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Keys to the Adults of Superfamilies of
Hymenoptera
(Email
Contacts)
(Derived fr. Boucek, 1988;
Clausen, 1923; Crawford, 1909;
Gauld & Bolton, 1988;
Hill, 1923; Masner & Dessart, 1967;
Noyes & Valentine, 1989;
Riek, 1970 & Yoshimoto, 1984 by E. F. Legner)
Please refer also to the
following for greater detail:
<Guide>, <Families>, <Principal Groups>
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1a. Body without a marked constriction between
the 1st and 2nd abdominal segments, resulting in abdomen being broadly
joined to thorax); long-winged, fore wing with an enclosed anal cell and/or
rounded projections on metanotum present; hind wing usually has at least 3
closed cells ........... (SYMPHYTA)
(Chalastogastra)--sawflies &
horntails <General Characteristics>
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1b. Body with a constriction between the 1st
and 2nd abdominal segments, given the appearance of abdomen almost always
being narrowly joined to thorax
(may be obscured in some taxa, but these have no enclosed cells in
the fore wing); long-winged, short-winged or wingless, if long-winged then
fore wing without an enclosed anal cell; hind wing usually has 2 or less
closed basal cells; rounded projections on metanotum not present;
ovipositor not developed into a sting.
(APOCRITA--Parasitica) (Clistogastra, Petiolata)-- parasitic/predatory
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1c. Same as previous (1b) except that
ovipositor not used for egg-laying but rather developed into a weapon for
injecting venom and used for hunting, defense and aggression (sting); eggs
emitted from apical gastral segments, at base of sting ..........
(APOCRITA--Aculeata) (Stinging
Hymenoptera)
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2a. Antennae inserted on ventral side of
head adjacent to mouth; anal cell of forewing indistinct ............ Orussoidea <Overview>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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2b. Antennae inserted on anterior side of
head well above mouth; fore wing with enclosed anal cell distinct
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3a. Fore wing with Rs branches; antennae highly
modified with 3rd segment long and broad, followed by 9 or more slender
threadlike segments .......... Xyeloidea
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3b. Fore wing with Rs unbranched; antennae
various, never with both the 3rd segment long and broad and the remaining
flagellar segments threadlike
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4a. Fore tibia with either a single apical
spur, or with two spurs of unequal length, the shorter of which is almost
vestigial
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4b. Fore tibia with two well developed, but unequal apical spurs
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5a. Rounded projections on metanotum absent;
abdomen terminally laterally compressed, anteriorly slightly constricted
between 1st and 2nd segments ......... Cephoidea
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5b. Rounded projections on metanotum
present; abdomen cylindrical or depressed, not constricted anteriorly;
antennae inserted under broad frontal ridge below eyes, just above mouth;
small insects (8-14 mm. long) ............ Siricoidea
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6a. Pronotum in dorsal view with hind margin
somewhat straight; fore wing with vein 2r-rs present; labrum concealed; mid and hind tibiae
with preapical spurs and antennae with >18 segments ............ Megalodontoidea
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6b. Pronotum in dorsal view with hind margin
much bowed, or if weakly bowed then fore wing with 2r-rs absent; vein 2r-rs
otherwise present or absent; labrum exposed; mid and hind tibiae without
preapical spurs, or if such spurs are present, then antennae with fewer
than 10 segments; antennae othewise with 3-32 segments, often with 9 or
less ........... Tenthredinoidea
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7a. Segment 1 of abdomen forming a node or
scale, or first two segments nodiform, so segment 2 is fully separated
(both dorsally and ventrally) from segments 1 and 3 .......... Vespoidea (part)
<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> [formerly Formicoidea <Overview>]
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7b. Segment 1 of abdomen not scale-like, if
rarely slightly nodiform then with segment 2 closely lying close to segment
3
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8a. Segment 1 of abdomen inserted high up on
propodeum so distance between propodeal socket and insertion of hind coxa
is ca. equal to or greater than distance between socket and hind margin of
metanotum
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8b. Segment 1 of abdomen inserted low down
on propodeum so distance between propodeal socket and insertion of hind
coxa is very much less than distance between socket and hind margin of
metanotum ...........10
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9a. Antennae with 14 or less segments; fore
wing with costal cell distinct, hind wings lack closed cells, venation
usually much reduced; abdomen attached high above hind coxae on thorax
............. Evanioidea
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9b. Antennae with 18 or more segments,
usually filiform, unspecialized; fore wing with costal cell indistinct or
absent, veins C, Sc, R and Rs fused between wing base and pterostigma;
sternites of abdomen weakly sclerotized .......... Ichneumonoidea
(part) <Overview>
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10a. Fully winged insects
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10b. Short-winged or wingless insects
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11a. Fore wing with one enclosed cell, or
without any enclosed cells; sternites of abdomen usually heavily
sclerotized; fore, mid & hind tarsi with 3 segments
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11b. Fore wing with two or more cells clearly delineated by veins
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12a. Fore wing with membrane reticulate; hind
wing vestigial, with a forked apex; segments 1 and 2 of abdomen
cylindrical, slender, forming a 2-segmented petiole (body length <1mm);
pronotum short, does not reach tegula; many meatallic species .......... Chalcidoidea (part)
<Overview>
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12b. Fore wing membrane not reticulate; hind wing
fully developed though often very narrow, but never with a forked apex;
abdomen with at most first segment cylindrical and slender so that petiole,
if present, has 1 segment
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13a. Hind wing with a distinct stalk; pronotum
short, does not reach tegula; many metallic species ............ Chalcidoidea (part) <Overview>
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13b. Hind wing not stalked
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14a. Mesosoma (= propodeum + metathorax) with
pronotum not extending back to tegulae ; wings without enclosed cells;
pronotum short, does not reach tegula; many metallic species ........... Chalcidoidea (part) <Overview>
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14b. Mesosoma with pronotum extending back to
almost touch tegulae; wings with or without closed cells
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15a. Antennae inserted in center of face,
their sockets separated from the clypeus by more than 2X their own diameter
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15b. Antennae inserted on face close to clypeus,
their sockets separated from clypeus by ca. their own diameter or less
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16a. Antennae not inserted on a promontory or
"shelf," those of female without a very elongated scape; fore wing
venation characteristic, with a rather large radial cell, that is either
open anteriorly, or the only enclosed cell in the wing; costal cell broad,
anteriorly open, posteriorly bordered by a vein from which arises a long
stub of Rs & M; stigma absent; filiform antennae with 1st segment
slightly smaller than 2nd, or with 2nd segment small and 1st and 3rd
segments smaller; abdomen compressed laterally ........... Cynipoidea
(part) <Overview> [ See Subfamilies]
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16b. Antennae inserted on facial promontory
or "shelf," those of female geniculate, elbowed antennae, scape
more than 3X as long as wide; fore wing without venation, or with a single linear
vein, without a distinguishable radial cell, or if one is indicated then it
is not defined distally and costal cell is only enclosed cell; if present,
vein delineating costal cell posteriorly is without a stub of Rs & M;
Fore wings with no closed basal cell; hind wings lack closed cells; abdomen
attached near propodeum base, contiguous with or close to hind coxae;
abdomen cylindrical or almost so; no metallic forms ........... Proctotrupoidea (part) <Overview>
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17a. Head distinctly prognathous; tergite 1
of abdomen as long as following tergites, separated from sternite,
posteriorly overlapping tergite 2
.......... Chrysidoidea
(= Bethyloidea) (part) <Overview> (part)
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17b. Head hypognathous; tergite 1 of abdomen
shorter than the following apparent tergite (which may be a syntergite), or
the two fused and tergite 1 visible as a ridged anterior rim of the first
apparent tergite; tergite 1 usually fused with sternite to form a ring at
anterior end of abdomen
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18a. Wing venation greatly reduced; fore wing
with long vein along anterior margin, this vein distally with a curved stigmal
branch, sometimes with a large pterostigma; fore tibia with two spurs
........... Ceraphronoidea (part)
<Overivew>
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18b. Fore wing without any venation, or with a
short vein that does not reach to level of middle of wing, or if with a long vein, then this is proximally
separated from anterior margin of wing, and its stigmal branch is almost
straight; pterostigma not present, hind wings lack closed cells; fore tibia
with a single spur; propodeum reaches to tegula; abdomen attached near
propodeum base, contiguous with or close to hind coxae, abdomen cylindrical
or almost so; elbowed antennae. .........
Proctotrupoidea (part)
<Overview>
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19a. Tarsi with well developed membranous
pads; antennae with 26-27 segments; fore wing with 10 enclosed cells
.......... Trigonalyoidea <Overview>
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19b. Tarsi without membranous pads, or if
vestiges present then antennae with fewer than 14 segments; antennae
otherwise with various numbers of segments, if more than 14 then fore wing
with 7 or fewer enclosed cells; fore wing otherwise with 1-10 enclosed
cells
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20a. Fore wing with costal cell indistinct or
absent, veins C, Sc, R. and Rs fused or contiguous from wing base to pterostigma;
hind wing without a distinct lobe at the base; antennae usually with 16 or
more segments (rarely with as few as 12), and with a small small ringlike
segments (= anelli) somewhat differentiated from proximal end of 1st
flagellar segment ...........Ichneumonoidea (part)
<Overview>
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20b. Fore wing with costal cell usually
visible, though sometimes not bordered anteriorly by a vein, rarely when costal
cell is virtually eliminated then a distinct lobe is present at the base of
the hind wing; this lobe otherwise present or absent; antennae with 10-15
segments, without small anelli differentiated from proximal end of 1st
flagellar segment (except in one taxon with a broad costal cell)
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21a. Fore wing with costal cell open, not
delineated by a vein along anterior margin of wing; pterostigma absent;
abdomen laterally compressed ........... Cynipoidea (part)
<Overview> [ See Subfamilies]
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21b. Fore wing with costal cell enclosed,
bordered anteriorly by a vein, or if this vein is rarely absent the
pterostigma is present, or costal cell is indistinct or absent; pterostigma
otherwise present, or uncommonly, absent; abdomen cylindrical or depressed
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22a. First tergite of abdomen short, fused with
sternite to form a ring-like, highly sclerotized segment; second tergite
(or syntergite) longer than tergites 1 and 3+ combined; spiracles not
present at least on first and apparent second gastral tergites; fore wing
usually with 2 enclosed cells (costal and radial), rarely with up to 3 more
enclosed cells (thus a max. of 5), no closed basal cell .......... Proctotrupoidea (part) <Overview>
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22b. First tergite of abdomen quite long, not
fused with sternite to form short ring-like segment; second tergite not
longer than tergites 1 and 3+ combined; first and second segments of
abdomen with distinct spiracles (though these may be positioned ventrally on
laterotergite); fore wing usually with 6 or more enclosed cells, rarely
with 2-5 and then always with basal and subbasal cells enclosed, costal
cell usually enclosed, radial cell sometimes not enclosed
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23a. Fore wing with radial cell either not
indicated or open distally, and without any complete cubital (submarginal)
cells; fore wings have at least 1 closed basal cell; hind wing without
enclosed cells ............ Chrysidoidea (=
Bethyloidea) (part) <Overview>
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23b. Fore wing with an enclosed radial cell,
and with at least one enclosed cubital cell; hind wing generally with two
or three enclosed cells
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24a. Pronotum with upper hind corner widely
separated from tegulae, and lower down the side with a pronounced pronotal
lobe covering mesothoracic spiracle .......... Apoidea <Overview> &
Sphecoidea <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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24b. Pronotum with upper hind corner reaching
to or close to tegula, with or without a pronounced pronotal lobe
........... Vespoidea (part) <Overview>
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25a. Antennae with 16 or more segments, somewhat
filiform, unspecialized; sternites of abdomen weakly sclerotized, tending
to dry with median longitudinal fold. ............. Ichneumonoidea
(part) <Overview>
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25b. Antennae with 15 or fewer segments,
sometimes filiform and unspecialized, often geniculate with elongated scape
and clavate distal segments; sternites of abdomen heavily sclerotized
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26a. Fore, mid and hind tarsi with 3 segments.
.......... Chalcidoidea (part)
<Overview>
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26b. All tarsi with 4 or 5 segments
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27a. Upper hind corner of pronotum separated from
tegula by a prepectus ............. Chalcidoidea (part)
<Overview>
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27b. Upper hind corner of pronotum somewhat touching tegula, or
with tegula absent
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28a. First segment of abdomen somewhat
conical, not dorsally fused with tergite 2; tergites 1 and 2 with spiracles
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28b. First segment of abdomen cylindrical or annular,
or minute, indistinct, fused dorsally with tergite 2; tergites 1 and 2
without spiracles
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29a. Antennae with 10 segments ........... Chrysidoidea (=
Bethyloidea) (part) <Overview>
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29b. Antennae with 11-13 segments
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30a. Head prognathous and dorsoventrally
flattened; clypeus with a median ridge extending between antennae
............. Chrysidoidea
(= Bethyloidea) (part) <Overview> (part)
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30b. Head hypognathous, not dorsoventrally
flattened; clypeus lacking a median ridge that extends between antennae
........... Vespoidea (part)
<Overview>
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31a. Antennae never geniculate, the scape
only slightly longer than broad, and slightly shorter than first flagellar
segment; abdomen laterally compressed ............. Cynipoidea (part) <Overview> [ See Subfamilies]
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31b. Female (the most commonly encountered
short-winged or wingless sex) with antennae geniculate, the scale
elongated, at least twice the length of the first flagellar segment;
abdomen of both sexes cylindrical or depressed
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32a. Anterior tibia with two apical spurs
............. Ceraphronoidea
(part) <Overivew>
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32b. Anterior tibia with one apical spur
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33a. Antennal socket separated from clypeus
by its own diameter or less; first segment of abdomen with tergite and sternite
separate; tergite 8 without spiracle; antennae with 12 or fewer segments
.......... Proctotrupoidea (part)
<Overview>
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33b. Antennal socket separated from clypeus
by more than twice its own diameter; first segment of abdomen with tergite
and sternite fused; tergite 8 with spiracle; antennae almost always with 13
or more segments
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34a. Abdomen, particularly in females,
laterally compressed; antennae of female with 14 segments, of male 13
segments; ovipositor concealed; head without shelf-like process; cerci
absent; ovipositor opening ventral ............ Cynipoidea
(part) <Overview> [See Subfamilies]
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34b. Abdomen usually cylindrical; antennae
with various numbers of segments, if with 14 segments in female or 13-segments
in male then ovipositor exposed or antennae attached to a shelf-like
process of the face; cerci present; ovipositor opening terminal
............. Proctotrupoidea (part)
<Overview>
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35a. Have fully developed functional wings
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35b. Wingless or short-winged
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36a. Pronotum posterodorsally usually separated
from mesonotal anterior margin by a somewhat well developed groove;
pronotum posterolaterally remote from the tegulae, and lower down the side
with a pronounced posterior lobe which covers the mesothoracic spiracle;
posteroventrally the pronotum closely coadapted to the anterior mesopleural
margin and reflexed mesally below, behind the fore coxae
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36b. Pronotum posterodorsally contiguous with
the mesonotal anterior margin, lacking a groove; pronotum posterolaterally
almost reaching the tegulae with or without a distinct posterior lobe which
covers the mesothoracic spiracle; if pronotum posteroventrally closed
coadapted to the anterior mesopleural margin then it is not reflexed below
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37a. Fore wing with a fold traversing 1m-cu
between 1st and 2nd discal (= discoidal) cells, usually through a clear
area (bulla), this fold discrete from the radial fold in the submarginal (=
cubital) cells. Basitarsi enlarged,
those of hind legs expanded and flattened in anterior view, wider than
following segments and usually only slightly narrower than hind
tibiae. Body setae plumose
(branched), or partly so; pronotal lobe reaches or almost reaches tegula
........... Apoidea <Overview>
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37b. Fore wing with a fold traversing the 2nd
abiscissa of M, between the second discal (discoidal) and 2nd or 3rd submarginal
(cubital) cells, usually through a clear area, this fold linking with the
radial fold in the submarginal (cubital) cells. Basitarsi not enlarged, those of hind legs slender, not
flattened in anterior view, usually much narrower than the hind tibiae. Body setae simple and unbranched all
over; ;pronotal lobe does not reach tegula ............. Sphecoidea <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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38a. Antennae distinctly geniculate, elbowed
between scape and funiculus. Body
with 1-2 reduced separated node like or scale like segments between mesosoma
(= propodeum + metathorax) and abdomen (= dorsal hump or node) ........... Vespoidea (part)
<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
[formerly Formicoidea <Overview>] (part)
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38b. Antennae not geniculate, not elbowed
between scape and funiculus. Body
without separated node like or scale like segments between mesosoma (=
propodeum + metathorax) and abdomen
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39a. Fore wing usually with a complete closed
marginal (= radial) cell which is bounded by tubular veins, and with at
least one complete submarginal (cubital) cell; hind wing with 2-3 complete
cells
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39b. Fore wing with marginal (radial) cells
open, often with only a stub of tubular vein arising from the stigma;
without any complete submarginal (cubital) cells; hind wing with much
reduced venation, at most with an open costal cell but without complete cells
posterior to this although up to 3 tubular veins may be present
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40a. Distal quarter or more of wing membranes
longitudinally grooved (striated), with a densely corrugated appearance; fore
wings usually have extensive venation; first discoidal cell shorter than
submedian cell; hind wings have at least 1 closed basal cell; pronotum does
not reach tegula ............. Scolioidea <Overview> [ formerly Pompiloidea <Overview>]
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40b. Distal quarter or more of wing membranes
plain, without a densely corrugated appearance
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41a. Mesopleuron with a straight diagonal groove
which traverses the mesopleural scrobe; eyes round or oval; antennae
filiform. ............ Scolioidea <Overview> [ formerly Pompiloidea]
<Overview>
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41b. Mesopleuron lacking a straight diagonal
groove which transverses the mesopleural scrobe
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42a. Fore wing with an elongated and very
obvious discal (discoidal) cell, the wing like a fan from base to apex, and
folded longitudinally when at rest.
Glossa and paraglossa terminating in small clerotized pads; pronotum
touches tegula; eyes deeply notched or if round, then antennae clavate
........... Vespoidea <Overview>
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42b. Fore wing lacking an elongated discal
(discoidal) cell, the wing not like a fan from base to apex, not folded
longitudinally in repose. Glossa
and paraglossa without apical sclerotized pads
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43a. Tibiae of middle legs with a single
spur. Pretarsal claws
2-forked. mandibles elongated and
crossing over when closed, not simply overlapping ............ Vespoidea
<Overview> (Eumenidae)
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43b. Tibiae of middle legs with two
spurs. Pretarsal claws simple. Mandibles short, transverse when closed,
but not crossing over ........... Vespoidea <Overview> (Vespidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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44a. Hind wing with a well developed claval indentation
marking the limits of the claval lobe, and with a very large lobe at the
wing base which is at least 1/2 the length of the claval . Male subgenital plate terminating in an
upcurved spine. Females with widely
separated middle coxae and 2-forked pretarsal claws ............. Tiphioidea [Now in Vespoidea] (Tiphiidae) (part)
<Overview> <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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44b. Hind wing without lobes or without a
claval indentation marking the limits of the claval lobe; in the latter the
lobe at the wing base small and less than 1/2 the length of the claval
area. Subgenital plate of males
lacking an upcurved spine. Females
with contiguous middle coxae and simple or dentate pretarsal claws
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45a. Distal antennal segments thicker than
proximal so that the antennae appears clubbed. Abdomen with yellow maculae and body weakly hairy. Pretarsal claws dentate ............ Tiphioidea
[Now in Vespoidea] <Overview> (Sapygidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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45b. Distal antennal segments narrower than proximal
so that the antennae tapers apically.
Abdomen without yellow maculae and body densely hairy. Pretarsal claws edentate or 2-forked
............ Tiphioidea [Now in Vespoidea] <Overview> (Mutillidae) (males) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>]
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46a. Antennae with 10 segments
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46b. Antennae with 12-13 segments
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47a. Antennae arising from a high anteriorly
projecting prominence on the head, the antennal insertions widely separated
from the clypeus which is situated ventral to them ........... Chrysidoidea (= Bethyloidea) (part) <Overview> (Embolemidae) (males) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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47b. Antennae not arising from a high
anteriorly projecting prominence on the head, the antennal insertions located
close to the posterior clypeal margin ............ Chrysidoidea (= Bethyloidea) (part)
<Overview>
(Dryinidae) (part) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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48a. Abdomen with 3-5 segments visible. Body heavily sculptured and brightly
metallic ........... Chrysidoidea (=
Bethyloidea) (Chrysididae)
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48b. Abdomen with more than 5 segments
visible. Body not heavily
sculptured nor brightly metallic ........... Chrysidoidea (=
Bethyloidea) (part) <Overview>
(Bethylidae) (part) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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49a. Antennae distinctly geniculate, elbowed between
scape and funiculus. Body with 1-2
conspicuously separated node like or scale like reduced segments between
mesosoma (= propodeum + metathorax) and abdomen (= dorsal hump or node;
mesosoma posterolaterally usually with metapleural gland swelling present
............ Vespoidea (part)
<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
[formerly Formicoidea <Overview>] (part)
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49b. Antennae not geniculate, not elbowed
between scape and funiculus. Body without
separated node like or scale like segments between mesosoma and abdomen;
mesosoma posterolaterally without metapleural gland swelling
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50a. Antennae with 10 segments
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50b. Antennae with 12-13 segments
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51a. Antennal insertions widely separated
from clypeus and the antennae arising from a high anteriorly projecting
prominence on the head. Fore tarsus
terminating in a pair of small pretarsal claws, not chelate (females only)
............ Chrysidoidea
(= Bethyloidea) (part) <Overview> (Embolemidae)
(females) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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51b. Antennal insertions close to posterior
margin of clypeus and the antennae not arising from a high anteriorly projecting
prominence on the head. Fore tarsus
in brachypterous males with a pair of small pretarsal claws; fore tarsus of
females terminating in strong chelae composed of a large projecting 5th
tarsal segment which is opposed by a much enlarged single apical
claw............ Chrysidoidea
(= Bethyloidea) (part) <Overview> (Dryinidae)
(part) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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52a. Head prognathous and dorsoventrally
flattened; clypeus with median ridge extending between antennae ...........
Chrysidoidea (= Bethyloidea) (part) <Overview> (Bethylidae) (part) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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52b. Head hypognathous and not dorsoventrally
flattened; clypeus lacking a median ridge extending between antennae
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53a. Dorsal mesosoma (= propodeum + metathorax)
shaped like a box and lacking sutures or at most the promesonotal forming
the only transverse suture on the dorsum.
Body heavily sculptured and densely hairy. Pretarsal claws simple
............ Tiphioidea [Now in Vespoidea] <Overview>] (Mutillidae) (females) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>]
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53b. Dorsal mesosoma elongated and not shaped
like a box, with 3 deeply impressed transverse sutures in broad
depressions. Body smooth and
unsculptured, not densely hairy.
Pretarsal claws definitely 2-forked ............ Tiphioidea [Now in Vespoidea] <Overview>] (Tiphiidae) (part)
<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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REFERENCES:
Boucek, Z.
1988. Australasian
Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A
Biosystematic Revision of Genera of Fourteen
Families, with a Reclassification of Species. C.A.B.
International, Wallingford, England.
832 p.
Clausen, C. P.
1923. The biology of Schizaspidia
tenuicornis Ashm., a eucharid parasite of Camponotus. Ann.
Ent. Soc. Amer. 16:
195-217.
Crawford, J. C. 1909. A new family of
parasitic Hymenoptera. Proc. Ent.
Soc. Wash. 11: 63-4.
Gauld, I. & B. Bolton. 1988.
The Hymenoptera. British Mus.
Nat. Hist., Oxford Univ. Press. 332
p.
Hill, C. C.
1923. Platygaster vernalis
Myers, an important parasite of the Hessian fly. J. Agr. Res. 25: 31-42.
Masner & Dessart. 1967. La reclassification
des categories taxonomiques superieures des Ceraphronoidea
(Hymenoptera). Bull. Inst.
Sci. Nat. Belg. 43(2): 1-33.
Noyes, J. S. & E. W. Valentine. 1989.
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