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HYMENOPTERA, Eupelmidae (Walker 1846) - (Chalcidoidea) -- <Images> & <Juveniles>

Eupelmidae. -- This is a large family with over 95 North American species known. They resemble encyrtids, but they have a flatter mesonotum and parapsidal furrows are present. Some apterous or have very short wings.

Many are able to jump and they often tumble around after jumping, before gaining a grip; their jumping is facilitated by their ability to bend the head and abdomen up over the thorax, much as occurs in click beetles. The members of this group attack a wide variety of hosts; a number of species are known to attack hosts in different orders; and a few are parasitoids of spiders.

References: Please refer to <biology.ref.htm>, [Additional references may be found at: MELVYL Library]

Ashmead, W. H. 1904. Classification of the chalcid flies. Mem. Carneg. Mus. 1: 287-91.

Bou…ek, Z. 1958. Eine Cleonyminen-- Studie; Bestimmungsstabella der Gattungen mit Beschreibungen und Notizen, eingeschlossen einige Eupelmidae (Hym. Chalcidoidea). Sb. Ent. Odd. Nár. Mus. Praze 32: 353-86.

Bou…ek, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea, a biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. CAB Internatl., Wallingford, UK. 832 p.

Burks, B. D. 1967. The North American species of Anastatus Motschulsky (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 93: 423-31.

Burks, B. D. 1973. North American species of calosota Curtis (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae). J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 63(1): 26-31.

Clausen, C. P. 1940. Entomophagous Insects. McGraw-Hill Book Co., NY. 688 p.

Ferriere, C. 1954. Mitt. Schweiz. Ent. Gesell. 27: 1-21.

Gahan, A. B. 1943. Revisions of two genera of chalcid-flies belonging to the family Eupelmidae from North and South America. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 94: 339-69.

Hedqvist, K. 1970. Hymenoptera (Chalcidoidea); Eupelmidae. In: South African Animal Life, Vol. 14, Chapter 17.

Islam, S. S. & M. Hayat. 1988. Family Eupelmidae. In: B. R. Subba-Rao, & M. Hayat (eds.), Oriental Insects, Vol. 19. Association For The Study of Oriental. Insects, Gainesville, FL. 329 p.

Parker, D. L. 1933. J. Agr. Res. 46: 23-34.

Prinsloo, G. L. 1980. An illustrated guide to the families of African Chalcidoidea (Insecta: Hymenoptera). Rep. So. Africa, Dept. Agr. & Fisheries Sci. Bull. 395. 66 p.

Ruschka, F. 1920. Verhand. Zool. Bot. Gesell. Wien 70: 234-315.

Trjapitcyn, V. A. 1978/1987. Family Eupelmidae (Eupelmids). In: G. S. Medvedev (ed.) 1987, Keys to the Insects of the European Part of the USSR. Vol. 3 Hymenoptera, Pt. 2. Akad. Nauk., Zool. Inst., Leningrad, SSSR. (trans. fr. Russian, Amerind. Publ. Co., Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi). 1341 p.

Yoshimoto, C. M. 1984. The Insects and Arachnids of Canada. Part 12. The Families and Subfamilies of Canadian Chalcidoid Wasps, Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea. Biosystematics Res. Inst., Ottawa, Ontario, Res. Br. Agr. Canada Publ. 1760. 149 p.