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HYMENOPTERA, Apoidea

 

          Insects in the genus Sphecodes (fam. Halictidae) live at the expense of other insects.  This parasitoids appropriate the nests of bees of the genus Halictus and of some Andrenidae.  Ferton (1923) discussed the relationship between S. monilicornis Kirby (subquadratus Smith) and H. malachurus Kirby.  The burrow of the latter is always guarded, and it is necessary for the Sphecodes parasitoid to kill the defender before occupying the nest, the body of the latter being ejected from the burrow (Clausen 1940).

 

 

References:   Please refer to  <biology.ref.htm>, [Additional references may be found at:  MELVYL Library]

 

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Brooks, R.W. 1988. Systematics and phylogeny of the anthophorine bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae: Anthophorini). University of Kansas Science Bulletin 53:436--575.

 

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Brothers, D.J. 1975. Phylogeny and classification of the aculeate Hymenoptera, with special reference to the Mutillidae. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 50:483‑648.

 

Brothers, D.J. 1976. Modifications of the metapostnotum and origin of the 'propodeal triangle' in Hymenoptera Aculeata. Systematic Entomology 1:177--182.

 

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Day, M.C. 1984. The enigmatic genus Heterogyna Nagy (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae; Heterogyninae). Systematic Entomology 9:293--307.

 

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Ebmer, A.W. 1987. Die europaischen Arten der Gattungen Halictus Latreille 1804 und Lasioglossum Curtis 1833 mit illustrierten Bestimmungstabellen (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae: Halictinae). Senckenbergiana biologica (Frankfurt am Main) 68(1/3):59‑148.

 

Eick~vort, G.C. 1969. A comparative morphological study and generic revision of the augochlorine bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin 48:325--524.

 

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Fritz, M.A., and G.H. Toro. 1977. Los especies de Heliocausini (Hym. Sphecidae‑Nyssoninae). Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 35:17‑38.

 

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Hirashima, Y. 1961. Monographic study of the subfamily Nomiinae of Japan (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Acta Hymenopterologica 1(3):241‑303.

 

Hirashima, Y. 1966. Systematic and biological studies of the family Andrenidae of Japan (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Part 2. Systematics, 7. J. of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 14(1):89‑ 131.

 

Hirashima, Y. 1971. Subgeneric classification of the genus Ceratina Latreille of Asia and West Pacific, with comments on the remaining subgenera of the world (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). J. of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 16(4):349‑375.

 

Houston, T.F. 1975. A revision of the Australian hylaeine bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) I. Australian J. of Zoology, Supplementary Series No. 36:1‑135.

 

Houston, T.F. 1981. A revision of the Australian hylaeine bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) II. Australian J. of Zoology, Supplementary Series No. 80:1‑128.

 

Hurd, P.D., Jr. 1979. Superfamily Apoidea. Pages 1741‑2209 in Krombein, K.V., P.D. Hurd, Jr., D.R. Smith, and B.D. Burks, eds. Catalog of Hymenoptera in Amer. north of Mexico. Vol. 2, pp. 1199‑2209. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washin~ton, D.C., USA.

 

Hurd, P.D., Jr., and J.S. Moure. 1963. A classification of the large carpenter bees (Xylocopini) (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). University of California Publications in Entomology 29:vi + 1‑365.

 

Hurd, P. D. Jr., and E. G. Linsley. 1976. The bee family Oxaeidae with a revision of the North Amer. species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 220:1‑75.

 

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Iuga, V.G. 1958. Hymenoptera Apoidea, Anthophorinae. Pages 1 ‑270 in Fauna Republicii Populare Romine. Insecta, Vol. 9, fasc.3.

 

Kazenas, V.L. 1978. The digger wasps of Kazakhstan and Middle Asia (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). The determinant. Academy of Sciences of Kazakh SSR, Institute of Zoology, Alma‑Ata. 172 pp. [In Russian.]

 

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Krombein, K.V. 1979b. Biosystematic studies of Ceylonese wasps, V: a monograph of the Ampulicidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 298: 1 ‑ 29.

 

Krombein, K.V. 1981. Biosystematic studies of Ceylonese wasps, VIII: a monograph of the Philanthidae (Hymenoptera, Sphecoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 343:1‑75.

 

Krombein, K.V. 1984. Biosystematic studies of Ceylonese wasps, XIII: a monograph of the Stizinae (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea, Nyssonidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 388:1‑37.

 

Krombein, K.V. 1985. Biosystematic studies of Ceylonese wasps, XV: a monograph of the Alyssoninae, Nyssoninae and Gorytinae (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea: Nysonnidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 414:1‑43.

 

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McGinley, R.J. 1981. Systematics of the Colletidae based on mature larvae with phenetic analysis of apoid larvae. University of California Publications in Entomology 91:xvi + 1--307.

 

McGinley, R.J. 1986. Studies of Halictinae (Apoidea: Halictidae), I: Revision of New World Lasioglossum Curtis. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 429:vi + 1‑294.

 

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Menke, A.S., and C. Vardy. 1980. A synopsis of the tribe Scapheutini (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 34:73‑85.

 

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Michener, C.D. 1954. Bees of Panama. Bulletin of the Amer. Museum of Natural History 101: 1-175.

 

Michener, C.D. 1965. A classification of the bees of the Australian and South Pacific regions.

 

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Michener, C.D. 1975. A taxonomic study of African allodapine bees (Hymenoptera, Anthophoridae, Ceratinini). Bulletin of the Amer. Museum of Natural History 155:67‑240.

 

Michener, C.D. 1978. The classification of halictine bees: tribes and Old World nonparasitic genera with strong venation. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 51:501‑538.

 

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