usually only one (Fig.A)
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291a (290b). Postmarginal vein usually absent or
rudimentary; shiny scutellum often with paired submedian grooves that
divide the scutellum into 3 distinct pieces (Figs.A-B) ....... A ...…... Eulophidae (Tetrastichinae) <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles>
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291b. Postmarginal vein present, stigmal vein usually moderately
long; submarginal vein at distal end usually smooth curving into stigma (Fig.A); scutellum without submedian grooves, rarely
with lateral grooves, when present at extreme lateral margins, scutellum
usually with 2 or more pairs of setae (Fig.A), in some
species with additional hairiness .......... Eulophidae (Eulophinae) <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles>
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292a (287b). Tarsi with 3 segments, all segments elongated and almost of same length
(Fig.A); setae on wings usually arranged in rows; stigmal
vein usually elongated, postmarginal vein absent (Fig.A); antennae short (5-9 segments) (Fig.A)
and with few discernible funicular segments, male with elongated antennal
"setae."; body minute, rarely exceeding 1 mm in length, never metallic (Figs.B-C);
egg parasites ........ A. ........ Trichogrammatidae <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniiles>
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292b. Tarsi with 4-5 segments; setae on wings
largely absent, evenly covering wings, or with only a few bare spots or
rows present; stigmal vein short and not obviously divergent from wing margin;
antennae variable, but usually with discernible funiclar segments (if not,
then with large undivided club) (Fig.A)
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293a (292b). Propodeum without median triangular area;
scutellum (sc) not transverse (anterior, posterior sides not parallel),
axillae (ax) distinct from scutellum, rarely meeting medially; club of
antenna almost always segmented (a few species here have antennae like Signiphoridae). Axillae (ax) do not meet medially, generally widely
separated; prescutal sutures (n) present and mostly far apart, complete (Fig.A) and abdomen broadly sessile; fore wing
post marginal vein mostly absent; (antennal club in Eretmocerus large and undivided, tarsi
with 4 segments); body usually less than 1 mm long, rarely 1.7 mm, always not metallic (Figs.B-H) ......... A …...... Aphelinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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293b. Propodeum with
triangular median area (Fig.A); scutellum (sc) transverse (sides
parallel), fused with axillae and forming a narrow cross-belt or widely
separated; prescutal sutures complete but fine, linear; thorax smooth; club
of antenna elongated and not segmented; male antennae simple; fore wing not
especially narrow, basal 13rd mostly bare but with
several very prominent bristles; body small, hardly ever >1mm long, usually black and depressed dorsally, always
winged, abdomen broadly sessile (Figs.B-C)
........
Signiphoridae <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles>
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