čFile:
<staphy.htm> [For educational
purposes only] Glossary <Principal Natural Enemy Groups > <Citations> <Home> |
COLEOPTERA, Staphylinidae (Leach 1815) -- <Images>
& <Juveniles> <Identification> Please refer also to the following link for details on this
group: Staphylinidae = Link 1 Description
The family comprising rove beetles, is represented by a large
number of species (Clausen 1940/1962).
Adult beetles are easily recognized by their relatively slender bodies
and very short elytra and by the habit of elevating their abdomen when
disturbed. There is a wide range in
food habits, but the majority are probably scavengers. But a considerable number are predaceous
upon other insects and a few are true parasitoids (Clausen 1940/1962). Immature larvae are thought to be
semiaquatic (I. Moore, pers. commun.).
Reviews of the host preferences and habits of the family are Mank
(1923), Voris (1934) and Balduf (1935). The large number of myrmecophilous Staphylinidae range in habit
from true guests to active predators, and in the latter both larvae and
adults prey on all host stages (Clausen 1940/1962). In some groups, such as Lomechusa,
the adult beetles have special glands that secrete a substance favored by
ants, and the larvae, which prey on younger stages of ants, are carefully
tended during their development. A number
of species of Aleocharinae are associated with termites although they are not
known to feed on them. The free-living predaceous and parasitic forms rather than those
which are a part of a complex social organization are important in natural
control (Clausen 1940/1962). A large
number of species in both adult and larval stages are predaceous on other
insects, and especially on dipterous larvae in decaying animal bodies, refuse
or in the soil. The genus Nudobius is predaceous on some insects
found beneath the bark of trees infested with bark beetles, and the adults of
several species of Paederus are
recorded as important enemies of the eggs and larvae of lepidopterous and
other foliage-feeding pests. In
Formosa, it is reported that 65% of the larvae of the rice borer, Schoenobius incertellus Wlk., are attacked.
In Egypt P. fuscipes Curt. is considered the most
important of the natural enemies of the cotton worm, Prodenia litura F., and
the field population may attain 50,000 beetles/acre. Somatium
oviformis Casey is a predator on
red spiders and mites on citrus trees in California, and others of that genus
have the same food source. Philonthus aeneus Rossi and Creophilus erythrocephalus
F. have been imported into Hawaii, the former from Germany and the latter
from Australia, for the control of horn fly (Clausen 1940/1962); and the
latter was established. Parasitic species of Staphylinidae are in the subfamily
Aleocharinae, the best known being the genera Coprochara, Aleochara
and Baryodma. They are obligate external parasitoids on
the pupae of Diptera encased within the puparium. Wadsworth (1915) gave an account of C. bilineata Gyll, a
parasitoid of cabbage maggot pupae, Hylemya
brassicae Bouché. Being the dominant parasitoid it destroys
up to 35% of the pupae. Females
deposit eggs in the soil near the roots of infested cabbage. The eggs are elliptical in form, measure
0.38 X 0.32 mm and have a thin, transparent chorion. Recently deposited eggs are greenish-white
in color, but become darker with incubation.
They hatch in 10-12 days (Clausen 1940/1962). First instar larvae are not easily distinguished from those of
the predaceous and scavenging species.
These larvae first search in the soil to a depth of 2-15 cm until a Hylemya puparium is found, and it then
penetrates the hardened shell. The
puncture is sealed after entry. The
body of newly hatched larvae is ca. 1.5mm in length, rather slender, and
distinctly segmented, with 10 abdominal segments, of which the last two are
darker in color and taper to a rounded point. The head is large and darker in color than the body, and the
antennae are 3-jointed and well developed.
Legs are normal for the family.
The caudal cerci are shorter than those of most other species and are
borne on short cylindrical processes dorsolaterally at the posterior margin
of the penultimate segment. Following entry of the host puparium, the larva begins feeding
through a minute puncture made in the delicate cuticle of the pupa. The feeding position is frequently changed
but apparently limited to the anterior dorsal region. When fully fed the body is considerably
enlarged, the transparent intersegmental membranes being greatly stretched and
the average length is ca. 2.0 mm (Clausen 1940/1962). Second instar larvae are markedly
different from the first, being very degenerate as a result of the adoption
of a parasitic mode of life. The body
is glistening white, with the cuticle very lightly sclerotized, and the setae
and cerci are absent. The legs are
rudimentary and indistinctly segmented and lack the large terminal claw. Each of the last two thoracic and the
first eight abdominal segments has a single pair of fleshy prominences at the
dorsolateral margins. Feeding by this
stage is extensive and very little movement occurs (Clausen 1940/1962). Third instar larvae are generally
identical to second, but larger.
There are also 9 pairs of spiracles situated between the first and
second thoracic segments and on the first eight abdominal segments,
respectively. in Aleochara and other genera that pupate outside the host puparium,
the segmental tubercles or prominences are lacking. During the feeding period no excrement is voided with the
exception of occasional minute drops of a clear fluid, and the meconium is
cast by the mature larva. The host
pupa is completely consumed, and the puparium becomes opaque because of the
meconial covering on the inner surface. In summer the feeding period is complete in 5-6 days after the
first molt and is followed by a quiescent stage of 12-18 days prior to the
appearance of the pupa. The pupal
stage also requires 12-18 days at the completion of which the adult beetle
gnaws its way out of the puparium (Clausen 1940/1962). Adults are very active and feed
extensively on cabbage maggots. There
are apparently two generations/yr, corresponding to the cycle of the host,
and the winter season is passed as a first-instar larva within the host
puparium. The first brood of adults
appears in May and June and the second in August and September. Although most parasitic members of the family attack puparia
occurring on or in the soil, occasional species find their hosts on or in
plants. Maseochara valida Lec.
was found by Coquillett (1891) to develop in the puparia of a syrphid fly, Copestylum marginatum Say, which develops in the semiliquid material in the
decaying leaves of cactus. Kramer
(1926) studying Aleochara curtula Goeze, parasitic in the
puparia of Lucilia, etc., found
that this species habits are generally similar to those of C. bilineata,
except that the third instar larva assumes an active and more normal form,
with the legs being large and well developed for locomotion; and it emerges
from the puparium for pupation in a cell in the soil. This habit is found in the genera Aleochara, Baryodma, Polychara,
and Maseochara, whereas the more
degenerate form, which pupates within the host puparium, is found in Coprochara and Polystoma. Baryodma bimaculata Grav. was noted by
Lindquist (1936) to develop in the puparia of Sarcophaga and Cryptolucilia
in Texas. The planidium enters the
puparium in the same way as Coprochara,
and emergence of the adult occurs ca. 20 days later. The field parasitization of these hosts is
ca. 25%. Observations recorded on other species of parasitic Staphylinidae
suggest that the adults of these species are also important as enemies of the
same pests because they are predaceous on both larvae and pupae (Clausen
1940/1962). Quayle (1913) recorded
the habits of Somatium oviformis, a minute species that seems
to feed mainly on red mites. This is
true of both the adult and larval stages.
The eggs are light orange in color and are laid singly on the undersides
of the infested leaves. Larvae
consume ca. 20 mites/day and adults about half as much. Mank gave an account of the habits and
descriptions of the immature forms of a series of species predaceous on
dipterous larvae occurring in decaying vegetable matter. These species belong to the well known
genus Philonthus and related
groups. Both adults and larvae feed
extensively on maggots found in the medium in which they live. The life cycles of the different species
are found to be relatively short (one month or less). The larvae of predaceous species are very
active and aggressive. The body is
elongate in form, and individuals may be readily distinguished from carabid
larvae by the prominent two-jointed caudal stylets and by the single claw of
the tarsi. They also generally lack
the distinct heavily sclerotized segmental plates often found in Carabidae,
although these plates are present in Tachinus. The most reliable character in
distinguishing larvae of the family is the "upper lip," which
varies in the number and size of the teeth borne at the anterior margin. The abdomen terminates in a relatively
large "pseudopod" or "pusher," which is utilized in
locomotion. Clausen (1940) stated that the pupae present few distinguishing
features, with the main character utilized is the fringe of hairs at the
anterior margin of the thorax and those at the lateral margin of the
abdomen. In Tachinus, the integument of the pupa is soft and the body is
completely covered with a soft material which becomes silvery in appearance. White & Legner (1966) give a detailed account of the biology
of Aleochara taeniata Erichson, attacking muscoid flies. Legner & Warkentin (1991) considered
species of Philonthus very
important predators of field breeding Muscidae. This parasitoid/predator was introduced in California from
Jamaica. Adults are voracious
predators of house fly eggs and young larvae. Eggs hatch in ca. 4 days and larvae search actively through the
substrate for fly pupae, the parasitoid-susceptible stage. Pupae are entered through a hole gnawed in
the puparium wall by the young larvae; the hole is closed with what seems to
be fecal matrial. The three larval
instars are ectoparasitic on the fly pupae within the puparium. Mature larvae emerge into the substrate
where pupation occurs. Larval
development requires 6-7 days, the pupal development another 14-16 days at
23.9°C. The total life cycle
at this temperature is ca. 25 days from egg to adult. Staphylinidae are one of the largest families of beetles, with
more than 1,512 genera and over
30,035 species known as of 2000. They
occur throughout the world. Important
morphological characters of these "rove beetles" include filiform
to clavate antennae, sometimes geniculate; elytra short, truncate, exposing
several abdominal terga; exposed abdominal segments freely moveable, often
elevated when running. The head is
prognathous, often as wide as the pronotum.
Hind wings are usually well developed and the body is elongate,
depressed, with subparallel sides. Most Staphylinidae are predators, but many species live in fungi,
eat flower pollen, or frequent caves.
Although most entomophagous forms are predaceous, several species are
primary, solitary ectoparasitoids of dipterous pupae in puparia. The adults of parasitic species also feed
as predators on dipterous larvae and pupae.
At least 300 species of myrmecophiles are known. The staphylinids have not been extensively
used for biological control, although several species have been imported as
parasitoids of fruit flies and synanthropic filth-breeding Diptera. References: Please refer to <biology.ref.htm>, [Additional
references may be found at: MELVYL
Library ] Also see:
Staphylinidae (Identification), Staphylinidae
(Parasitoids of Diptera) Abbott, C. N. 1938.
The development and general biology of Creophilus villosus
Grav. J. N. Y. Ent. Soc. 46: 49-53. Agassiz, J. L. R. 1846.
Nomenclatoris zoologici. Index
universalis, continens nomina systematica classium, ordinum, familarum et
generum animalum omnium, tam viventium quam fossilum, secundum ordinem alphebeticum
unicum disposita, adjectis homonymiis planatarum, nec non varis
adnotationibus et emenationibus.
Solothurn. 393 p. Arnett, R. 1961.
The beetles of the United States (a manusl for identification). Part
II, fasc. 15: 233-310. Washington: The Catholic Univ. of Amer. Press. Arribálzaga.
[see Lynch-Arribálzaga]. Aubé, C.
1850 Déscription de quelques
insectes coléoptères appartenent à l'Europe et à Algerie. Ann. Soc. Ent.
Fr.
Ser. 2, 8: 299-436. Austin, E. F. 1876.
On the species of Sunius
and Paederus. Psyche. J. Ent.:
4-11. Badgley, M. E. & C. A. Fleschner. 1956.
Biology of Oligota oviformis Casey (Coleoptera:
Staphylinidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 49: 501-2. Bedel, L. 1881. Faune
de coléoptères de Bassin de la Seine, 1st. part. Extra publ. Soc. Ent. Fr. 330 p. Bell, J. T. 1885. List of Staphylinidae taken at Belleville,
Ont. Canad. Ent. 17: 49-50. Benick, L. 1921. Nomenkatoisches über Steninen (Col.,
Staph.). Ent. Mitt. Zool. Mus.
Hamburg 10: 191-4. Benick, L. 1922. Über Boheman'sche Typen der
Staphyliniden-Unterfamilien Megalopsidiinae und Steninae, nebst einer
Neubeschreibung (Col., Staph.). 25
Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Megalopsidiinae und Steninen. Ent. Blätter 13: 189-95, 291-313. Benick. L.
1925. Über die Steninen,
Münchner Staatssamlung (Col., Staph.)
Mitt. Muenchen Ent. Ges. 15:
1-5, 72-85. Benick, L.
1928. Amerikanische Steninen
(Col., Staph.). Wien Ent. Zeitung
45: 33-52. Benick, L.
1938. Die Steninen
Mittelamerika (Col., Staph.). Mitt. München
Ent. Ges. 28: 247-81. Benick. L.
1939. Die Steninen
Mittelamerika (Col., Staph.). Mitt.
München Ent. Ges. 31: 12-43, 617-42. Benick, L.
1950. Stenus tarsalis
Lj. und seine Sippe (Col., Staph.).
Opuscula Ent. 15: 113-19. Bernhauer, M. 1900.
Achte Folge neuer Staphyliniden aus Europa, nebst bemerkungen. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 50: 197-204. Bernhauer, M.
1901. Neue exotische Arten der
Gattung Aleochara
Gravh. Stettiner Ent. Zeitung
62: 366-73. Bernhauer, M.
1901. Die Staphyliniden der
palaearktischen Fauna. Verh.
zool.-bot. Ges. Wien. 51: 430-506. Bernhauer, M.
1904. Neue exotische
Staphiliniden. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges.
Wien 54: 4-24. Bernhauer, M.
1905. Neue exotische
Staphiliniden. Deut. Ent. Zeits.
1905: 9-21. Bernhauer, M.
1906. Neue Aleocharinen aus
Nord-Amerika. Deut. Ent. Zeits.
1906: 337-48. Bernhauer, M.
1907. Neue Aleocharini aus
Nordamerika (3.-Stück). Deut. Ent.
Zeits. 1907: 381-406. Bernhauer, M.
1908. Zur Staphylinidenfauna
von Südamerika (6. Beitrag). Bull.
Soc. Ent. Ital. 39: 225-51. Bernhauer, M.
1909. Neue Aleocharini aus
Nordamerika (4.-Stück). Deut. Ent.
Zeits. 1909: 515-28. Bernhauer, M.
1910. Beitrag zur Kenntnis der
Staphyliniden-Fauna von Zentralamerika.
Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 60:
350-93. Bernhauer, M.
1912. Eine neue
Staphylinidengattung der mitteleuropäischen Fauna. Ent. Blätter 8: 108-9. Bernhauer, M. 1912. Descriptions of Staphylinidae, p.
170-73. In: C. F. Baker
(ed.), Some Coleoptera of the Beach at Laguna. Ann. Rept. Laguna Marine Lab. 1. Bernhauer, M.
1912. Zur Staphilinidenfauna
von Nord-Amerika (5. Beitrag). Pomona
Coll. J. Ent. 4: 678-83. Bernhauer, M.
1917. Zur Staphylinidenfauna
von Nordamerika. 7. Beitrag. Coleopt. Rundschau 6: 1-4. Bernhauer, M.
1917. 8 Beitrag zur
Staphylinidenfauna Nordamerikas. Ent.
Blätter 13: 249-50. Bernhauer, M.
1923. Synonymische
Bermerkungen bezüglich mehrfach beschriebener Staphylinidengattungen und
Arten. Wiener Ent. Zeitung 40: 63. Bernhauer, M.
1926. Die Staphyliniden der
Philippinen (21. Beigrag). Philippine
J. Sci. 31: 245-63. Bernhauer, M.
1928. Neue Staphyliniden der
palaearktischen Fauna. Koleopt.
Rundschau 14: 8-23. Bernhauer, M.
1928. Übersicht über die
nordamerikanischen Euaesthetus-Arten. (Col. Staph). Deut. Ent. Zeits. 1928:
38-40. Bernhauer, M.
1928. Ein neues Anthobium aus Nordamerika. (Col.
Staph). Deut. Ent. A.
1928: 40. Bernhauer, M.
1929. Neue Staphyliniden aus
Mittelamerika. Wiener Ent. Zeitung
46: 186-208. Bernhauer, M.
1929. Neue Ameisen und
TErmitengäste aus den tropischen Africa (17. Beitrag). REv. Zool. Bot. Afr. 18: 226-49. Bernhauer, M.
1930. neue Kursflügler aus der
subfamilie Aleocharinae von beigischen kongostaate (22. Beitrag zur afrikanischen
Staphylinidenfauna). Fol. Zool. Hydrobiol. 2: 180-209. Bernhauer, M. & O. Scheerpeltz. 1926.
Coleopterorum catalogus, pars 82, Staphylinidae VI: 499-988.
W. Junk, Berlin. Bernhauer, M. & K. Schubert. 1910.
Coleopterorum catalogus, pars 19, Staphylinidae I: 1-86.
W. Junk, Berlin. Bernhauer, M. & K. Schubert. 1911.
Coleopterorum catalogus, pars 29, STaphylinidae II: 87-190.
W. Junk, Berlin. Bernhauer, M. & K. Schubert. 1912.
Coleopterorum catalogus, pars 40, Staphylinidae III: 191-288.
W. Junk, Berlin. Bernhauer, M. & K. Schubert. 1914.
Coleopterorum catalogus, part 57, Staphylinidae IV: 289-408.
W. Junk, Berlin. Bernhauer, M. & K. Schubert. 1916.
Coleopterorum catalogus, pars 67, Staphylinidae V: 409-98.
W. Junk, Berlin. Berthold, A. A.
1827. Natürliche Familien des
Thierreichs. Weimar. 106
p. (German translation of Latreille,
Familles naturelles du règne animal--1825). Bertolini, S. di.
1872. Catalogo sinonímico e
topografico dei coleotteri d'Italia. Publ. Florence. 263 p. Beutenmuller, W. 1891.
Bibliographical catalogue of the described transformations of North
American Coleoptera. J. N. Y.
Microsc. Soc. 7: 1-52. Blackwelder, R. E. 1934.
The prostheca or mandibular appendage. Pan-Pac. Ent. 10:
111-13. Blackwelder, R. E. 1942.
The entomological work of Adalbert Fenyes. Pan-pac. Ent. 18:
17-22. Bierig, A. 1934.
A new North American Astenus
(Col. Staph) (11th contribution to the knowledge of the Staphylinidae). Mem. Soc.
Cubana Hist. Natur. 8: 29-30. Bierig, A.
1934. Neues aus der
Staphyliniden-Gattung Cafius
(Col.), nebst Beschreibung neuer Arten aus Kuba und Nordamerika (8. Beitrag
zur Kenntnis der Staphyliniden). Revista Ent. 4:
65-70. Bierig, A.
1934. Un género ye especies
nuevas de los Paederinae (Col. Staph.) de Cuba (15a contribución al
conocimiento de los estafilínidos).
Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Natur. 8:
325-30. Bierig, A.
1938. Sobre el género Acylophorus (Col. Staph.),
división subgenérica y descripción de nuevas especies neotropicales (21a
contribución al conocimiento de los estafilínidos). Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Natur. 12: 119-38. Bierig, A.
1938. Descripción de cuatro
géneros nuevos de Staphylinidae antillanos y sus genitypos (22a contribución
al conocimiento de los estafilínidos).
Mem. Soc. Cubana Hist. Natur., Filipe Poey 12: 139-47. Billberg, G. J.
1820. Enumeratio
insectorum in Museo Gust. Joh. Billberg.
Stockholm. 138 p. Blackwelder, R. E. 1936.
Morphology of the coleopterous family Staphylinidae. Smithson. Misc. Collect. 94: 1-102. Blackwelder, R. E. 1936.
Revision of the North American beetles of the staphylinid subfamily
Tachyporinae-- Part 1: Genus Tachyporus Gravenhorst. Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 84: 39-54. Blackwelder, R. E. 1938.
Revision of the North American beetles of the staphylinid subfamily
Tachyporinae-- Part 2: Genus Coproporus Kraatz. Proc. U. S.
Nat. Mus. 86: 1-10. Blackwelder, R. E. 1939.
Fourth supplement 1933-1938 (inclusive) to the Leng catalogue of Coleoptera
of America, north of Mexico. J. D.
Sherman, Mount Vernon. 146 p. Blackwelder, R. E. 1939.
A generic revision of the staphylinid beetles of the tribe
Paederini. proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 87: 93-125. Blackwelder, R. E. 1941.
A monograph of the genus Trigonurus
(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Amer. Mus. Novitates No. 1124: 1-13. Blackwelder, R. E. 1942.
Notes of the classification of the staphylinid beetles of the groups
Lispini and Osoriinae. Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus. 92: 75-90. Blackwelder, R. E. 1943.
Monograph of the West Indian beetles of the family Staphylinidae. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. No. 182: 1-658. Blackwelder, R. E. 1944.
Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the
West Indies and South America. Part 1.
Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No. 185:
1-188. Blackwelder, R. E. 1947.
The dates and editions of Curtis's British Entomology. Smithson. Misc. Collect. 107: 1-27. Blackwelder, R. E. 1952.
The generic names of the beetle family Staphylinidae with an essay on
genotype. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. No.
200(1-4): 1-483. Blackwelder, R. E. 1957.
Checklist of the coleopterous insects of Mexico, Central America, the
West Indies and South America. Part
6. Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus.
185(3-7): 927-1492. Blackwelder, R. E. & R.
M. Blackwelder. 1948. Fifth supplement 1939-1947 (inclusive) to
the Leng catalogue of Coleoptera of America, north of Mexico. J. D. Sherman, Mount Vernon. 87 p. Blair, K. G. 1933.
Coleoptera collected by the Oxford Expedition to Akpatok Island,
Ungava Bay, Aug.-Sep. 1931. Ann. Mag. Natur. Hist. Ser. 10: 12: 93-6. Blaisdell, F. E. 1906.
New California Coleoptera.
Ent. News 17: 71-80. Bland, J. H. B. 1865.
Compiled descriptions of North American Staphylinidae. proc. Ent. Soc. Phila. 4: 391-425. Blatchley, W. S. 1910.
The Coleoptera of beetles (exclusive of the Rhynchophora) known to
occur in Indiana with bibliography and descriptions of new species. Indiana Dept. Geol. & Natur. Res.
Bull. 1: 1-1386. Blatchley, W. S. 1917.
On some new or noteworthy Coleoptera from the west coast of
Florida--2. Canad. Ent. 49: 236-40. Blatchley, W. S. 1936.
A change of name in Staphylinidae (Coleoptera). Ent. News
47: 255-56. Block, H. L. von.
1799. Verziechniss Insecten im
Plauischen, p. 93-120. In: W. G. Becker's Planische Grund bei Dresden, Nurnberg. Boheman, C. H.
1858. Coleoptera. Species novae descripsit in Kongliga
Svenska Fregatten Eugenies Resa Omkring Jorden. Zool. 1, Insecta:
1-112. Boisduval, J. B. A. D. 1835. Voyage de
découvertes de l'Astrolabe. Executé par ordre du Roi, pendant les
années 1826-1827-1828-1829, sous le commandement de M. J. Dumont
D'Urville. Faune entomologique de
l'Ocean Pacific, avec l'illustration des insectes nouveaux recuellis pendant
le voyage, deuxième partie, coléoptères et autres orders. Publ. Paris.
716 p. Boisduval, J. B. Al. D. & J. T. Lacordaire. 1836.
Faune entomologique des environs de Paris. Ou species général des insectes qui se trouvant dans un rayon
de quinze à vingt lieues aux alentour de Paris, vol. 1. 696 p. Böving, A. G. & F. C.
Craighead. 1931. An illustrated synopsis of the principal
larval forms of the order Coleoptera.
Ent. Amer. 9: 1-351. Borgmeier, T.
1949. Neue Arten und Gattungen
ecitophiler Staphyliniden, nebst einem Katalog aller bischen beschreibenen
Arten. REv. Ent. (Rio de Janeiro) 20: 93-158.
Bradley, J. C.
1930. A manual of the
genera of beetles of America north of Mexico. Keys for the determination of the families, subfamilies, tribes
and genera of Coleoptera with a synoptic list of the genera and higher
groups. Daw, Illiston & Co.,
Ithaca. 360 p. Brisout de Barneville,
L. 1860. Descriptions de quelques coléoptères
nouveaux propos a la faune francaise et spécialmement aux environs de
Paris. Ann. Ent. Soc. Fr. Ser
3(8): 339. Broun, T. 1880. Manual of the New Zealand Coleoptera, Pt
1. Wellington Publ., New Zeal. 651 p. Brown, W. J. 1944.
Some new and poorly known species of Coleoptera. II. Canad. Ent.
76: 4-10. Brown, W. J. 1967.
Notes on the extralimital distribution of some species of
Coleoptera. Canad. Ent. 99:
85-93. Bruch, C.
1923. Estudios
myrmecológicus. REv. Mus. La Plata
Sec. Zool. 27: 172-212. Brues, C. T. 1902.
New and little known guests of the Texas legionary ants. Amer. Natur.
36: 365-78. Brues, C. T. 1902. Two new Texas ant and termite guests. Ent. News 13: 184-87. Brues, C. T. 1904.
A new species of Ecitopora. Ent. News 15: 250. Burks, B. D. 1952.
Other controls. Insects,
enemies of insects. In: Insects. The Yearbook
of Agriculture. U.S. Govt. Print.
Off., Wash., D.C. 780 p. Cameron, M. 1920. New species of Staphylinidae from
Singapore, Part III. Trans. Ent. Soc.
London 1920: 218-84. Cameron, M. 1921.
New species of Staphylinidae from Singapore. Part IV (cont.). Trans. Ent. Soc. London 1920: 218-84. Cameron, M. 1922.
Descriptions of new species of Staphylinidae from the West Indies. Part II. Ann.
Mag. Natur. Hist. Ser. 9(9): 113-28. Cameron, M. 1930. The fauna of British India, including
Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera, Staphylinidae 1:(17): 1-471. Cameron, M. 1931. The fauna of British India, including
Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera, Staphylinidae 2(1-8): 1-257. Cameron, M. 1932. The fauna of British India, including
Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera, Staphylinidae 3(1-13): 1-443. Cameron, M. 1933. Remarks on some of Motschulsky's types of
Staphylinidae (Col.). Ent. Mo. Mag.
69: 219-20. Cameron, M. 1939.
The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera,
Staphylinidae 4, pt 1(1-18): 1-410. Cameron, M. 1939. The fauna of British India, including
Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera,
Staphylinidae 4, pt. 2: 411-691. Campbell, J. M. 1968.
A revision of the new world Micropeplinae (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae)
with a rearrangement of the world species.
Canad. Ent. 100: 225-67. Campbell, J. M. 1969.
A revision of the new world Oxyporinae (Coleoptera:
Staphylinidae). Canad. Ent. 101: 225-68. Campbell, J. M. 1973.
A revision of the genus Tachinus
(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) of North and Central America. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada 90: 1-137. Casey, T. L. 1884.
Contributions to the descriptive and systematic coleoptrology of North
America, Pts. I, II. 198 p. Casey, T. L. 1984.
REvision of the Stenini of America north of Mexico, insects of the
family Staphylinidae, order Coleoptera.
Philadelphia Publ. 206 p. Casey, T. L. 1985.
New genera and species of Californian Coleoptera. Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1: 285-336. Casey, T. L. 1886.
Revision of the California species of Lithocharis and allied genera. Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. 2:
1-40. Casey, T. L. 1886.
Descriptive notices of North American Coleoptera. I. Bull. Calif.
Acad. Sci. 6, Pt 2: 157-264. Casey, T. L. 1887.
Notes on Stenus and Barinus. Ent. Amer. 3: 125. Casey, T. L. 1889.
Coleopterological notices. I. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 5: 39-185. Casey, T. L. 1889.
Notes on the Paederini. Ent.
Amer. 5: 182-84. Casey, T. L. 1889.
A preliminary monograph of the North American species of Trogophloeus. Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. 4: 322-83. Casey, T. L. 1890.
Coleopterological notices, I.
Appendix. Contributions to the
American termitophilous fauna. Ann.
NY. Acad. Sci. 5: 186-98. Casey, T. L. 1892.
Coleopterological notices, IV.
Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. 6:
359-712. Casey, T. L. 1893.
Coleopterological notices, V.
Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. 7:
281-606. Casey, T. L. 1895.
Coleopterological notices, VI.
Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. 8:
435-838. Casey, T. L. 1897.
Coleopterological notices, VII.
Ann. NY. Acad. Sci. 9:
285-684. Casey, T. L. 1900.
Review of the American Corylophidae, Cryptophagidae, Tritomidae and
Dermestidae, with other studies. J.
NY. Ent. Soc. 8: 51-172. Casey, T. L. 1904.
On some new Coleoptera, including five new genera. Canad. Ent. 36: 312-24. Casey, T. L. 1905.
A new Carabus and Cychrus, with miscellaneous
notes on Coleoptera. Canad. Ent.
37: 162-65. Casey, T. L. 1905.
A revision of the American Paederini.
Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis 15:
17-248. Casey, T. L. 1906.
Observations on the staphylinid groups Aleocharinae and Xantholinini
chiefly of America. Trans. Acad. Sci.
St. Louis 16: 125-435. Casey, T. L. 1910.
New species of the staphylinid tribe Myrmedoniini. Memoirs on the Coleoptera 1: 1-183. Casey, T. L. 1910.
Synonymic and other notes on Coleoptera. Canad. Ent. 42: 105-13. Casey, T. L. 1910.
Synonymic and descriptive notes on the Paederini and Pinophilini. Memoirs on the Coleoptera 1: 184-205. Casey, T. L. 1911.
New American species of Aleocharinae and Myllaeninae. Memoirs on the Coleoptera 2: 1-245.
New Era Print. Co., Lancaster. Casey, T. L. 1915.
Studies in some staphylinid genera of North America. Memoirs on the Coleoptera 6: 395-450.
New Era Print. Co., Lancaster. Casey, T. L. 1916.
A new species of Baryodma. Canad. Ent. 48: 70-1. Casey, T. L. 1924.
Additions to the known Coleoptera of North America. Memoirs on the Coleoptera 11: 1-347. Cederjheim, J. 1798.
Fauna prodromus exibens methodicam descriptionem insectorum agri
petropolensis praemissa mammalium, avium, amphibiorum et piscium enumeratum. Publ.
Leipzig. 363 p. Chagnon, G. 1934.
On the occurrence in North America of the European staphylinid beetle deleaster dichrous Grav.
Canad. Ent. 66: 282. Chagnon, G. 1936.
The European beetle, Staphylinus
globulifer Fourc., in
eastern Canada. Canad. Ent. 68: 116. Chagnon, G. & A.
Robert. 1962.
Principaux Coléoptères de la province de Quebec. Ed. 2.
Presses de l'Universitè de Montrèal, Montreal, Que. 440 p. Chamberlain, J. C. & G.
F. Ferris. 1929. On Liparocephalus
and allied genera (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Pan-Pac. Ent. 5: 137-43,
153-62. Champion, G. C. 1899.
Some remarks on the two species of Diglossa,
occurring in Britain. Ent. Mo. Mag.
35: 264-65. Champion, G. C. 1920.
Some Indian Coleoptera (4):.
Ent. Mo. Mag. 56: 241-49. Chapin, E. A. 1915.
Early states of Staphylinidae. I.
Xantholinus cephalus Say. Psyche J. Ent.
22: 157-61. Chapin, E. A. 1928.
The North American species of Holotrochus
Erichson (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae) with descriptions of two new
species. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.
30: 65-7. Chevrolat, L. A. A. 1846.
In: d'Orbigny, Dictionaire universal
d'histoire naturelle..., vol. 7.
Publ. Paris. 808 p. Chittenden, F. H.
1915. The violet
rove-beetle. Bull. U.S. Dept. Agr.
No. 264: 1-4. Cockerell, T. D. A.
1906. Preoccupied generic
names of Coleoptera. Ent. News
17: 240-44. Cockerell, T. D. A. & H.
C. Fall. 1907. The Coleoptera of New Mexico. Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 33: 145-272. Coiffait, H. 1959. Monographie des Leptotyphlites (Col.
Staphylinidae). REv. Fr. Ent. 26: 237-437. Coiffait, H.
1962. Les Leptotyphlitae (Col.
Staphylinidae) de Californie. REv. Fr. Ent. 29: 154-66. Colhoun, E. H. 1953.
Notes on the stages and biology of Baryodma
ontarionis Casey
(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), a parasite of the cabbage maggot, Hylemya brassicae Bouché (Diptera: Anthomyiidae). Canad. Ent. 85: 1-8. Cooper, K. W. 1932.
A correction to Bradley's Manual of the genera of beetles. Canad. Ent. 64: 236. Cooper, K. W. 1933.
A new species of Staphylinus
(Col. Staphylinidae). Canad. Ent.
65: 264-65. Cooper, K. W. 1933.
A new species of Belonuchus
Nordm. (Col. Staphylinidae). J. NY.
Ent. Soc. 41: 545-46. Cope, E. D. 1871.
On the Wyandotte Cave and its fauna.
Amer. Natur. 6: 406-22. Coquillett, D. W. 1891.
Another parasitic rove beetle.
U.S. Div. Ent. Insect Life 3:
318-19. Cornell, J. F. 1971.
New records of Staphylinidae from North Carolina (Coleoptera). Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash. 73:
305. Costa Lima, A. M. da. 1932. Sobre un
aleocharined ectophilo (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Boll. Biol. Fasc. 21:
58-9. Craig, P. C. 1970.
The behavior and distribution of the intertidal sand beetle Thinopinus pictus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Ecology 5: 1012-17. Crotch, G. R. 1873.
Check list of Coleoptera of America, North of Mexico. Salem Publ. p. 1-136. Curtis, J. 1828. British entomology; being illustrations
and descriptions of the genera of insects found in Great Britain and
Ireland: containing coloured figures
from nature of the most rare and beautiful species, and in many instances of
the plants upon which they are found, vol. 5. Publ. London. Curtis, J. 1829.
British entomology; being illustrations and descriptions of the genera
of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland: containing coloured figures from nature of the most rare and
beautiful species, and in many instances of the plants upon which they are
found, (2nd edition), vol. 1. Publ.
London. Curtis, J. 1838.
British entomology; being illustrations and descriptions of the genera
of insects found in Great Britain and Ireland: containing coloured figures from nature of the most rare and
beautiful species, and in many instances of the plants upon which they are
found, vol. 15. Publ. London. Czwalina, G. 1888.
Die Forceps der Staphyliniden-Gattung Lathrobium (s. str. Rey) Grav. Deut. Ent. Zeits. 32:
337-54. Davis, W. T. 1915. Silpha
surinamensis and Creophilus villosus as predaceous insects. J. NY. Ent. Soc. 23:
150-51. DeGeer, C. 1774.
memoires pour servir a l'histoire des insectes, vol. 4. Publ. Stockholm. 456 p. Dejean, P. F. M. A.
1821. Catalogue de la
collection de coléoptères de la collection de M. le Baron Dejean. Publ. paris.
136 p. DeJean, P. F. M. A.
1833. Catalogue de coléoptères
de la collection de M. le Conte Dejean, ed. 2, fasc. 1. Publ. Paris. 96 p. DeJean, P. F. M. A.
1936. Catalogue de coléoptères
de la collection de M. le Conte Dejean, ed. 3. Publ. Paris. 503 p. Dethlefsen, E. S. 1946.
A new species of Bolitobius
from the Pacific coast (Coleoptera, Staphylinidae). Pan-Pac. Ent. 22: 71-2. Dillwyn, L. W. 1829.
Memoranda relating to coleopterous insects, found in the neighborhood
of Swansea. Publ. Swansea. 75
p. Dillon, E. & L. S. Dillon. 1961. A
manual of common beetles of eastern North America. Row, Peterson, Evanston.
884 p. Dobson, R. M.
1961. Observations on the
natural mortality, parasites and predators of wheat bulf fly, Leptohylemyia coarctica (Fall.). Bull. Ent. Res. 52: 261-91. Drea, J. J. 1966. Studies on Aleochara
tristis (Coleoptera:
Staphylinidae), a natural enemy of the face fly. J. Econ. Ent. 59: 1365-73. Duvivier, A.
1883. Enumeration des
staphylinides decrits depuis la publication du catalogue de M.M. Gemminger
and de Harold. Ann. Soc. Ent. Belg. 27:
91-215. DvoÍák, R.
1957. A character useful
in separating Cafius (sg. Bryonomus Csy.) seminitens Horn and canescens Makl. (Coleoptera:
Staphylinidae). Ent. News 68: 17-18. Edwards, J. G. 1949.
Coleoptera or beetles east of the great plains. Ann Arbor Publ. by author. 181 p. Eichelbaum, F.
1909. Katalog der
Staphyliniden-gattungen nebst Angabe ihrer Literatur, Synonyme, Artenzahl,
geographischen Verbreitung und ihrer bekannten Larvenzustände. Mem. Soc. Ent. Belg. 17: 17-280. Eichelbaum, F.
1913. Verzeichniss der vor in
den Jahren 1903 und 1904 in Deutschland Britisch-Ostafrika eingesammelten
Staphylinidae. Arch. Naturg. 79, Abt.
A-3: 114-68. Eichelbaum, F.
1915. Verbesserungen und Zusätze
zu meinem Katalog der Staphyliniden-gattungen aus dem Jahre 1909. Arch. Naturg. 81, Abt. A-5: 98-121. Eppelsheim, E.
1893. Beitrag zur
Staphylinenfauna des südwestlichen Baikalgebietes. Deut. Ent. Zeits. 1893:
17-67. Eppelsheim, E.
1895. Beitrag zur
Staphylinenfauna West-Afrika. Deut.
Ent. Zeits. 1895: 113-41. Erichson, W. F.
1837. Die Käfer der Mark
Brandenburg, vol. 1, pt. 1. Publ.
Berlin. p. 1-384. Graves, R. C.
1960. Ecological
observations on the insects and other inhabitants of woody shelf fungi
(Basiciomycetes: Polyporaceae) in the Chicago area. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 53: 61-78. Holsinger, J. R. & S. B.
Peck. 1971. The invertebrate cave fauna of Georgia. NSS Bull. 33: 23-44. Kemner, N. A. 1926.
Ent. Tidskr. 47: 133-70. Lawson, P. R. 1935.
A beetle new to Kansas. J. Kan. Ent. Soc. 8:
26. Linsley, E. G & C. D. Michener. 1943.
Observations on some Coleoptera from the vicinity of Mt. Lassen,
California. Pan-Pac. Ent. 19: 75-9. Moore, I. 1959.
A method for artificially culturing the olive fly (Dacus oleae Gmel.) under aseptic conditions. Ktavim 9:
295-6. Moore, I. 1962.
Further investigations on the artificial breeding of the olive fly-- Dacus oleae Gmel.-- under aseptic conditions. Entomophaga 7: 53-. Moore, I. & A.
Navon. 1966. The rearing and some bionomics of the
leopard moth Zeuzera pyrina L. on an artificial
medium. Entomophaga 11: 285-96. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1971a. A new genus and species of rove beetle
from California (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae).
The Coleopterists Bull. 25(2):
51-53. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1971b. Bryothinusa
chani, a new species of
marine beetle from Hong Kong (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). The Coleopterists Bull. 25(3): 107-108. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1971c. Host records of parasitic staphylinids of
the genus Aleochara in
America (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae).
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 64(5):
1184-1185. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1971d. A review of the Nearctic species of Platystethus (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 47(4): 260-264. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1972a. A new alpine species of Unamis from California
(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). The
Coleopterists Bull. 26(1): 21-22. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1972b. A new species of Microedus from the Sierra Nevada Mountains (Coleoptera:
Staphylinidae). The Coleopterists
Bull. 26(2): 75-78. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1972c. A bit about beach beetles and habitat
destruction. Environment Southwest
No. 445, June-July. p 7. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1972d. Museum collections for future
students. Environment Southwest No.
449, Dec. p 8. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1972e. Two new species of Orus from California.
The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 48(4):
249-252. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1972f. Laetulonthus,
a new genus for Philonthus laetulus Say (Coleoptera:
Staphylinidae). J. New York Entomol.
Soc. 89(4): 212-215. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1973a. The genera of the Piestinae of America
north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae).
Entomol. News 84: 117-131. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1973b. Speculation on the distribution of the
southern California species of Cafius
with a new record from the Salton Sea (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 49(3): 279-280. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1973c. A new host record for the parasitic rove
beetle Aleochara bipustulata L. (Coleoptera:
Staphylinidae). Entomol. News
84(7): 250. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1973d. Succession of the coleopterous fauna in wrack. Wasman J. Biol. 31(2): 289-290. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1973e. The genera of the subfamilies
Phloeocharinae and Olisthaerinae of America north of Mexico with description
of a new genus and new species from Washington (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Canad. Entomol. 105(1): 35-41. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1973f. The larva and pupa of Carpelimus debilis
Casey (Coleoptera:
Staphylinidae). Psyche
80(4): 289-294. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1973g. Progression north of two species of rove
beetles in California (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). The Coleopterists Bull. 27(1):
45-46. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1973h. Beneficial insects: neglected "good guys." Environment Southwest 454: 5-7. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1974a. Have all the known cosmopolitan
Staphylinidae been spread by commerce?
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 76(1):
39-40. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1974b. Seashore entomology, a neglected fruitful
field for the study of biosystematics.
Insect World Digest 1(4):
20-24. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1974c. The genera of the Lispininae of America
north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae).
The Coleopterists Bull. 28(2):
77-84. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1974d. The genera of the Osoriinae of America
north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae).
The Coleopterists Bull. 28(3):
115-119. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1974e. The genera of the subfamilies Pseudopsinae
and Proteininae of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Entomol. News 85: 13-18. Moore, I. & E. F. Legner. 1974f.
Notes on Bledius ornatus (LeConte) a seashore
beetle, with description of the larva (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Wasmann J. of Biology 32(1): 141-145. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1974g. A catalogue of the taxonomy, biology and
ecology of the developmental stages of the Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) of
America north of Mexico. J. Kansas Entomol. Soc. 47(4):
469-478. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1974h. Bibliography (1758 to 1972) to the
Staphylinidae of America north of Mexico (Coleoptera). Hilgardia 42(16): 511-547. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1974i. Keys to the genera of the Staphylinidae of
America north of Mexico exclusive of the Aleocharinae (Coleoptera:
Staphylinidae). Hilgardia
42(16): 548-563. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1975a. A catalogue of the Staphylinidae of
America north of Mexico (Coleoptera).
Div. Agr. Sci., Univ. of Calif. Special Publ. 3015: 514 pp. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1975b. Revision of the genus Endeodes LeConte with a tabular key to the species
(Coleoptera: Melyridae). J. New York
Entomol. Soc. 83(2): 70-81. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1975c. Orus
femineus, a new species of
Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) from Florida.
Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 77(4):
491-493. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1975d. A study of Bryothinusa (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae), comparing a
tabular and a dichotomous key to the species. Bull. Southern Calif. Academy of Science 74(3): 109-112. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1976. Intertidal rove beetles (Coleoptera:
Staphylinidae). In: "Marine
Insects", L. Cheng (ed.). pp.
521-51. North-Holland Publ. Co.,
Amsterdam. 581 pp. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1977a. The developmental stages of Endeodes LeConte (Coleoptera:
Melyridae). Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash.
79(2): 172-175. Moore, I. &
E. F. Legner. 1977b. A report on some intertidal Staphylinidae
from Sonora, Mexico with four new genera (Coleoptera). Pacific Insects 17(4): 459-471. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1978. The importance of taxonomy in biological control
as exemplified by rove beetles.
Newsletter Michigan Entomol. Soc. 23(3 & 4): 1, 5. Moore, I. & E. F.
Legner. 1979. An illustrated guide to the genera of the Staphylinidae of
America north of Mexico exclusive of the Aleocharinae (Coleoptera). Div. Agr. Sci. Univ. of Calif. Publ.
4093: 332 pp. Moore, I., E. F. Legner
& T.-D. Chan. 1973. A review of the genus Bryothinusa with descriptions of three new species
(Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Entomol.
News 84: 73-81. Moore, I., E. F. Legner
& M. E. Badgley. 1975. Description of the developmental stages of
the mite predator, Oligota oviformis Casey, with notes on
the osmeterium and its glands (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae). Psyche
82(2): 181-188. Packard, A. S. 1869. Insects living in the sea. Amer. Natur.
2: 277-8. Packard, A. S. 1869. Salt-water insects. Amer. Natur.
2: 329-30. Packard, A. S. 1876. The cave beetles of Kentucky. Amer. Natur.
10: 282-7. Sanderson, M. W.
1939. A family of
Coleoptera, Brathinidae, new to Arkansas. J. Kan. Ent. Soc. 12: 127. Steel, W. O. 1948.
Some notes on the nomenclature of the Xantholinini and Othniini (Col.,
Staphylinidae). Ent. Mon. Mag. 84: 268-70. Steel, W. O. 1959.
Book review. Ent. Gazette
10: 82. (In this review of Hatch's "The Beeltes of the Pacific
North-west, Part 2, Staphyliniformia,
Steel transfers megarthroides
(Fauvel) from Acrolocha to
the genus Hapalaraea, etc.). van Dyke, E. D.
1945. Two Coleoptera
recently established in southern California.
Pan-Pac. Ent. 21: 10. Voris, R. 1934.
Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis, MO.28:
233-61. Wheeler, W. M. 1900.
The female of Eciton aumichrasti Norton, with some
notes on the habits of Texas ecitons.
Amer. Natur. 34: 563-74. White, E. B. & E. F.
Legner. 1966. Notes on the life history of Aleochara taeniata, a staphylinid parasite of the house fly, Musca domestica. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 59:
573-77. |