|
Keys to Families of Chalcidoidea of The Australasian Area
(Derived from Bouček, 1988 & Grandi, 1952 by E. F.
Legner)
(Email Contacts)
[Please refer to <Guide> for additional illustrations]
(Note: Not all Links are to Australian
species)
Overview:
Bouček (1988) discussing the characteristics of a chalcid stated
that "All chalcids have the wing venation greatly reduced, generally to one
linear vein, without any closed cells, but such reduction is found also in
some other groups. Another important
feature is found on the anterior part of the thorax; the prepectus. It is a subtriangular sclerite between the
lateral panel of the pronotum and the tegula. The prepectus is absent in the proctotrupoid families which
otherwise in venation resemble chalcids.
In chalcids the prepectus is reduced very rarely (in Rotoita;
and in some Macromesus, but then the mesothoracic spiracle can be
found at the dorso-lateral margin of the mesoscutum In the proctotrupoid
groups this spiracle is always situated much lower. The chalcidoid antennae are almost always elbowed between the
scapus and the rest (indistinctly so in some Eucharitidae)."
"Other
chalcidoid characters may be difficult to see. They include longitudinal placoid sensilla on at least some
segments of the flagellum, the second abdominal segment, i.e. the one
immediately after the propodeum, transformed into the petiole and always
differentiated from the rest of the abdomen, which is here called the gaster
(= abdomen). The gaster bears one
pair of spiracles, on the sixth tergite (eighth abdominal tergite). Another feature is the form of the
ovipositor and its components."
AUSTRALASIAN
CHALCIDOIDEA
Navigate directly to
Subfamilies: Chalcididae Eurytomidae Torymidae
(Note: Not all drawings are Australasian species):
Pteromalidae
Eulophidae
|
1a. Fore wing with at least one cell enclosed by veins (rarely in
Cynipoidea the cell is open on wing front margin which it touches) ........
non-chalcidoid Hymenoptera
|
|
1b. Fore wings
without any enclosed cell, mostly with one longitudinal vein with a distal branch
or wings shortened or absent
|
|
2a. Dorso-lateral corner of pronotum extended to base of fore
wing, or to place where fore wing would be (ants); flagellum at its base
(beyond 2nd antennal segment) usually without
very much shortened segment(s); 1st
abdominal segment behind propodeum frequently not transformed into a
petiole …... non-chalcidoid Hymenoptera
|
|
2b. Dorso-lateral corner
of pronotum separated from wing base by a gap filled by a subtriangular
sclerite, prepectus pct; this sometimes small: one or
more proximal segments of flagellum frequently reduced to ring-like
segments; abdominal segment just behind propodeum always differentiated as
a petiole, although not easily visible in some forms ......... Chalcidoidea
<Overview>; <General References>
|
|
3a. Tarsi with 3 segments, all segments
elongated and almost of same length; body minute, rarely exceeding 1 mm length, never metallic, never quite smooth, mostly fully
winged; postmarginal vein absent; prescutal sutures complete; antennae
short, with 5-9 segments; egg parasitoids ........... Trichogrammatidae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniiles>
|
|
3b. Tarsi with 4-5 segments of if rarely with fewer segments (aberrant males of some fig
wasps) then some segments very short, body yellowish and smooth, wingless,
without complete prescutal sutures; in other aspects at least partly
different
|
|
4a. Gastral petiole with distinct 2 segments and very slender; both fore- and hind wings
basally narrowed into a linear stalk; mandibles with teeth exodont (turned
outwards); antennal sockets closer to eyes than to each other; very rare
.......... Mymerommatidae (= Callimomidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
4b. Petiole, if
conspicuous, with 2 segment or if apparently with 2
segments, then all other characters different
|
|
5a. Antenna with 14
segments, in female with 6-segmented clava; tarsi with 4 segments; prepectus not distinct, prescutal sutures absent
[only in New Zealand as of 1993] .......... Rotoitidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
5b. Either
antenna with fewer segments or tarsi with 5 segments; clava never with 6 segments;
prepectus distinct, prescutal sutures usually at least partly present
|
|
6a. Blade of hind wing (short-winged forms rare) not reaching
base, but reduced to a linear stalk formed by submarginal vein; frons with H-shaped
impressed lines: adorbital vertical lines connected not far above antennae
by a straight cross-line; antennal toruli much closer to eyes than to each
other; fore wing almost always without postmarginal vein, stigmal vein
reduced to a short stub and mostly situated far before middle of anterior
margin; [in females with conspicuous long-oval clava, antenna without
ring-like segments after pedicel; appendages mostly very long and slender;
body usually below 2 mm length; egg parasitoids]
.......... Mymaridae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
6b. Hind wing not
stalked; head without H-shaped lines; if wings reduced then sockets closer
to each other than to eyes and antenna different; forewing with different
venation
|
|
7a. Mesothoracic pleuron much enlarged, convex, transformed
into a large, undivided shield; prepectus with its posterior margin often
loose and thin; spur of mid tibia often large and minutely hairy
|
|
7b. Mesopleuron not
transformed into a regular shield, distinctly subdivided at least by an
oblique impression or a line from mid coxa towards fore wing; prepectus
embedded posteriorly between and mostly tightly connected with, surrounding
sclerites; spur of mid tibia usually thin
|
|
8a. Prepectus swollen, in dorsal view protruding forwards as
conspicuous shoulders; mesoscutum short and with distinct groove-like
prescutal sutures meeting near to angulate anterior end of scutellum; if thorax
in contracted position then transscutal line opened as a membranous belt;
pronotum very short; always fully winged, stigmal vein fairly long but
shorter than the marginal; antenna always with 12 segments; tropical phytophagous group .......... Tanaostigmatidae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
8b. Prepectus not
bulging; mesoscutum mostly with prescutal sutures arranged differently; if
thorax contracted the transscutal line not showing a membranous gap; also
otherwise different from previous (6a)
|
|
9a. Mesoscutum with complete groove-like prescutal sutures
reaching axillae wide apart; axillae broadly separated; marginal vein
usually very long and then postmarginal vein absent; funicle at most with 5 segments .......... [rare forms of Aphelinidae] <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
9b. Either
prescutal sutures not groove-like or not wide apart posteriorly; axillae
often medially close to each other or meeting; if marginal vein relatively
long then funicle with more than 5
segments
|
|
10a. Flagellum with at most 9
segments (plus occasionally one very small ring-like segment); mid coxae
much nearer to fore coxae than to hind ones; mesoscutum convex and short, prescutal
sutures absent or indicated by superficial lines converging to meet at the
pointed front end of scutellum; axillae transverse, often meeting in
midline; marginal vein often shorter than the stigmal ........ Encyrtidae <Habits>; <Adults-1> & <Adults-2>;
& <Juveniles>
|
|
10b. Flagellum with 7-8 segmented funicle plus clava (except Neanastatus, with ring-like segment plus 5-segmented funicle); mid coxae much nearer to hind coxae than
to fore ones; mesoscutum often with prescutal suture depressions; axillae
not decidedly transverse (= at right angle with longitudinal axis) and
mostly wide apart so that scutellum is only rarely pointed anteriorly;
marginal vein always much longer than stigmal vein ......... Eupelmidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
11a. Hind femur much enlarged and with teeth on ventral edge;
abdomen convex, not collapsed
|
|
11b. Hind femur not
much enlarged and toothed; in doubtful case abdomen
not convex, dorsally collapsed
|
|
12a. Posterior gena with distinct ridge; prepectus very small and
tegula only slightly longer than broad; body often large and not metallic, yet
if with slight metallic tinge then without pale color pattern ............ Chalcididae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
12b. Posterior gena
rounded; often different in other respects
|
|
13a. Body large, wasp-like, with fore wing longitudinally folding
as in vespids, frequently with black and yellow pattern; ovipositor turned
upwards over abdomen; male abdomen covered by punctate carapace of fused
tergites; tegula long spoon-like .......... Leucospidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
13b. Body very different,
with unfolded wings, normal ovipositor, in male no carapace; tegula broad
and rather short (aberrant forms of Agaonidae, Eulophidae and Pteromalidae)
|
|
14a. Thorax smooth, scutellum fused with axillae and forming a narrow
cross-belt, also metanotum belt-like but propodeum with triangular median
area; antenna with long undivided clava preceded by 2-4 ring-like segments; body
small, hardly ever >1mm long, usually black and
dorsally depressed, always winged, abdomen broadly sessile ........... Signiphoridae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
14b. Thorax different, especially sciutellum never of such form;
propodeum never with flat smooth triangular area; antenna quite different from
alternative; body often larger
|
|
15a. Hind coxa very large, almost round, like a disk, its flat
outer surface in same plane as, and larger than, the flat thoracic pleuron;
also hind and mid femora flat and enlarged but not the fore femur; funicle
only with 3 segments; occipital margin
ridged, large frons regularly convex; dorsellum in form of a flat triangle;
winged forms
|
|
15b. Hind coxa
always much smaller than in previous (13a), not nearly round and
flattened; in other aspects also mostly different
|
|
16a. Prescutal sutures indistinct; tarsi with 4 segments; fore wing very narrow, wedge-shaped and almost
completely hairy, without outstanding bristles; male antenna with 3 branches .......... Elasmidae
|
|
16b. Prescutal sutures complete but fine, linear; tarsi with 5 segments; fore wing not especially narrow, basal 1/3rd bare but with several very
robust bristles; antennae of male simple [Euryischia Riley] ........... Aphelinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
17a. Wingless or short-winged males only,
found in or close to fig syconia; eyes very small or vestigial, ocelli
mostly absent; wing stumps often as short filaments, rarely with narrow
sing blade; body yellowish to dark brown or black, with shortened spiny
tibiae, tarsal segments often considerably reduced .......... Agaonidae (part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
17b. Short-winged or
long-winged (males and females), different also in most other respects from
previous (15a); if rarely short winged males then not associated with
fig fruits and tibiae normal, not spiny (Melittobia)
|
|
18a. Females only associated with fig fruits; mandibles
underneath the head with distinct flat appendages bearing transverse laminae
or rows of fine teeth; head somewhat prognathous, medially with a broad
channel or depression, this rarely reduced to a fine groove above antennae;
scape always distinctly widened but of irregular shape, 3rd antennal segment not ring-like but produced meso-dorsally
into a stout spine; [Agaoninae]
.......... Agaonidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
18b. Males and
females in the area always without mandibular appendages, also head and
antennae different
|
|
19a. All tarsi with 4
segments
|
|
19b. Tarsi, at least
fore and hind ones, with 5 segments
|
|
20a. Males only; antenna with 6 conspicuous
segments between pedicel and clava, exceptionally 5; marginal vein at least 4 times
as long as stigmal vein, fore wing mostly very densely hairy, including
basal 1/3rd ........... Tetracampidae (part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
20b. Both sexes;
flagellum with fewer segments or
marginal vein short and at least basal 1/3rd of fore wing somewhat less bare
|
|
21a. Stigmal vein rather long and at very nearly a right angle
with the rather short marginal vein, whereas the postmarginal is very much
reduced; body yellowish and almost smooth, with few setae on thorax;
basitarsus 2X as long as next segment;
associated with fig fruits....(Epichrysomalinae part) ......... Agaonidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
21b. Stigmal vein
never at a right angle or body not yellow and smooth;
basitarsus mostly shorter than previous (19a)
|
|
22a. Body <1 mm long; mesoscutum with
straight prescutal sutures which even posteriorly are further apart than
the scutellum is long .......... Aphelinidae (part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
22b. Body from
minute to medium size (length up to 6 mm),
different from previous (20a); if prescutal sutures straight and complete then distance
between them posteriorly much less than length of scutellum ............ Eulophidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
23a. Prescutal sutures usually far apart, complete and abdomen broadly sessile; fore
wing often with linea clava, postmarginal vein mostly absent (except in
Eriaporinae); body usually less than 1 mm
long, rarely up to 1.7 mm, always without metallic gloss .......... Aphelinidae (most) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
23b. Prescutal
sutures, if complete, much less removed from each other; abdomen often more
distinctly separated from thorax; fore wing without linea clava,
postmarginal vein mostly developed; body often larger than previous (21a),
often with metallic color
|
|
24a. Pronotum subrectangular, large; abdomen convex, not
collapsed, ovipositor hardly exserted (if apex narrowed in a cauda then
covered by extended epipygium; body (regional spp.) not metallic, usually
black or marked with yellow or reddish; lower mesepimeron not separated;
[prescutal sutures complete though posteriorly sometimes shallow; thorax
mostly with coarse hairy punctuation] ........... Eurytomidae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
24b. Pronotum mostly
different from previous (22a), but if subrectangular then either
abdomen collapsed or body with some metallic gloss or without coarse
punctuation; lower mesepimeron often delimited by a groove
|
|
25a. Occipital carina present, horseshoe-shaped and
marginal vein at least 5X as long as narrow
pedunculate part of stigmal vein; antenna always with 13 segments; hind coxa either
greatly enlarged or fore wing with distinctly knobbed
stigma ; ovipositor mostly distinctly exserted, often long; prescutal
sutures always complete, posteriorly subparallel; [both sexes fully winged]
|
|
25b. Occipital
carina often absent or, if present then either marginal vein not so much
longer than the pedunculate part of stigmal vein before uncus or knob, or antenna with fewer than 13
segments; if ovipositor exserted then
prescutal sutures incomplete or antenna with 12 segments
|
|
26a. Cerci 4-sided or elongated, in female
placed in membrane between short 7th
tergite and flap-like 8th tergite; ovipositor at
least shortly exserted, often long; male abdomen collapsed or convex, in
latter case at least as high as broad, without lateral edge; pronotum
mostly long, often subconical ....... Torymidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
26b. Cerci reduced
to low plates and placed on undivided sclerotized epipygium which is subconical
in female, or in form of transverse plate in male; abdomen always heavily
sclerotized and often with coarse sculpture, sometimes sculpture reduced to
small longitudinal ridges bearing a bristle at apex; ovipositor not
exserted; male abdomen broader than high, with at least a blunt edge on
sides; pronotum relatively short .......... Ormyridae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
27a. Scutellum separated from scutum by axillae, which broadly
to narrowly meet medially; pronotum so reduced that it is not visible
dorsally (except Akapata and
Echthrodape, but
on sides often fused with prepectus; prescutal sutures usually complete and
scutellar apex often produced; abdomen mostly petiolate; marginal vein very
long (except Echthrodape) but
sometimes poorly defined; sculpture on thorax often coarse .......... Eucharitidae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
27b. Scutellum
bordering on scutum or, if only touching it at midpoint
then pronotum is visible dorsally; other characters also mostly different
from previous (25a)
|
|
28a. Females only; antenna with 6
distinct funicular segments and sometimes with 1 ring-like segment ; fore wing mostly with dense pubescence
reaching the base and very long marginal vein and short stigmal vein with
uncus; prescutal sutures deep, complete; propodeum often very hairy
........... Tetracampidae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
28b. Both sexes;
antenna mostly different but, if
similar to previous (26a) then hariness of fore wing reduced in basal 1/3rd and venation different;
prescutal sutures often incomplete and propodeum almost always not hairy
mesad of spiracles
|
|
29a. Prepectus often fused with side panel of pronotum; if prepectus clearly separated then face with discernible supraclypeal
area and strong mandibles only 2-toothed;
prescutal sutures always complete; body of metallic color to black, thorax
mostly with coarse hairy punctuation .......... Perilampidae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
29b. Prepectus clearly
separated from pronotum (sometimes indistinct in Macromesus) and if supraclypeal area is discernible then mandibles are
different; prescutal sutures often incomplete and thorax usually also
different in other ways; [large group with diverse forms]
|
|
30a. Females only; abdomen with protruding narrow tail which is
formed either by ovipositor alone (with sheaths) or by ovipositor covered
by narrowly extended terminal tergite(s)
|
|
30b. Both sexes;
abdomen without previously described (28a) tail
|
|
31a. Apex of tail curved downwards; prescutal sutures complete and antenna with 12 segments, and 1-3 are ring-like; associated with fig fruits ....... Agaonidae (part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
32a. Mandibles sickle-shaped, narrow; lower face either with
well-defined supraclypeal area or with very deep tentorial pits; marginal
vein unusually long but apex of venation often poorly defined, with stigmal
vein always very short, almost perpendicular ......... Eucharitidae
(= Eucharidae) (part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
32b. Mandibles
broader than previous (30a), not sickle-shaped; if supraclypeal area is distinct or pit-like
depressions on head deep, then venation with a much shorter marginal vein
and an oblique stigmal vein longer than previously described (30a)
|
|
33a. Females only; metapleuron short but broadly reaches base of
hind wing, hind coxa jointed very high above mid coxa; apex of abdomen
usually curved downward; thorax dorsally either with unusually fine dense
punctuation or mainly smooth; base of stigmal vein often very nearly in
right angle with postmarginal vein (latter at times very short or absent);
associated with fig fruits .......... Agaonidae (part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
33b. Both sexes;
different from previous (31a); if rarely metapleuron rather broadly reaching base of
hind wing then thoracic dorsum differently sculptured (often net-like);
female abdomen never curved downward at apex; if stigmal vein branching off
nearly at a right angle then metapleuron triangular; hardly ever associated
with figs fruits .......... Pteromalidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
Subfamilies
of Chalcididae
<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
34a. Apex of hind tibia tapering into a strong spine extended
far beyond insertion of tarsus, between tip of spine and tarsus usually
only one spur and even this often inconspicuous
|
|
34b. Apex of hind
tibia almost perpendicularly truncate and with two spurs, only rarely
ventral corner forming a short spine ....... Chalcididae (Haltichellinae)
|
|
35a. Antennae minute, flagellum much shorter than length of eye
and with less than 11 distinguishable segments;
abdomen unusually narrow, tail-like and attached at upper margin of
propodeum, far above hind coxae; marginal and stigmal veins nearly equal in
length; ocelli often very large ....... Chalcididae (Smicromorphinae)
|
|
35b. Antennae
normal, much longer, with at least 11 distinguishable
segments; abdomen attached at coxae, broad, never tail-like
|
|
36a. Head between antennal sockets and eyes produced into strong
edged horns; abdomen on petiole, this not long but with distinct dorsal
carinae; large 1st tergite anteriorly usually
with a striate area; ventral edge of hind femur with smoothly arched comb
of minute teeth ............ Chalcididae (Dirhininae)
|
|
36b. Head without
such horns; if frons bulging at sides then hind femur different; also
abdomen different
|
|
37a. Abdomen on slender striate petiole which is longer than 1/2 of abdomen, body of the latter
bulging ventrally; antennae inserted very low, on a shield protruding over
mouth, sockets virtually absent; marginal vein very long, stigmal
rudimentary, postmarginal absent ......... Chalcididae (Epitraninae)
|
|
37b. Abdomen quite
different, petiole either concealed or at least much shorter and then not
longitudinally striate; other characters also different ........... Chalcididae (Chalcidinae)
|
Subfamilies
of Eurytomidae
<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
38a. Antennae with 13 segments,
the segments after pedicel either not differentiated or proximal 3 segments of flagellum shortened and then somewhat
anelliform .......... Eurytomidae (Rileyinae)
|
|
38b. Antennae at most
with 12 segments, with only 1 anellus and this often almost fused with first funicular
segment, and apical segments mostly fused into clava ........... Eurytomidae (Eurytominae)
|
Subfamilies
of Torymidae
<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
39a. Occiput with horseshoe-shaped carina; stigmal vein either very short and then usually
not longer than breadth of costal cell , or (if
longer) with stigma conspicuously enlarged but on short petiole; thorax
never flattened dorsally; epipygium dorsally extremely short, with its
apical part forming a short flap which is partly membranous at cerci;
antennae always with 13 segments, tarsi with 5 segments; always fully winged; true Torymidae
|
|
39b. Occiput without
horseshoe-shaped carina, although sometimes separated from vertex by a
cross-ridge; stigmal vein slender and at least slightly longer than breadth
of costal cell, usually at wide angle approaching 90°; thorax often dorsally
flattened, either almost smooth or with almost granulate reticulation;
epipygium never of the form as previously described; antennae and tarsi
sometimes with less segments than above; males often with rudimentary wings
or wingless ........... non-Torymidae,
Agaonidae
|
|
40a. Groove between mesopleuron and metapleuron strongly
sinuate, so that metapleuron forms a distinct lobe; in Australian species
antennae always with 1 anellus and 7 funicular segments ......... Torymidae (Toryminae)
|
|
40b. Groove between
mesopleuron and metapleuron almost straight or slightly curved; antennae
with 1-2 anelli (Australian species)
|
|
41a. Knob of stigmal vein unusually enlarged, which makes the
vein distinctly longer than breadth of costal cell; body often somewhat
yellow (rarely metallic), thorax with rather sparse and usually outstanding
conspicuous hairs, always without short normal pilosity .......... Torymidae (Megastigminae)
|
|
41b. Stigmal vein
much shorter than previously described, stigma not, or slightly knobbed; head
and thorax always metallic of submetallic (Australian species), only gaster
rarely somewhat yellowish or red; pilosity on thorax usually dense and
short, not outstanding ........... Torymidae (Monodontomerinae)
|
Subfamilies
of Pteromalidae
Also View: Pteromalidae
Subfamiliea & nearct-2.key.htm
|
42a. Stigmal vein arising at almost right angel and longer than
postmarginal vein (dwarfed sometimes brachypterous); body not metallic,
usually yellowish or blackish, thorax along median line almost smooth and
bare except for paired setae (rarely more setae sublaterally), including
rare shortwinged forms; oral fossa on back of head strongly constricted or
separated from foramen magnum by postgenal bridge; [tarsi sometimes with 4 segments; antenna sometimes with one anellus, number of
segments variable] .......... non-Pteromalidae, Agaonidae (Epichrysomallinae). <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
42b. Stigmal vein at
acute angle or, if rarely approaching right angle (e.g., some
Ormocerinae), then stigmal vein shorter than postmarginal and thorax
dorsally with distinct sculpture and extensive pilosity present even in
median line; back of head usually broadly open between oral fossa and
foramen magnum; mostly quite different from that previously described;
winged or wingless
|
|
43a. Antennal radicula about 4X as
long as broad, sockets wide apart but close to mouth, antennal formula 1125(3); face collapsing so that eyes come close together; body
and appendages very slender, ovipositor long; marginal vein at least 8X as long as the very short stigmal vein, but postmarginal
vein long ............ Pteromalidae (Louriciinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
43b. Radicula hardly
ever longer than broad (exceptionally 2X so
in Storeya), antennae different, also body and venation different
|
|
44a. Antennal toruli situated on lower margin of head,
overhanging the mouth; antenna 1171, (=
with 7 funicular segments but no
anellus); head prognathous or subprognathous; abdomen on distinct petiole;
marginal vein very long, stigmal and postmarginal veins short
|
|
44b. Toruli located
at least slightly above mouth margin; antennal formula usually different or
venation different
|
|
45a. Body mainly yellowish; head and thorax almost smooth;
scutellum with fine out-curving sublateral lines; disc of fore wing convex and
almost bare, at parastigma a group or tuft of black scales; frons without
median groove .......... Pteromalidae (Storeyinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
45b. Body black or
slightly metallic; at least thorax with some distinct punctures or rugosity,
often also head; scutellum without sublateral lines but often with punctate
frenal line; fore wing disc flat, pubescent, without a tuft of scales;
(frons with median punctured groove) .......... Pteromalidae (Spalangiinae)
|
|
46a. Head subprognathous or globose, with large ridge or tooth
between antennae, and with strong occipital carina; body and antennae shiny,
latter without anelli (onexception); wings, if not reduced, without
conspicuous pilosity but with fine long marginal fringe, sometimes with a
tuft at parastigma, marginal vein fairly long but postmarginal and stigmal
veins short; [body yellowish to blackish, rarely with metallic gloss]
............ Pteromalidae (Cerocephalinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
46b. Head either
quite different, most orthognathous, (= with mouth directed ventrad), or antennae
and wings different from previous
|
|
47a. Antennae with not more than one anellus and at least 12 segments, clava counted as 3);
sometimes proximal flagellar segments gradually, even strongly shortened, almost
ring-like, but otherwise not different from distal ones
|
|
47b. Antennae either with at least 2 true anelli (anelli clearly different from larger following
segments which bear sensilla), or with
fewer than 12 segments (clava sometimes
undivided but counted as 3 segments)
|
|
48a. Head subcubical and with toothed parascrobal crests;
pronotum in dorsal view about 2X as
long as broad, also petiole, legs and wings unusually long and slender; ovipositor
protruding, long; antennae with 13
segments, without anellus .......... Pteromalidae (Leptofoeninae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
48b. Head transverse
and mostly without toothed parascrobal crests, or other characters at least
partly different than previous
|
|
49a. Pronotum large and subconical, collar not delimited by an
edge or, if only moderately large then with
distinct median line on sloping collum and inner eye margins strongly
diverging in lower half ; thorax dorsally densely punctured and pilose;
scutellum regularly densely pilose but without outstanding longer bristles;
[fore or hind femora, or both, often distinctly thickened]
|
|
49b. Pronotum short
or, if large (rarely), then with
collar anteriorly delimited by transverse edge, always without median line,
inner orbits not unusually diverging in lower half; thorax mostly with
different sculpture; scutellum often posteriorly with 2 frenal bristles, sometimes with additional pairs of
conspicuous setae anteriorly
|
|
50b. Scutellum
without sublateral grooves; otherwise also partly different
|
|
51a. Propodeum medially short, with deep petiolar emargination
in form of an inverted V or a gothic arch; petiole long-subconical to pear-shaped,
round in cross section, with some thin long hairs but without carinae or
coarse sculpture; body with unusually long but not thick pilosity; femora
slender; ovipositor protruding .......... Pteromalidae (Nefoeninae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
51b. Propodeum
without deep petiolar emargination; petiole, if rarely evident, of quite
different form and bare; body without long sparse hairs; femora often
thickened; ovipositor protruding or not
|
|
52a. Males only: Head with distinct occipital carina; (back of head with
hypostomal areas meeting below foramen); hind coxa fairly large; forewing
with marginal vein very long but the stigmal short or unusually knobbed
........... non-Pteromalidae, (Torymidae) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
52b. Males & Females: Occipital carina indistinct
|
|
53b. Scutellum
without distinct frenal line, without frenal bristles
|
|
54a. Pronotum dorsally rounded or at least without transverse edge,
medially often with smooth strip or raised longitudinal line; hind margin
only moderately emarginate; thorax usually punctured .......... Pteromalidae (Cleonyminae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
54b. Pronotum with collar
dorsally separated by an edge, sloping collum medially without any line,
hind margin rather deeply emarginate; thorax sculpture irregularly rugulose
but with rather dense pilosity ............ Pteromalidae (Ditropinotellinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
55b. Notauli mostly
clearly complete, if incomplete (some Diparinae
and Coelocybinae, also Eunotopsia) then marginal vein not widened in basal half, etc.
|
|
56a. Second tergite of petiolate abdomen very large, covering
most of dorsum, dorsally somewhat fused with the 1st tergite; head with no temple, gena posteriorly produced
into a lamina; antenna strongly clavate, all preclaval segments of
flagellum very transverse; scutellum anteriorly with 2 deep pits...... Pteromalidae (Asaphinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
56b. Second tergite
never covering most of gaster; gaster often sessile; temple and antenna different;
scutellum without double deep pit at base
|
|
57a. First tergite greatly enlarged, convex, non-collapsing,
covering more than 1/3rd (often much more, but only 1/4th in male Austrosystasis)
of abdomen; antennal sockets usually close to each other; often not
metallic
|
|
57b. First tergite
never bell-shaped, not so convex and large; if covering over 1/3rd of abdomen then either itself
collapsing from base or whole abdomen dorsally caving in; antennal sockets
usually rather wide apart
|
|
58a. Antennae with 13
segments; hind coxa inserted unusually high, its outer face often with transverse
sculpture; brachypterous or wingless &&
common; either vertex and/or thorax dorsally
with paired dark bristles and gena posteriorly rounded, or bristles absent and then gena carinate in lower part, in
latter case antenna long, 11173 .......... Pteromalidae (Diparinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
58b. Antennae with 12 segments, with 1
anellus and 6 funicular segments; gena
posteriorly mostly carinate
|
|
59a. Thorax with coarse and deep piliferous punctuation, hairs
not placed on papillae; abdomen subsessile, somewhat compressed laterally,
high, eurytomid-like, 1st tergite reduced on sides;
hind coxa long, inserted high ............ Pteromalidae (Austrosystasinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
59b. Thorax mostly
with much finer or sparse sculpture or, if densely pilose then hairs
arising from elevated papillae (in Herbertia); hind coxae not inserted
very high
|
|
60a. Petiole long, with longitudinal ribs; pronotum fairly
large, transverse; clypeal margin arcuately produced, mandibles long and
curved, teeth 2:3 ......... East Asiatic
Pteromalidae (Elatoidinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
60b. Petiole
transverse, often concealed; pronotum short; clypeal margin not produced;
mandibles short, different
|
|
61b. First tergite without
distinct longitudinal striae; head including large eyes, thorax dorsally
and wings regularly densely pilose, never with paired bristles;
postmarginal vein much longer than stigmal .......... Pteromalidae (Herbertiinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
62a. Scapula produced backwards outside the rectangular outer
corner of axilla, axilla fully 2X as
long as broad; mid tarsus with 4
segments, unusually long, first segment as long as rest; prepectus
unusually small ........... Pteromalidae (Macromesinae) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
62b. Scapula not
produced backwards outside of axilla, latter mostly much shorter; all tarsi
with 5 segments, shorter; prepectus
usually larger, different
|
|
63a. Scutellum with conspicuous paired bristles, at least 2 frenal ones present in posterior corners, often with
additional pairs on scutellum or even posteriorly on scutum; antennae inserted
low on face, sockets rather far apart; body most not metallic
|
|
63b. Scutellum
without any pairs of conspicuous bristles, thorax generally either with
rather regular pilosity or almost bare; in other respects also partly
different
|
|
64a. Fore wing densely pubescent, even basally; marginal vein
very long, about 5X as long as the stigmal, latter
with long uncus; propodeum with long hairs which medially converge towards
median line; antennae with 6 subequal funicular segments
and one (often indistinct) anellus; hind margin of 1st tergite usually bent down; abdomen sometimes petiolate;
hind tibial spur very small ......... non-Pteromalidae, Tetracampidae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
64b. Fore wing
somewhat bare in basal 1/3rd (in regional species); marginal vein relatively much
shorter, mostly much less than 4X as
long as the stigmal, stigmal uncus short; propodeum extensively bare;
antennae different, often clavate with basal or all flagellar segments
shortened; hind margin of 1st tergite flat; abdomen
sessile; hind tibial spurs often
strong ........... Pteromalidae (Coelocybinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
65a. Occipital carina distinctly developed
|
|
65b. Occipital
carina absent
|
|
66b. Axillae not or
only slightly advanced; abdomen usually different, also venation different
|
|
67a. Abdomen almost sessile; pronotum long, cubical, with edged
collar, fully as long as mesoscutum, dull with transverse rugose
punctuation; gena broadly rounded; mesopleuron with reticulate depression
similar to that of Pteromalinae ........... Pteromalidae (Keiraninae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
67b. Abdomen petiolate, petiole with
longitudinal ribs; pronotum transverse, anteriorly rounded; gena
posteriorly usually carinate; mesopleuron with large peculiar pits ......... Pteromalidae (Asaphinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
68a. Pronotum broad, subrectangular, shiny, even if densely
punctured, often anteriorly carinate; clypeus very broad, lower margin
somewhat produced but antennae at center of face; mandibles long,
crescentric, 2-toothed; mouth corners
angular, with malar depression, mouth margin in corners carinate; antennae 11173, clava symmetric; abdomen
short, often on sculptured petiole; [thorax often shiny, axillae close to
each other medially] ............ non-Pteromalidae,
(Chrysolampinae)
|
|
68b. Pronotum mostly
different, or, if subrectangular then dull with
dense sculpture (Ditropinotella); clypeus not broad, not produced;
mouth corners emarginate, not angular, not conspicuously carinate; at least
right mandible with 3 teeth; abdomen almost always
sessile
|
|
69a. Pronotum with collar edge or carina, hind margin deeply
emarginate, sides rather long; thorax densely punctured and pilose,
interstices densely rugulose-reticulate; propodeum with median carina and
extensive pilosity; [in hypopygium ending near apex and often sheaths
protruding and upturned] ............ Pteromalidae (Ditropinotellinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
69b. Pronotum rounded
dorsally, different; if thorax sometimes similar to previously described,
then propodeum not extensively pilose
|
|
70a. Males only: Antennae with tiny indistinct anellus, 7 funicular and 2
claval segments; mandibles with 4 teeth;
notauli complete and deep, thorax rather shiny .......... Pteromalidae (Pireninae) (rare forms) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
70b. Females or if Males then clava 3-segmented
or undivided, mandibles different, in other respects also partly different
|
|
71a. Males only: Head and thorax usually dull metallic, densely hairy and with
regular punctured-rugulose sculpture; antennae mostly 11173, or clava undivided, rarely
funicle shortened (some Anastatus); propodeum mostly with fine
median carina; axillae distinctly separated by short but truncate base of
scutellum; mid tibial spur usually enlarged, longer than spur of hind tibia
.......... non-Pteromalidae, Eupelmidae (Eupelminae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
71b. Males & Females: Thorax usually not metallic, sculpture
either transversely rugulose or rather fine, pilosity rather sparse, often
very sparse; propodeum often without median carina; axillae usually close to
each other; mid tibial spur not enlarged ........... Pteromalidae (Ormocerinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
72a. Antennae with 12-13 segments including at least 2
anelli (sometimes 3-4); notauli complete orincomplete
|
|
72b. Antennae with
fewer than 12 segments and often with only 1 anellus; notauli always complete
|
|
73a. Scutellum in dorsal view with distinct sublateral grooves or
lines which posteriorly mostly curve outwards; if grooves are placed more towards sides, then antennae with 4 short anelli; [axillae often advanced; notauli complete or
incomplete] .......... Pteromalidae (Colotrechninae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
73b. Scutellum
mostly without sublateral lines of, if such lines are visible on
sloping sides then they are straight and/or incomplete; antennae with 2-3 short anelli, or segments
after 2nd anellus short but gradually
increasing in size
|
|
74a. Scutellum posteriorly with a pair of conspicuous bristles,
at lateral ends of frenal line, its sculpture never raised-reticulate; body
mostly without metallic tinge; [antennae with 13 segments, often clavate and short, with several or most
segments after pedicel transverse, clava often asymmetric .......... Pteromalidae (Coelocybinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
74b. Scutellum without
frenal bristles, or if with 2 stronger hairs posteriorly
then whole scutellum has raised-reticulate sculpture and/or metallic hue
|
|
75a. Antennae inserted in lower 1/3rd of face, very rarely with 13
segments, usually 11-12 segments, with 1-2, mostly very small, anelli; mandibles with 4 teeth; clypeus conspicuous, convex, its sides converging,
lower margin produced, even in forms with 13-segmented
antennae ........... Pteromalidae (Pireninae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
75b. Antennae mostly
inserted near to or even above center of face, but if below center than with 13
segments, with 2-3 anelli (very rarely more segments anelliform); clypeus
always different from previously described
|
|
76a. Axillar grooves anteriorly somewhat meeting so that
scutellum does not reach or only narrowly reaches mesoscutum; body without
regular reticulation, mostly regulose, without metallic hue; abdomen sessile;
propodeal spiracles mostly unusually large; antennae with 12-13 segments .......... Pteromalidae (Ormocerinae) (part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
76b. Axillar grooves
wide apart so that scutellum broadly borders on mesoscutum; most other
aspects also different
|
|
77a. Antennae with 12
segments, with 2 distinct anelli and 5 funicular segments; clypeus subrectangular, flat, not produced,
dorsally with deep tentorial pits; notauli very deep, complete; abdomen
sessile .......... Pteromalidae (Ormocerinae) (part) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
77b. Antennae
different, with 13 segments, mostly with 2-3 anelli; clypeus mostly
different from previous; notauli often incomplete; thorax usually with
raised reticulation; abdomen often petiolate
|
|
78a. Clypeal margin with deep median incision and asymmetric teeth; antennae inserted
below ocular line; notauli (in regional species) complete but posteriorly
often very shallow; propodeum convex in median 1/3rd, mostly with indicated
carina; marginal vein slender ......... Pteromalidae (Miscogasterinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
79a. Gena posteriorly carinate (exceptionally only with angulate
edge, in Scutellista); between pedicel and clava only 4 (mainly %%) or 5 segments (most) first of which may be shortened,
anelliform; thorax pilosity mostly replaced by distinct and sparse
bristles, rarely uniformly pilose (Scutellista); clypeal margin not
produced ........ Pteromalidae (Eunotinae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
79b. Gena without
carina or edge; antennae different; either 2 or
more rounded, segments anelliform or with
at least 6 segments between pedicel and clava;
thorax always without strong bristles; clypeal margin mostly produced
|
|
80a. Pronotum large, subrectangular, with subparallel sides,
anteriorly carinate or rounded; antennae always with 6 segments between pedicel and clava, 1st segment sometimes anelliform; clava asymmetric owing to a
collapsing area of micropilosity; face shiny; [abdomen hardly ever
collapsing, mostly strongly convex, often with produced ovipositor]
........... Pteromalidae (Chromeurytominae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
80b. Pronotum at least medio-dorsally very short and usually
rounded, rarely collar separated by blunt edge or carina, but then it is
less than 1/6th the length of mesoscutum; antenna with 1 small anellus and often 5 (&&) of 6 funicular segments, or
funicular segments reduced in number and size, in extremes only 2 short segments between pedicel and clava, latter mostly
symmetric ............ Pteromalidae (Pireninae)
|
Subfamilies
of Eulophidae
<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
81a. Mesoscutum with notauli incomplete, in posterior 1/2 or 1/3rd not present or hardly
distinct, or transformed to broad depressions
|
|
81b. Notauli clearly
visible, complete, virtually reaching the trans-scutal suture (rarely with
shallow interruption before middle
|
|
82a. Scutellum with at least 2 pairs
of setae, in some species with additional pilosity; submarginal vein with
at least 4 dorsal bristles and distally
not strongly tapering, mostly continuous with the parastigma; stigmal vein
usually moderately long and in most forms postmarginal vein distinct, often
longer than stigmal ............ Eulophidae (Eulophinae) (part)
|
|
82b. Scutellum with 1 pair of setae only (in Australasian forms except Parahorismenus
and no other pilosity; submarginal vein with only 2 dorsal bristles, rarely with only one [some Neotropical genera have more than 2 bristles on submarginal vein], the vein strongly tapering
at apex, not smoothly joining the parastigma; stigmal vein always very
short, the postmarginal usually still shorter (rarely longer) than the
stigmal ............ Eulophidae (Entedoninae)
|
|
83a. Axillae strongly angulately advanced along hind portion of
the straight, groove-like notauli or, if
axillae only moderately advanced, then anterior pair of 4 setae on scutellum near to middle or behind middle of
sclerite, scutum and scutellum with delicate sculpture, shiny; scutellum
mostly with almost parallel submedian grooves; submarginal vein usually not
smoothly continuous with parastigma, postmarginal vein mostlyrudimentary
............. Eulophidae (Tetrastichinae)
|
|
83b. Axillae not
angulately advanced or, if approaching that condition
(some Cirrospilus and related forms) then scutum and scutellum
mostly with dense deep reticulation and anterior setae of scutellum
situated in anterior 1/3rd; submarginal vein often continuous with parastigma and
postmarginal vein distinct
|
|
84a. Submarginal vein dorsally with 2 bristles (rarely only 1) and
scutellum with only 1 pair of setae; upper face usually
with linear grooves of slightly modified X-shape; notaular grooves
anteriorly abruptly directed sideways and before the bend at least shortly
interrupted; fully winged .......... Eulophidae (Entedoninae) (few aberrant forms)
|
|
84b. Submarginal
vein usually with more dorsal bristles, but if with
only 1-2, then scutellum with 2 pairs
of setae; upper face different; rarely brachypterous
|
|
85a. Submarginal vein at distal end smoothly curving into
parastigma; notauli either almost straight posteriorly
and then axillae not or only moderately advanced, or notauli curving out to meet the advanced axillae;
postmarginal vein mostly longer than, rarely only as long as, the stigmal;
scutellum often with sublateral grooves which anteriorly join axillar
grooves; tergites 7 & 8 not separated dorsally ........... Eulophidae (Eulophinae) (part).
|
|
85b. Submarginal vein
tapering to apex, not continuous with parastigma, or if condition similar to that described previously, then
notauli posteriorly straight and deep but scutellum without sublateral
grooves and & abdomen with tergite 7 dorsally separated from tergite 8
|
|
86a. Scutellum in dorsal view entire, without longitudinal
grooves, axillulae on its sides separated by a depression which is not
visible dorsally; female gaster with 2
tergites after the (spiracle-bearing) 6th, these
loose or only partly fused; postmarginal vein distinct although sometimes
short; male scape without a plaque ............. Eulophidae (Euderinae)
|
|
86b. Scutellum with 2-4 longitudinal grooves, lateral
ones, separating axillulae, mostly delimited by an outside carina visible
in dorsal view, even if submedian grooves are absent; female abdomen with
last 2 tergites fused (epipygium;
postmarginal vein usually rudimentary; male scape often with longitudinal
plaque on ventral edge ......... Eulophidae (Tetrastichinae)
|
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
REFERENCES:
Bouček, Z. 1988.
Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A Biosystematic Revision of Genera of Fourteen Families, with a
Reclassification of Species.
C.A.B. International,
Wallingford, England. 832 p.
Grandi, G. 1952. Insetti dei fichi messicani, malesi ed
australiani. Boll. Ist. Ent. Univ. Bologna
19: 47-67.
|