|
1a. Abdominal petiole long, with 2
segments; fore wing (when present) pedunculate, varying in shape but
commonly spatulate with a long marginal fringe disc reticulately alveolate
, and venation reduced and indistinct; pronotum reaches tegulae, without an
intervening prepectus; minute. <0.75
mm.long, Mymarommatidae [Noyes & Valentine (1989)
placed this family in the Mymarommatoidea (or Serphitoidea)]
|
|
1b. Abdominal petiole with 1
segment, often indistinct or somewhat completely invisible; fore wing not
as previous, if pedunculate then not reticulate; pronotum does not reach
tegulae, separated from them by a prepectus ; normally longer than 0.75 mm., but sometimes much
shorter ........ (Chalcidoidea) <Overview>; <General
References>
|
|
2a (1). Tarsi with 34 segments; antennae short, the
funicle with no more than 2 segments; minute to very
small insects, not more than 1.2 mm. long .......
Trichogrammatidae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniiles>
|
|
2b. Tarsi with 4-5 segments; minute to
moderate-sized insects varying from 0.2 mm. to more than 10 mm.
long, mostly exceeding 1.2 mm.
|
|
3a (2). Antennal toruli situated much closer to eyes than to each
other; frons with a straight, transverse suture a little above toruli which
connects with vertical sutures adjacent to each orbit, thus forming an H ; the winged species almost always with membrane of hind
wing not extending to base, thus giving hind wing a stalked appearance [exception = Anagroidea spp. ] .......... Mymaridae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
3b. Antennal toruli
situated as close to or closer to each other than to eyes or very nearly
so; frons sometimes with a transverse suture, which may be straight or
V-shaped, but never with vertical sutures running adjacent to inner orbits;
the winged species with membrane of hind wing always extending to base
|
|
4a (3). Either winged, with stigmal vein of fore wing long and
forming an angle of ca. 90 deg. with marginal vein , or
completely apterous (males only), with eyes minute, less than 1/2 as long as distance between
them . Males with fore and hind
femora very stout, contrasting with relatively slender middle femora [associated with fig fruit] .......... Agaonidae
<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
4b. Without previous combination of
characters
|
|
5b. Either hind leg
with femur not swollen and tibia straight, or head and thorax metallic
green.
|
|
6a (5). Hind coxa elongated, at least ca. 2X as long as fore coxa ; fore wings fully developed, with
stigmal vein short and uncus hardly separated from the well developed
postmarginal vein ; ovipositor often well exserted ....... Torymidae
<Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
6b. Hind coxa not so
enlarged, not or hardly longer than fore coxa; fore wing, if fully
developed, usually with stigmal vein longer and uncus well separated from
postmarginal vein, or postmarginal vein absent; ovipositor normally hardly
exserted
|
|
7a (6). Antennae with very long, unsegmented clava and funicle
composed of 2-4 indistinct, strongly transverse segments ; body shining
black or yellow; gaster sessile; axillae not distinctly marked off from
scutellum, the two together forming a strongly transverse band ca. 3X as broad as long; propodeum with a large, shiny, central
triangular area ........ Encyrtidae <Habits>; <Adults-1> & <Adults-2>;
& <Juveniles>
|
|
7b. Antennae not as
previous; occasionally clava long and unsegmented, but then funicle
composed of only 2 strongly transverse segments,
and body metallic green; scutellum shield-shaped, almost as long as broad
or slightly transverse, usually with axillae distinctly marked off;
propodeum without a distinct triangular central area
|
|
8a (7). All tarsi with 4
segments
|
|
8b. At least hind tarsi have 5 segments
|
|
9b. Fore wing marginal vein distinct,
several times longer than broad
|
|
10b. Antennae with
not more than 12 segments; funicle composed of
not more than 5 segments, and clava never
with more than 3 segments
|
|
11a (10). Hind leg with coxa strongly expanded, disc-shaped and tibia on outer surface with coarse,
dark bristles arranged in longitudinal rows or diamond-shaped patterns;
gaster in cross-section somewhat triangular Elasmidae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
11b. Hind leg with coxa
subcylindrical, not compressed, and hind tibia without darker bristles
arranged in a conspicuous pattern; gaster not triangular in cross-section
|
|
12a (11). Gaster distinctly constricted at junction with propodeum; fore
wing in winged forms with postmarginal and stigmal veins often long and
distinct; body almost always at least partly metallic; notaular lines, if
complete, almost always
curved Eulophidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
12b. Gaster at base about
as broad as propodeum, not distinctly constricted; fore wing in
macropterous forms with postmarginal vein absent, or almost so, and stigmal
vein very short ; body not metallic, usually brown or black; notaular lines
complete, straight Aphelinidae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
13a (8). Either mesopleuron undivided, relatively large and
shield-shaped or gaster broadly sessile; middle tibia usually with a strong
apical spur
|
|
13b. Mesopleuron divided
into mesepisternum and mesepimeron , the 2 parts
often with distinctly different sculpture; gaster never broadly sessile, at
least with a distinct constriction at junction with propodeum, often
petiolate; middle tibia with spur of normal proportions
|
|
14a (13). Thorax in profile with middle coxa inserted about level
with middle of mesopleural shield
or even slightly anterior to this; fore wing, if fully developed,
with marginal vein short, usually not more than 3-4X as long as broad ........
Encyrtidae
Habits>;
<Adults-1> & <Adults-2>;
& <Juveniles>
|
|
14b. Thorax in
profile with middle coxa inserted about level with posterior margin of mesopleural
shield ; fore wing, if fully developed, with marginal vein always at least 6-7X as long as broad.
|
|
15a (14). Antennae with flagellum having not more than 7 segments; gaster sessile, broadly attached to propodeum;
mesoscutum at least slightly convex, with notauli always present and
straight; length not more than 1.5 mm Aphelinidae
<Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
15b. Antennae with
flagellum having 8-9 segments; gaster distinctly constricted at junction with
propodeum, or petiolate ; mesoscutum either impressed or convex, with
notauli very inconspicuous; length almost always >1.5 mm Eupelmidae
<Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
16a (13). Pronotal collar large, subrectangular, at least about 2/3rds as long as mesoscutum ;
antennae with not more than 6 funicle segments; head and
dorsum of thorax with numerous conspicuous, hairy punctures which often
give rise to very coarse sculpture; gena sharply margined posteriorly......Eurytomidae <Habits>;
<Adults>
& <Juveniles>
|
|
16b. Pronotal collar
not large and subrectangular, shorter than 1/2 length of mesoscutum, or if longer then antennae with 7 funicle segments, or sculpture of head and thorax shallow,
or gena not with a sharp edge
|
|
17a (16). Fore wing with apex of stigmal vein much enlarged, deeper
than long, and apex of uncus very close to postmarginal vein ; pronotum
elongated, subconical; female with ovipositor strongly exserted ........ Torymidae <Habits>;
<Adults>
& <Juveniles>
|
|
17b. Fore wing with
apex of stigmal vein not or hardly enlarged, or if as above then pronotum
transverse and not well developed; female rarely with ovipositor strongly
exserted
|
|
18a (17). Wings fully developed; fore wing marginal vein at least 3.5X as long as stigmal vein ;
gastral petiole at least 1.5X as long as broad; antennae inserted above lowest eye
margins, without a crest or tubercle between them ............
Perilampidae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
18b. If wings fully
developed, then fore wing marginal vein less than 3.5X as long as stigmal vein, or if
relatively longer then either gastral petiole not longer than broad, or
antenna inserted well below lowest margin of eye, or a sharp crest or
tubercle present between antennal toruli
|
|
19a (18). Mesopleuron divided by a very weak, inconspicuous
depression; notaular grooves complete; fore wing marginal vein always more
than 2X as long as stigmal vein;
antenna with 7 funicle segments and a single
small anellus; scutellum conspicuously hairy; males only ......... Eupelmidae <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles>
|
|
19b. Mesopleuron
distinctly divided into episternum and epimeron; notaular grooves sometimes
incomplete; marginal vein mostly less than 2X as
long as stigmal vein; antennae usually with 6 or fewer
funicle segments, often with as many as 3
anelli; scutellum usually not conspicuously hairy; males and females .......... Pteromalidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Pteromalidae
Subfamiliea
|
REFERENCES:
Noyes, J. S. & E. W. Valentine. 1989.
Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera)-- Introduction, and Review
of Genera in Smaller Families.
Fauna of New Zealand No. 18.
DSIR Publ., Wellington, New Zealand.
58 p.
Valentine, E. W. 1971. Entomology of the
Aucklands and other islands south of New Zealand. Hymenoptera
Mymaridae. Pacific Inwects
Monolog. 17: 327-33.
|