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HYMENOPTERA, Ichneumonoidea

 

          This is one of the largest groups of parasitic insects.  It probably ranks first in effectiveness of reducing or holding in balance numerous phytophagous pests.  Dominant families are Ichneumonidae and Braconidae (Clausen 1940).  In this section the families Agriotypidae, Aphidiidae, Apozygidae, Braconidae, Ichneumonidae and Paxylommatidae will be treated separately in the respective files <agriop.htm>, <aphidid.htm>, <apozygid.htm>, <braconid.htm>, <ichneu.htm>, & <paxylom.htm> [Also see taxnames for more details].

 

          Ichneumonoidea are in the suborder Apocrita. Included are the ichneumon wasps or "ichneumon flies"; family Ichneumonidae) and the braconids (family Braconidae).

 

          The superfamily may have over 80,100 species. The ichneumon wasps are more commonly observed as they are larger more diverse as the braconids.

 

          All species are solitary and most are parasitoids.  The larvae feed on or in another insects thereby killing them. There is a close relationship to other Hymenoptera:  e.g., ants and bees.

 

          The Ichneumonidae are usually larger insects than of the Braconidae, and are separated by their wing venation. Species of both families have associated polydnaviruses that suppress the immune systems of their hosts.

Different insects may be utilized as  hosts or specific hosts are chosen. Some species have been used in biological control.

 

          The size of Ichneumonidae vary from 3.2 to 134 mm long. Most species are slender, with the females of many species having long ovipositors.  Eggs are deposited on, near, or inside a host's body. The larvae feed either externally or internally, killing the host just before pupation. The long ovipositor is adapted for boring into wood and a host.

 

          Key references are Clausen (1940), DeBach (1964), Askew (1971), Huffaker & Messenger (1976), Vinson (1976), Marsh & Carlson (1979), Vinson & Iwantsch (1980), Gauld (1988) and Gauld & Bolton (1988).

 

Families

 

Apozygidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

Braconidae <Habits>; <Adults-1> & <Adults-2> &

        <Adults-3> &  <Juveniles>

Aphidiinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

Ichneumonidae <Habits>; <Adults-1> & <Adults-2>

       &<Adults-3>; & <Juveniles>

Agriotypinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

Paxylommatidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>

 

 

References:   Please refer to  <biology.ref.htm>, [Additional references may be found at:  MELVYL Library]

 

Achterberg, C. van. 1975. A revision of the tribus Blacini (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Helconinae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 118:159‑322.

 

Achterberg, C. van. 1975. A new genus, Mesostoa gen. nov., from W. Australia, belonging to a new subfamily (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Entomologische Berichten (Amsterdam) 35:158‑160.

 

Achterberg, C. van. 1976. A preliminary key to the subfamilies of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 119:33‑78.

 

Achterberg, C. van. 1979. A revision of the species of Amicrocentrinae, a new subfamily (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), with a description of the final instar larval instar of Amicrocentrum curvineris by J.R.T. Short. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 122:1‑28.

 

Achterberg, C. van. 1979a. A revision of the species of Amicrocentrinae, a new subfamily (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), with a description of the final instar larva of Amicrocentrum curvineris by J.R.T. Short. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 122:1‑28.

 

Achterberg, C. van. 1979b. A revision of the new mily Xiphozelinae (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 122:29‑46.

 

Achterberg, C. van. 1979c. A revision of the subfamily Zelinae auct. (Hymenoptera, Braconidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 122 241 ‑479.

 

Achterberg, C. van. 1983a. A revision of the new tribe Brulleiini. Contributions of the Amer. Entomol. Institute 20:281‑306.

 

Achterberg, C. van. 1983b. Revisionary notes on the subfamily Gnaptodontinae, with a description of eleven new species (Hymneoptera, Braconidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 126:25 ‑57.

 

Achterberg, C. van. 1984a. Essay on the phylogeny of the Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea). Entomologisk Tidskrift 105:41 ‑58.

 

Achterberg, C. van. 1984b. Revision of the genera of the Braconini with the first and second metasomal tergites immovably joined (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Braconinae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie 127:137‑164.

 

Achterberg, C. van. 1985. Notes on Braconidae V‑VI. Zoologische Mededelingen 59:341‑362.

 

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Achterberg, C. van. 1990. Illustrated key to the subfamilies of the Holarctic Braconidae (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonoidea). Zoologische Mededelingen 64:1‑20.

 

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Daniel, D.M. 1932. Macrocentrus ancylivorus Rohwer, a polyembryonic braconid parasite of the oriental fruit moth. New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin No. 187.101 pp.

 

DeBach, P., ed. 1964. Biological control of insect pests and weeds. Chapman and Hall, London, En~land. 844 PP.

 

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Edson, K.M., S.B. Vinson, D.B. Stoltz, and M.D. Summers. 1981. Virus in a parasitoid wasp: supression of the cellular immune response in the parasitoid's host. Science 211:582‑583.

 

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Gupta, V.K. 1987. The Ichneumonidae of the Indo‑Australian area (Hymenoptera). Memoirs of the Amer. Entomol. Institute 41(1‑2):1‑1210.

 

Haeselbarth, E. 1962. Zur biologie, entwicklungsgeschichte und Okologie von Brachistes atricomis Ratz. (Hym. Braconidae) als eines parasiten von Pissodespiceae (Ill.) (Col., Curc.). Zeitschrift fur angewandte Entomologie 49:233‑289.

 

Haeselbarth, E. 1973. Die Blacus‑arten europas und Zentral--Asiens (Hym., Braconidae). Veroffentlichungen der zoologischen Staats‑sammlungen, Munchen 16:69‑170.

 

Hedqvist, K.‑J. 1963. Notes on the Hormiinae with descriptions of new genera and species (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Entomologisk Tidskrift 84:30‑61.

 

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Heinrich, G.H. 1967‑1969. Synopsis and reclassification of the Ichneumonidae Stenopneusticae of Africa south of the Sahara (Hymenoptera). Vols. 1--5. Farmington State College Press, Farmington, Maine, U.S.A. 1250 pp.

 

Heinrich, G.H. 1977. Ichneumonidae of Florida and neighboring states. Arthropods of Florida 9:1 ‑350.

 

Huddleston, T. 1976. A revision of Elasmosoma Ruthe (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) with two new species from Mongolia. Annales Historico‑Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici 68:215‑225.

 

Huddleston, T. 1980. A revision of the western Palearctic species of the genus Meteorus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Bulletin of the British Museum of Natural History (Entomology) 41:1‑58.

 

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Huddleston, T., and A.K. Walker. 1988. Cardiochiles (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of lepidopterous larvae, in the Sahel of Africa, with a review of the biology and host relationships of the genus. Bulletin of Entomol. Research 78:435‑461.

 

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Marsh, P.M. 1965. The Nearctic Doryctinae, 1. A review of the subfamily with a revision of the tribe Hecabolini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Ann. of the Entomol. Soc. of Amer. 58:  668-99.

 

Marsh, P.M. 1971. Keys to the Nearctic genera of the families Braconidae, Aphidiidae, and Hybrizontidae (Hymenoptera). Ann. of the Entomol. Soc. of Amer. 64:841--850. Marsh, P.M. 1979. Family Braconidae. Pages 144‑295 in Krombein, K.V., P.D. Hurd, Jr., D.R. Smith, and B.D. Burks, eds. Catalog of Hymenoptera in Amer. north of Mexico. Vol. 1. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., USA. 1198 pp.

 

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Mason, H.C. 1948. Chremylus rubiginosis (Nees), a braconid parasite of the casemaking clothes moth. Ann. of the Entomol. Soc. of Amer. 41:28--40.

 

Mason, W.R.M. 1969. Muesebeckiini, a new tribe of Braconidae (Hymenoptera). Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. of Washington 71:263‑278.

 

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Mason, W.R.M. 1974. A generic synopsis of Brachistini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and recognition of the name Charmon Haliday. Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. of Washington 76:235‑246.

 

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Mason, W.R.M. 1978. A new genus, species and family of Hymenoptera (Ichneumonidae) from Chile. Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. of Washington 80:606‑610.

 

Mason, W.R.M. 1979. A new genus and species of Orgilini (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) from New Guinea. Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. of Washington 81:640‑644.

 

Mason, W.R.M. 1981. Paxylommatidae: The correct family‑group name for Hybrizon Fallen (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonoidea), with figures of unusal antennal sensilla. Canad. Entomol. 113:433--439.

 

Mason, W.R.M. 1981. The polyphletic nature of Apanteles Foerster (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): a phylogeny and reclassification of Microgastrinae. Memoirs of the Entomol. Soc. of Canada No. 115. 147 pp.

 

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Mason, W.R.M. 1987. Discovery of femaleApo~yx (Hymenoptera: Apozygidae) and comments on its taxonomic position. Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. of Washington 89:226‑229.

 

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Shenefelt, R.D. 1970a. Braconidae 2. Helconinae, Calyptinae, Mimagathidinae, Triaspinae. Hymenopterorum Catalogus, Pars 5:177‑305.

 

Shenefelt, R.D. 1970b. Braconidae 3. Agathidinae. Hymenopterorum Catalogus Pars 6:306‑428.

 

Shenefelt, R.D. 1972. Braconidae 4. Microgastrinae Apanteles. Hymenopterorum Catalogus, Pars 7:429‑668.

 

Shenefelt, R.D. 1973a. Braconidae 5. Microgasterinae and Ichneutinae. Hymenopterorum Catalogus, Pars 9:669--812.

 

Shenefelt, R.D. 1973b. Braconidae 6. Cheloninae. Hymenopterorum Catalogus, Pars 10:813‑936.

 

Shenefelt, R.D. 1974. Braconidae 7. Alysiinae. Hymenopterorum Catalogus, Pars 11:937‑1114.

 

Shenefelt, R.D. 1975. Braconidae 8. Exothecinae, Rogadinae. Hymenopterorum Catalogus, Pars 12:1115‑1262.

 

Shenefelt, R.D. 1978. Braconidae 10. Braconinae, Gnathobraconinae, Mesostoinae, Pseudodicrogeniinae, Telengainae, Ypsistocerinae plus Braconidae in general, major groups, unplaced genera and species. Hymenopterorum Catalogus, Pars 15:1425‑1872.

 

Shenefelt, R.D. 1980. Braconidae 11. Introduction, guide to host names, index to braconid names. Hymenopterorum Catalogus, Pars 16:1--384.

 

Shenefelt, R.D., and P.M. Marsh. 1976. Braconidae 9. Doryctinae. Hymenopterorum Catalogus, Pars 13:1263‑1424.

 

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Telenga, N.A. 1955. Faune de l'URSS. Hymenoptera. Vol. V, Pt. 4. Fam. Braconidae: Subfam. Microgasterinae, Subfam. Agathinae. Moscow, Instituta zoologii Akademiya Nauk SSSR. Fauna Rossi (n.s.) 61. 312 pp.

 

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