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DIPTERA ADULTS
1.
Flies have a leathery texture.
Adults are blood sucker ectoparasites on birds and mammals. Winged and wingless or vestigial winged
species are
present. The abdomen is not clearly
divided into segments. The antennae
are short and inserted into small rather
obscure pits (e.g.,
Pupipara group of flies) _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2
Flies are quite
different from the previous description.
The abdomen is clearly segmented.
Adults are never external parasites on birds
or mammals. The antennae are not inserted into pits
and are generally quite visible.
Only one pair of wings is typically present _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4
2.
The head is small and narrow.
It is folded back in a groove on the thorax. Species are wingless (Parasites of bats)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Nycteribiidae
The head is not as previously
described but is in a more normal position _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3
3.
The palpi re elongated and form a sheath for the piercing
mouthparts. Most species are winged
with the veins clumped up anteriorly.
Species are
parasitic on birds and mammals _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Hippoboscidae
Palpi are broad and leafy
and do not form a sheath for the mouthparts _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Streblidae
4.
The antennae have eight or more movable almost similar
segments. The anal wing cells (Fig. 3) are wider toward the margin. Flies
of the Nemocera
group _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ 5
Antennae do not have
more the 4 or 5 segments. The
segment beyond the 2nd one may appear as a consolidated ring or annuli _ _ 9
5.
The wing's costal vein does not continue beyond the apex. Hairs and scales on the wing are rarely
present (Fig. 4)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 6
The costal vein
surrounds the wing. Hairs on the
wing are frequently dense or scales are present particularly on the costa
and
posterior margins
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8
6.
The antennae are shorter than the thorax and have 10 or 11 closely
cohesive and similar segments. They
are never feathery. The legs
are strong with
the hind pair somewhat widened. The
body is stocky. The wings are broad
with few veins (black flies) _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Simuliidae
Antennae are longer
than the thorax and usually bushy with long hairs. Otherwise dissimilar from above _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7
7.
The dorsal part of the thorax has a longitudinal groove. The wings are narrow and held
rooflike. Mouthparts are adapted
for piercing
(gnats that are
only annoying nuisances but otherwise not of medical importance) _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Chironomidae
There is no
longitudinal groove on the thorax dorsum.
Wings are held flat and superimposed over one another when at
rest. Wings
are also
frequently spotted (Fig. 153).
Mouthparts are adapted for piercing (punkies) _ _ _ _ _ _ Heleidae
& Ceratopogonidae
8.
Flies are small and appear like moths. The mouthparts are very short. The wings and body are clothed with long hairs. Wings have
parallel veins,
but scales are absent _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Psychodidae
8b. The
Wing's 2nd longitudinal vein has 3 branches, the 3rd branch begins near the
base (Fig. 5). (Of no medical importance)
_ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ Subfamily: Psychodinae
8c.
The 2nd longitudinal vein has 3 branches, but the 3rd branch begins near
the middle of the wing (Fig. 88) (Considerable medical
importance) _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Subfamily: Phlebotominae
Flies are not
mothlike. The posterior wing margin
and most veins have coarase scales (Fig. 3).
The mouthparts are elongated,
slender and well
adapted for piercing in most species (mosquitoes) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Culicidae
9.
Antennae have 4 or 5 segments, and the segment beyond the 2nd may be
formed into 3-8 rings. Squamae are
large (horseflies) _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Tabanidae
Antennae have only
three segments _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ 10
10.
The final antennal segment is small and ends in an elongated style
or arista (Fig. 6) (snipe flies) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Rhagionidae
The final antennal
segment is much larger than the others and has a dorsal arista that is
either bare or feathery (Fig. 7) _ _ _ _ _ 11
11.
Wings have stout 2-3 stout veins near the inner costal border. Other veins are weak and extend outward
to the wing margin. Cross
veins are absent
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phoridae
Wings are different
and not with stout veins _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ 12
12.
The wing anal cell is elongated reaching almost to the wing
margin. A false vein is present
between the 3rd and 4th longitudinal
veins. Species are often brightly colored
(flower-loving flies (Fig. 8) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ Syrphidae
The anal cell is
short and truncated (Fig. 9). A false vein is
absent _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 13
13.
The 2nd antennal segment has a longitudinal suture on its upper
outer edge (Fig. 7-ds). Squamae are often
conspicuous. The
Thorax usually
has a transverse suture _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
14
The 2nd antennal
segment does not have a longitudinal suture. Squamae are usually small and the thorax does not have a
complete
transverse
suture generally _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 18
14.
The mouthparts are vestigial (warble & bot flies including
Cuterebridae & Hypodermatidae _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Oestridae
Mouthparts are
well developed and functional _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
15
15.
The hypopleura do not have a well developed row of bristles below
the posterior spiracle (Fig. 10). Small hairs may be
present. The
antennal arista
is hairy or feathery in most cases (house-, stable- and tsetse flies) _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ Muscidae
& Anthomyiidae
The hypopleura do
have a well-developed row of bristles (Fig. 10) or bristle tuft _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 16
16.
The postnotum and postscutellum show a double ripple effect under
the scutellum when viewed laterally.
Species are usually have
many
bristles. The larvae are all
parasitic on other insects primarily _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ Tachinidae
The postscutellum is
not very well developed, and therefore only a single postnotum is visible
laterally _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
17
17.
All species are colored either metallic, blue, black or shades of
green. Several species are not
metallic but instead have golden hairs on
the thorax among
the bristles (Pollenia spp.). There are often 4 notopleural bristles
present (blowflies) _ _ _ _ _ Calliphoridae 1
Most flies are colored
gray, silvery or a mix with darker colors.
There are rarely more than 2 notopleural bristles (flesh flies) _ _
_ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Sarcophagidae 1
18.
The mouthparts are vestigial and occur within tiny oval pits. They are large, brownish and fuzzy flies
(horse botflies, Fig. 11)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Gasterophilidae
Mouthparts are well
developed and not occurring in pits _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 19
19.
The wing's subcosta is vestigial, but if present then it extends
just a short distance beyond the humeral cross vein and not reaching
the costs _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ 20
An existant subcosta
extends to the costa, but is difficult to see as it is hidden underneath the
1st longitudinal vein _ _ _ _ _ _
_ 21
20.
The 6th longitudinal and anal veins are absent. The ocellar triangle is large when
compared with the head. The
subcosta appears as
a tiny fold at
its base. The costa has only one
fracture (Fig. 12) Tiny flies (eye gnats) _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _Chloropidae
The 6th longitudinal
vein and often the anal vein are present.
The subcosta is more apparent but does not extend to the costa. The
costa has two
fractures (fruit flies) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Drosophilidae
21.
The palpi are vestigial.
Species are small and shiny black, brown or reddish with few
bristles. The head is spherical and
the
abdomen shaped
like that of a wasp _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Sepsidae
Palpi are well
developed. Species are all small in
size but of a different shape from the previous (cheese skipper) _ _ Piophilidae
= = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = = =
1/
Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae
are show here although some specialists may assign them to different
groups. The names are common in the
medical literature
especially because they include important genera
affecting humans and animals.
DIPTERA LARVAE
22.
The larval head is well developed, not retractile and enclosed in a
solid capsule. The mouthparts are normal, with the mandibles
moving laterally
during feeding _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 23
The head is not well
developed, but if partially developed the mandibles move vertically,
parallel to each other or at an angle inward.
Or if the head is
not visible and the anterior end is pointed and has mouth hooks or reduced
parts (Fig. 13, Fig. 14, Fig. 15).
Or the larva
resembles a grub rounded at both ends (Fig. 16).
Or, the larva has an elongated siphon at the end of the abdomen
(Fig. 17)
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 28
23.
Larvae are aquatic or semiaquatic, living only in swift streams or
in tree holes, mud, pond shores or in open water _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 24
24.
There are prolegs on all body segments _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 25
Prolegs occur only on
some body segments (Fig. 18) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_27
25.
The head is distinct. The
thorax and abdominal segments are divided into annuli or rings, usually
each ring having a dorsal plate.
Respiratory
openings occur on the prothorax and anal segments (amphipneustic) _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Psychodinae
The head is also
distinct, but segments of the thorax and abdomen do not have divisions and
otherwise differ from the previous
description _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
26
26.
Thoracic segments are fused to form an enlarged portion that is
thicker than the abdomen (fig. 105).
Respiration is by spiracles
located at the
end of an elongated tube or siphon, or the posterior spiracles are
flattened (metapneustic) (mosquitoes) _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Culicidae
The segments of the
thorax and abdomen are almost equal in diameter. All thoracic segments are much enlarged. Larvae resemble
snakes (Fig. 19) with smooth bodies (Culicoides, Bezzia, etc.) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Heleidae & Ceratopogonidae
27.
Two prolegs occur on each segments #1 & #2 of the abdomen. Tracheae extend in a pair of discs on
abdominal segment #8 _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Dixidae
27b.
Prolegs occur only on the prothoracic segment. The larva's posterior end has an
adhesive disc for attachment.
Larvae occur in
swift
water (black flies) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Simuliidae
27 c.
Prolegs are present on the prothorax and posterior end of the larva or
they may be reduced (gnats) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Tendipedidae
& Chironomidae
27 d. Larvae have a well-developed head with stout bristly hairs or spines
(Fig. 20).
The body also has similar hairs.
The tip of
the abdomen
has two groups of long hairs. The abdomen
also has prologs (sand flies) _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Phlebotominae
28.
Larvae are sclindrical and pointed at both ends. mandibles are hooklike and move vertically
and parallel to each other.
Spiracles are
located in a
vertical cleft and usually on the tip of a posterior siphon (Fig. 14) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ Tabanidae
Larvae are different
from previous description _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ 29
29.
Larvae are aquatic and appear stout and grublike with a long
telescopic terminal siphon (rat-tailed maggots (Fig. 17) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_(partly) Serphidae (= Proctotrupidae)
Larvae do not fit the
previous description (See Key on Myiasis-causing Flies)
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