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MYCOLOGY GLOSSARY ---- Please CLICK on first letter of word [to search for Subject Matter, depress Ctrl/F ]: Words
beginning with: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M,
N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z ------------------------------------------- Key to symbols: Gr. = Greek; Icel. = Icelandic; L. = Latin; ME. ;
= Middle English; NL. := New Latin. ------------------------------------------- <A words> Acervulus (pl. acervuli; L. acerous = heap, dimin. form): a
mat of hyphae giving rise to short conidiophores closely packed together
forD1ing a bedlike mass. Characteristic of the Melanconiales. Achlorophyllous (G~. a = not + chlaros = green + Phyllon = leaf):
lacking chlorophyll. Aeciospore (Gr. aikia = injury + spotos = seed, spore): a
binucleate spore produced in an aecium. Aecium (pI. aĞia; Gr. aikia = injury): a structure
consisting of binucleate hyphal cells, with or without a peridium, which
produce spore chains consisting of aeciospores alternating with disjunctor
cells, by the successive, conjugate division of the nuclei. Aethalium (pl. aethalia; Gr. aethalos = soot): a rather large,
sometimes massive, generally cushion-shaped fructification of some
Myxomycophyta. Akaryote (Gr. a = not + karyon '= nut, nucleus): a phase in
the life cycle of the. Plasmodiophorales during which the nucleoplasm loses its affinity for stains Alga (pl. algae; L. alga." sea\veed): anyone of a
group. of thallus plants containing chlorophyll. Amphitrichous. (Gr. amPhi = both +thrix .;, hair): refers to a
bacterial cell with a tuft of flagella at each pole Anisogamous planogametes (Gr. a == not + ;sos =: equal + gamos =
marriage; Planetes := wanderer + gametes = husband): motile gametes which are
morphologically similar but which differ in size Anisogamy (Gr. a = not + isos ::= equal + gamos = marriage,
union): union of planogametes which
are morphologically similar but which differ in size. Annulus (pl. annuli; 1.. annulus '= ring): the ring found on
the stem of certain species of mushrooms. Remnant of the inner veil. Antheridium (pl. anthttidia; Gr. Antheros = flowery + .idion, a
dimin. suffix); a male gametangium Antherozoid (Gr. antheros = flowery + zodion ~ little animal):
the motile male gamete of the Monoblepharidales Antibiotic (Gr. anti = against + bios = life): a substance
produced by a living organism, which injures or kills another living
organism. Aplanetic (Gr. a = not + Planetes = wanderer): nonmotile. Aplanospore (Gr. a = not + planetes = wanderer + sporos = seed,
spore): a nonmotile spore Apothecium (pI. apothecia; Gr. apotheke = storehouse): an open
ascocarp Archicarp (Gr. atche = beginning + karpos = fruit): the
initial stage of a fruiting body. Arthrospore (Gr. arthron ;; joint + sporos = seed, spore): a
spore resulting from the fragmentation of a hypha. Also called oidium. Ascocarp (Gr. askos;; .sac + karpos = fruit): a fruiting body
containing asci Ascogenous hypha (Gr. askos = sac + gennao = I give birth +
hyphae = web):a specialized hypha which gives rise to one or more asci Ascogonium (pI. ascogonia; Gr. Gskas::: sac + gennao =.1 give
birth): the female gametangium of the Ascomycota Ascospore (Gr. askos = sac + sporos = seed, spore): a spore,
which results from meiosis, borne in an ascus Ascus (pI. asci; Gr. askos ;; sac): a sac.like structure
generally containing a definite number of ascospores-typically eight-which is
usually formed as a result of karyogamy and meiosis. Characteristic of the
Ascomycota. Aseptate (L. ab = away + septum = hedge): lacking cross walls Asexual (L. ab = away + sexus = sex): reproduction not
involving union of two nuclei Aspergillosis (Aspergillus = a genus of Ascomycota): one of
a group of diseases of animals and humans caused by various species of
Aspergillus. Asporogenous (Gr. a = not + sporos = seed, spore + gennoo = I
give birth): non-spore forming. Autoecism (Gr. autos = self, i.e., the same + oikos = home):
the ability of a parasitic fungus to complete its entire life cycle on a
single host species. Used particularly for certain rusts. Azygospore (Gr. a = not + zygos =' yoke + sporos = seed,
spore): a zygospore, which develops parthenogenetically. <B words> Bacillus (pl. bacilli; L. bacillum, dim in. for stick): a rod
shaped bacterium Bacteriology (Gr. bakterion = small rod + logos = discourse): the
science, which treats of bacteria. Basidiocarp (Gr. basidion = small base, basidium + karpos =
fruit): a fruiting body, which bears basidia Basidiospore (Gr. basidion = small base + sporos = seed, spore): a spore borne on the
outside of a basidium, resulting from karyogamy and meiosis Basidium (pl. basidia; Gr. basidion = a small base): a
structure bearing on its surface a definite number of basidiospores-typically
four-which are usually formed as a result of karyogamy and meiosis Binomial (L. bi = two + nomen == name): the scientific name
of an organism. It is composed of two names, the first designating the genus,
and the second the species. Bipolarity (L. bi =two + Gr. poloJ = pole): a condition of
sexual compatibility in certain Basidiomycota in which two basidiospores of
each basidium are of one strain, and two are of another. Blastospore (Gr. blaslos = bud, shoot + sporos = seed, spore): an
asexual spore formed by budding Budding (ME. budde = bud): the production of a small
outgrowth (bud) from a parent cell. A method of asexual reproduction. <C words> Capillitium (pl. capillitia; L. capillus = hair): sterile,
thread-like structures present among the spores in the fruiting bodies of
many Myxogastres and Gasteromycetes Capsule (L. capsula = a small box): a halo-like, gelatinous
or mucilaginous sheath around certain bacterial cells Chlamydospore (Gr. chlamys = mantle + sporos :: seed, spore): a hyphal
cell, enveloped by a thick cell wall, which eventually becomes separated from
the parent hypha and behaves as a resting spore Clamp connection: a bridge-like hyphal connection characteristic of
the secondary mycelium of many Basidiomycota Cleistothecium (pl. cleistothecia; Gr. kleistos :: closed + theke =
case): a completely closed ascocarp Coccus (pl. cocci; Gr. kokkos = grain, kernel): a spherical
bacterium Coenocytic (Gr. koinos = common + kylos = a hollow vessel):
non-septate; referring to the fact that the nuclei are embedded in the
cytoplasm without being separated by cross-walls. i.e., th(: nuclei lic in a
common matrix Colony (L. colonia = a settlement): a group of individuals
of the same species living in close association. In fungi, the term usually
refers to n1any hyphae growing out of a single point and forming a round or
globose thallus. Columella (pl. columellae; L. columen = column): a sterile
structure within a sporangium or other fructification; often an extension of
the stalk Compound oosphere (Gr. oon = egg + sphaira = sphere): .an oosphere
with many functional gamete nuclei. Conidiophore (Gr. konis = dust + Phoreus = bearer): a specialized
hypha bearing conidia Conidium (pl. conidia, Gr. konis = dust + -idion, dimin.
suffix): a spore formed asexually, usually at the tip or side of a hypha Conjugate nuclear division (L. con == with + jugum =
yoke): the simultaneous division of the two nuclei in a dikaryon, giving rise
to four daughter nuclei. These generally become separated by a septum into
two cells, the sister nuclei migrating into different daughter cells. Context (L. contexere = to weave together): the fibrous
tissue which makes up the body of the pileus in the Basidiomycota. Coprophilous (Gr. kopros = dung + Philein = to love): growing on
dung. Cortina (pl. cortinae; L. cortina = curtain): a
curtain.like, cobwebby veil hanging from the margin of the cap of certain
mushrooms. Cystidium (pl. cystidia; Gr. kystis = bladder + .idion, dimin.
s\lffix): a large sterile structure in the hymenium of a Basidiomycete <D words> Damping-off: a disease of seedlings which causes them to rot at
the soil level and to fall over. Dermatophyte (Gr. derma = skin + phyton = plant): anyone of
several fungi which cause skin diseases. Dikaryon (NL. di = two + Gr. karyon ~ nut, nucleus): a pair
of closely associated nuclei, each \lS\lally derived from a different parent
cell. Dikaryotic (NL. di = two + Gr. karyon =nut, nucleus):
pertaining to a cell wliich contains a dikaryon Dioecious (NL. di = two + Gr. oikos = home): refers to species
in which the sexes are segregated in different individuals (Figure 99). The
use of this term is often restricted to higher plants. Diplanetic (Gr. dis = twice + planetes = wanderer): refers to a
species which produces two types of zo&pores and in which two swarming
periods occ\\r Diplococcus (pl. diplococci; Gr. diplous = double + kokko$ =
grain. kernel):an arrangement of spherical bacterial cells in pairs Diploid (Gr. diplou.f'= double): containing the double (2n)
number of chromosomes. <E words> Egg (Icel. egg = egg): female gamete Endospore (Gr. endos = inside + sporos ;: seed, spore): a
resting stage produced by some bacteria, which is resistant to unfavorable
conditions Epibasidium (pl. epibasidia; Gr. ePi = upon + basidion = small
base): the upper portion of the basidial apparatus of the HemiBasidiomycota Epigean (Gr. epi = upon + ge ;: earth): above the ground.
Epiphytotic (Gr. epi :=; upon + phyton ;: plant): a widespread occurrence of
a plant disease. Epithecium (pl. epithecia; Gr. ePi = upon + theke :; a case): a
layer of tis- sue on the surface of the hymenium of an apothecium, formed by
the union of the tips of the paraphyses over the asci. Epizootic (Gr. ePi = upon + %oon ~ animal): a widespread
occurrence of an animal disease. Eucarpic (Gr. t'u:=; good + karpos ;: fruit): forming
reproductive struct\Ites on certain
portions of the thallus, the thallus itself continuing to perform its somatic
functions. Excipulum (pl. excipu1a; NL. excipulum = receptacle): the
outer layer of the hypothecium <F words> Facultative parasite (L. facultas = ability; Gr.
parasitos = table mate): an organism capable of infecting another living
organism or of growing on dead organic matter, according to circumstances. Facultative saprobe (L. facultas = ability; Gr. sapros = rotten + bios
== 1ife}: an organism capable of growing on dead organic matter, or of
infecting another living organism, according to circumstances. Fairy ring: a ring of mushrooms on the ground representing the
periphery of mycelial growth of a Basidiomycot. Fertilization tube (L. fertilis = fertile): a tube originating from the
male gametangium and penetrating into the female through which the male
gametes (nuclei) are transferred. Fission (L. fissio = splitting): the splitting of a cell
into two cells directly. Flagellum (pl. flagella; L. flagellum= whip): a hair.. whip-,
or tinsel-1ike structure which serves to propel a motile cell. Fragmentation (L. frangere = to break): the segrnentation of the
thallus into a number of fragments each of which is capable of growing into a
new individual. A method of asexual reproduction. Fructification (L. fructus = fruit): any fungal structure that
contains or bears spores. Fruiting body: see fructification. Fungus (pL fungi; L. fungus = mushroom): One of the
achlorophyllous thallophytes whose somatic structures are usually filamentous
and branched fungi have cell walls and demonstrable nuclei. They reproduce
typically both by sexual and asexual means. Funiculus (pl. funiculi; I.. funiculus = a small cord): a thin
cord by means of which the peridioles of some Nidulariales are attached to
the basidiocarp which bears them. <G words> Gamettangial contact (Gr. gametes = husband +
angeion = vessel): a method of sexual reproduction in which two gametangia
come in contact but do not fuse. The male nucleus migrates through a ~re or
fertilization tube into tile female gametangium Gametangial copulation (Gr. gametes:: husband +
angeion = vessel)~ a method of sexual reproduction in which two gametangia
0]' their protoplasts fuse and give rise to a zygote which develops into a
resting spore Gametangium (pl. gametangia; Gr. gametes::
husband + angeion :0: vessel): a structure which contains gametes. Gamete. (Gr. gametes:::: hll.sband, sex cell): a
differentiated sex cell or a sex nucleus wl1ich fuses with another in sexual
reproduction Gametothallus (pl. gametothalli; Gr. gamctes = husband + thallos =
shoot}: a thallus which produces gametes, as opposed to a sporothallus Gemma (PI; gemmae; L. Gemma = bud): a thick-walled cell
similar to a chlamydospore Genus (pl. genera; L. genus = race): a taxonomic category
that includes a number of species. The genus name (generic name) is the first
name in a binomial. Gleba (pl. glebae; L gleba = clod): the inner, fertile portion of the fruiting body of the
Gasteromycetes. <H words> Haploid (Gr. haplous = simplex): containing the reduced (n)
number of chromosomes. Hapteron (pl. haptera; Gr. hapto = I touch): a mass of highly
adhesive hyphae that form an attachment organ at the base of the funicular
cord of the Nidulariaceae. Haustorium (pl. haustoria; L. haustor = drinker): absorbing
organ originating on a hypha of a parasite and penetrating into a cell of the
host. Most often associated with obligate parasites, but also produced by
some facultative parasites. Helotism (Gr. heilotia = serfdom): the name applied to the
relationship of the alga to the fungus in a lichen, by those who do not
concede that it is strict parasitism. Hermaphroditic (Gr. Hermes = the messenger of the gods, symbol of
the male sex + Aphrodite = the goddess of love, symbol of the female sex):
refers to species in which both male and female sex organs are produced by
each individual Heteroecism (Gr. hetero$ == other, different + oikos
""home, i.e., host): the necessity of two host species for the
completion of the life cycle of certain parasitic fungi. Hcterogametangia (sing. heterogametangium; Gr. heteron = other,
different + gametes = husband + angeion = vessel): male and female gametangia
that are distinguishable morphologically Heterogametes (Gr. heteros = other, different + gametes =
husband): male and female gametes that are distinguishable morphologically Heterokaryotic (Gr. heteron = other, different + karyon = nut,
nucleus): containing nuclei of different strains. Heterothallic (Gr. heteros = other, different + thallos = shoot,
thallus): According to one version: refers to a species consisting of
self-sterile (self. incompatible) individuals requiring therefore the union
of two compatible thalli for sexual reproduction, regardless of the possible
presence of both male and female organs on the same individual. According to
another version: refers to a species in which the sexes are segregated in
separate thalli, two different thalli being required for sexual reproduction. Heterothahallism (Gr. heteros = other, different + thallos = shoot,
thallus): the condition exemplified by heterothallic species. Holobasidium (pl. holobasidia; Gr. halon = entire + basidion = a
small base): a simple, club-shaped structure in which karyogamy and meiosis
occur, which bears basidiospores on its surface Holocarpic (Gr. holo~ = entirely + kapos = fruit): refers to an
organism whose thallus is entirely converted into one or more reproductive
structures. Holozoic (Gr. holos = entirely + oikos = of animals):
ingesting food in the form of solid particles. Homothallic (Gr. homo = same + thallos = shoot. thallus): refers
to fungi in which sexual reproduction lakes place in a single thallus which
is, therefore, (essentially self-compatible. Homothallism (Gr. homo = same + thallos = shoot. thallus): the
condition exemplified by homothallic species. Host (L. hospes = one who receives a stranger as his
guest): a living organism harboring a parasite. Hyaline (Gr. hyalinos:
made of glass, i.e., colorless): colorless, transparent. Hymenium (pl. hymenia; Gr. hymen = membrane\: a fertile layer
consisting of asci or basidia Hyperplasia (Gr. hyper: over + plasis. = molding, formation):
excessive multiplication of cells; abnormal rate of cell division. Hypertrophy (Gr. hyper = over t trophe = food): excessive
enlargement of cells. Hypha (pl. hyphae; Gr. hyphe = web): the unit of structure
of the fungi; a tubular filament Hyphal body (Gr. hyphe = web): a fragment of the
mycelium of the Entomophthorales Hypobasidium (pl. hypobasidia; Gr. hypo == under + basidion =
small base): the basal portion of the basidial apparatus of the
Hemibasidiomycetes Hypogean (Gr. hypo = under + ge =earth): growing below the
ground. Hypothallus (pl. hypothalli; Gr. hypo = under + thallos = shoot,
thallus): a thin, often transparent deposit at the ba.~e of the
fructifications of some Myxogastres. Hypothecium (pl. hypothecia; Gr. hypo = under + theke = case):
the thick fleshy portion or main body of an apothecium <I words> Indusium (PI. indusia; L. indusium:: undergarment): a skirt-like
structure hanging from the receptacle of the expanded fruiting body of Dictyophora
(one of the stinkhorns) Inner veil: the hyphal membrane that covers the gills
of a young mushroom. Isogametangia (sing. isogametangium; Gr. ison = equal + gametes = husband
+ angeion = container): gametangia, presumably of opposite sex which are
indistinguishable morphologically Isogamete. Gr. isos = equal + gametes = husband): gametes,
presumably of opposite sex, which are indistinguishable morphologically Isoplanogametes (Gr. isos; equal + planetes = wanderer + gametes ==
husband): motile gametes, presumably of opposite sex, which are
indistinguishable morphologically <J words> <K words> Karyogamy (Gr. karyon = nut, nucleus + gamos = marriage,
union): the fusion of two nuclei <L words> Lamella (pl. lamellae; L. lamina = plate, dimin. form): a
plate-like structure (gill) on which some Basidiomycota produce their basidia Lichen (Gr. lichen = lichen): a combination of an alga and
a fungus in which the two components are so interwoven as to form what
appears to be a single individual. Locule (L. loculus :: a little place): a cavity within a
stroma Lophotrichous (Gr. lophos = hill + thrix = hair): refers to a
bacterial cell with a tuft of polar flagella at one pole <M words> Macroconidium (pl. macroconidia; Gr. makrott: long -t- kottis::
dust +.jdion, dimin. suffix): a conidium, as distinguished from a
microconidium Macrocyclic (Gr. makros = long + kyklos :: circle, cycle): long
cycled. Applied to those species of rusts that produce one or more types of
binucleate spores in addition to teleutospores. Medium (pl. media; L. medium = intermediate): sub-stratum
of a balanced chemical composition employed in the laboratory for growing
microorganisms. Media may be used in the liquid state or may be solidified
with agar, gelatin, or other solidifying agents. Meiosis (Gr. meiosis = reduction): a pair of nuclear
divisions in quick succession, one of which is reductional. Four haploid
nuclei are produced as a result of meiosis. Meristogenous (Gr. Meros = part + gennao = I give birth): refers
to the origin of a fruiting body from the division of a simple cell or
of adjacent cells of the same hypha Meront (Gr. meros = po;tion): a portion of anything, but
more especially of a splitting plasmodium (schizont) of the
Plasmodiophorales Micrococcus (Gr. mikros == small + kokkos = grain, kernel): an
arrangement of spherical bacteria either as isolated, single cells or as
sheets one cell thick, the latter resulting from cell division in two planes Microconidium (pl. microconidia; Gr. mikron: small + konis :. dust
+ .idion,
dimin. suffix): small conidium which often acts as a spermatium Microcyclic (Gr. mikros :: small + kyklos = circle, cycle):
short-cycled. Applied to those species of rusts that produce no binucleate
spores other than teleutospores. Micron (pl. microns or micra: Gr. mikron = small): a unit
of measurement equal to 0.001 mm. or approx. 1/25,000 inch. Monokaryotic (Gr. monon : alone, single + karyon = nut, nucleus):
containing a single nucleus. Monophyletic (Gr. monon = alone, single + Phylon = stock, race):
of a single line of descent. Monoplanetic (Gr. monvs = alone, only + planetes = wanderer): refers
to a species which produces only one type of zoospore and in which there is
but one swarming period. Monotrichous (Gr. mane 0: alone, single + thrix = hair): refers
to a bacterial cell with a single polar flagellum Mycelium (pl. mycelia; Gr. mykes = mushroom, fungus): mass of
hyphae constituting the body (thallus) of a fungus. Mycology (Gr. mykes = mushroom, fungus + logos =: discourse):
the science that treats of fungi. Myxamoeba (pl. myxamoebae; Gr- myxa = slime + amoebe =
change): an amoeboid cell, particularly one of the Myxomycophyta <N words> <O words> Obligate parasite (L. obligate = to bind; Gr. parasitos = table mate):
an or-ganism \vhich can obtain food only from living protoplasm. Obligate
parasites cannot be grown in culture on non-living media Obligate saprobe (L. obligare ,: to bind; Gr. sapros = rotten + bios
= life): an organism which must obtain its food from dead organic matter, and
is incapable of infecting another living organism. Oidiophore (Gr. oidion: small egg + phorcus = bearer): a hypha whic11
fragments into oidia from the tip toward the base Oidium (pl. oidia; Gr. oidion = small egg): a thin-walled,
free, hyphal cell derived from the fragmentation of a somatic hypha into its
component cells, or from an oidiophore. It behaves as a spore or as a
spermatium. Oidization (Gr. oidion = small egg): the union of an oidium
with a somatic hypha resulting in the dikaryotization of the latter.. Oogamous (Gr. oon = egg + gamos = marriage, union): refers to
'a type of fertilization in which two heterogametangia corne in contact, and
the contents of one flow into the other through a pore or tube Oogonium (pl. oogonia; Gr- oon = egg + gennao = I give
birth): a female gametangium ontaining one or more eggs. Oosphere (Gr. oon = egg + sphaira = sphere): a large, naked,
non-motile, female gamete Oospore (Gr. oon = egg + sporos = seed, spore): a
thick-walled spore which develops from an oospherc through either
fertilization or parthenogenesis Operculum (pl. opercula; L. operculum = lid): a hinged cap on
a sporangium or an ascus Ostio1e (L. ostiolum = little door): a neck-like structure
in an ascocarp, lined with periphyses, and terminating in a pore. Also the
opening of a pycnidium <P words> Paraphyses (sing. paraphysis; Gr. para = beside + physis ,: a
being, a growth): sterile, basally attached structures in a hymenium Parasite (Gr. parasitos = eating beside another; from para =
beside + sitos = \'{heat, fond): an organism that lives at the expense of
another, usually invading it and causing disease. Parthenogenesis (Gr. parthenos = virgin + genesis = birth): the
development of the normal product of sexual reproduction from the female
gamete alone. Pellicle (L. pellis = skin, dimin. form): a skin-like
aggregation of bacteria or yeasts on the surface of liquid media. Any
surface, skin-like growth. Penicillus (pI. penicilli; L. penicillum = small brush): the
conidiophore of tile genus Penicillium Peridiole (Gr. peridion = small leather pouch + L -alum =
dimin. suffix): the glebal chamber of the Nidulariales which has a hard, waxy
wall of its own; contains the basidiospores, but acts as a propagating unit
as a whole Peridium (pl. peridia; Gr. peridion "" small
leather pouch): the outside covering or wall of a fructification. Periphyses (sing. periphysis; Gr. peri = around. = physis = a
being, a growth): short, hair-like growths in the form of a fringe lining the
inside of an ostiole or of a pore in a stroma Periplasm (Gr. peri = around + Plasma = a molded structure): a
layer of protoplasm surrounding the oosphere of certain Phycomycota Perithecium (pI. perithecia; Gr. peri = around + theke = a
case): a closed ascocarp with a pore at the top, a true ostiole~ and a wall
of its own Peritrichous (Gr. peri"" around + thrix = hair): refers
to a bacterial cell with many flagella around its periphery or with one
flagellum attached at the side Petri dish (named after R. J. Petri, a German
scientist): a glass container consisting of a circular, flat dish with
vertical sides, and a similar but slightly larger covers which fits over it.
Standard equipment for the growth of microorganisms in pure culture. Phylum (pI. phyla; Gr. phylon = stock, race): a large
taxonomic category consisting of many classes. Pileus (pl. pilei; L. pileus = cap): upper portion or cap
of certain types of ascocarps and basidiocarps Planogamete (Gr. Planetes = wanderer + gametes = husband, sex
cell): a motile gamete Planogametic copulation (Gr. planetes ::; wanderer + gametes =
husband; L. copulate = to couple): fusion of naked gametes, one or both of
which are motile Plasmodesmid (Gr. plasma = a molded object, i.e., protoplasm +
desmos = bond): an isthmus-like protoplasmic connection between adjacent
cells of a grouping, filament, or tissue Plasmodiocarp (Gr. Plasma = a molded object + karpos = fruit): a
curved or branched, vein-like fruiting structure of some of the Myxogastres Plasmodium (pl. plasmodia; Gr. plasmo. = a molded object): a naked,
multinucleate mass of protoplasm moving and feeding in amoeboid fashion. The somatic phase of the Myxomyceteae and
the Plasmodiophoreae Plasmogamy (Gr. plasma = a molded object + gamos = marriage,
union): the fusion of two protoplasts Plectenchyma (Gr. pleko = I weave + enchyma = infusion, i.e., a
woven tissue): the general term employed to designate all types of fungal
tissues. The two most common types of tissues are pros6nchyma and
pseudoparenchyma. Polyphyletic (Gr. poly = much, many + phylon = stock. race): of
several lines of descent. Primordium (pl. primordia; L. primordium = beginning): the
beginning stage of any structure. Progametangium (pl. progametangia; Gr. pro = before + gametangium):
a cell which gives rise to a gametangium Promycelium (pl. promycelia; Gr. pro = before + mycelium}: the
epibasidium of the rusts and smuts. A germ tube issuing from the
teleutospore, which bears the basidiospores Prosenchyma (Gr. pros = toward + enchyma = infusion, i.e.,
approaching a tissue): a type of plectenchyma in which the component hyphae
lie parallel to one another and are easily recognized as such Prosorus (pl. prosori; Gr. pro = before + soro" = heap):
a structure which eventually divides to give rise to a sorus Pseudocapillitium (pl. pseudocapillitia; Gr. pseudo = false +
capillitium): irregular threads, plates, or other structures present among
the spores within the fructifications of many Myxogastres; resembles
capillitium. Pseudomycelium (pl. pseudomycelia; Gr. pseudo = false + mycelium):
a series of cells adhering end to end forming a chain. Produced by some
yeasts. Pseudoparaphyses (sing. pseudoparaphysisi Gr. pseudo = false +
paraphysis): sterile threads attached both to the roof and to the base of an
ascocarp. Pseudoparenchyma (pl. pseudoparenchymata; Gr. pseudo = false +
parenchyma = a type of plant tissue): a type of plectenchyma consisting of
oval or isodiametric cells, the component hyphae having lost their
individuality Pseudoplasmodium (pl. pseudoplasmodia; Gr. pseudo = false +
plasmodium): an aggregation of amoeboid cells constituting the initial stage.
of fruiting of the Acrasieae pseudoseptum (pl. pseudosepta; Gr. pseudo = false + L septum =
hedge): a plug-like partition of cellulin or other substance in a hypha,
resembling a septum. Pycnidiospore (Pycnidium + Gr. sporo! = seed, spore): a conidium
borne in a pycnidium Pycnidium (pl. pycnidia; Gr. pyknon = concentrated + -idion,
dim in. suffix): an asexual, hollow fruiting body, lined inside with
conidiophores Pycniospore (Gr. pyknos = concentrated + sporos = seed,
spore): the old designation
for the spermatium of the rusts, used before the true function of the
spermatia of the rusts was discovered Pycnium (pl. pycnia; Gr. pyknon = concentrated): the old designation for the
spermogonium of the rusts Pycnosclerotium (pl. pycnosclerotia; pycnidium + sclerotium, from
Gr. skleron = hard): a more
or less hard-walled structure resembling a pycnidium but containing no spores <Q words> <R words> Reproduction (L. re = prefix for again + producere = to bring forth): the production of new
individuals having all the characteristics typical of the species. Resupinate (L. resupinatus = inverted): lying flat on the sub-stratum
with the hymenium on the free surface. Reticulate (L. reticulum = a small net): having the form of a net;
covered with net-like ridges Rhizoid (Gr. rhiza = root + -oeides = like): a short, thin branch of a thallus, superficially resembling a root Rhizomorph (Gr. rhiza = root + morphe = shape): a thick strand of somatic hyphae in which the hyphae have lost their
individuality, the whole mass behaving as an organized unit. The structure of
the growing tip of the rhizomorph somewhat resembles that of a root tip:
hence the name. Rhizomycelium (pl. rhizomycelia; Gr. rhiza = root + mycelium): a rhizoidal system extensive enough to resemble
mycelium superficially. <S words> Saprobe (Gr. sapros = rotten + bios = life): an
organism that utilizes dead organic
matter for food. Sarcina (pl. sarcinae; L. sarcina = bundle): an arrangement of spherical
bacterial cells in cubical masses, resulting from the division of the cells
in three planes. Also a genus of spherical bacteria that exhibit such an
arrangement. Schizont (Gr. schizo = I tear): anything that splits up into
portions, but more especially a plasmodium of the Plasmodiophorales, which
behaves in this manner. Sclerotium (pl. sclerotia; Gr. skleron = hard): a hard resting body
resistant to unfavorable conditions,
which may remain dormant for long periods of time and germinate upon the
return of favorable conditions Self-compatible (L. compati = to suffer with):
self-fertile. Refers to a thallus that reproduces sexually by itself. Self-incompatible (L. in = not + compati = to suffer with):
self-sterile. Refers to a
thallus which cannot reproduce by itself sexually.Septate (L. septum = hedge): with cross-walls Septum (pl. septa; L. septum = hedge,
partition): a cross-wall in a hypha Seta (pl. setae; L. seta = bristle): a bristle-like hair (Figures
132B, 134F, G).Sexual
reproduction: reproduction involving the fusion of two compatible nuclei Slime mold: a member of the phylum Myxomycophyta Soma (pl. somata; Gr. soma = body): the body of an organism as
distinguished from its reproductive organs or reproductive phase. Somatic (Gr. soma = body): refers to the body phase-in plants, the
vegetative phase-structure, or function as distinguished from the
reproductive. Somatogamy (Gr. soma = body + gamos = marriage, union): fusion of somatic
cells during plasmogamy Sorocarp (Gr. Sofas = heap + karpos = fruit): the fructification of the
Acrasieae Sorus (pl. sori; Gr. Sofas = heap): a mass of sporangia or spores. Species (sing. and pl. species; L. species = kind): the unit of
classification. A group of closely
related individuals resembling one another in certain inherited
characteristics. It is designated by a binomial consisting of the generic
name and the specific epithet. Spermatiophore (Gr. spermation = little seed + phoreus = bearer): a specialized
hypha that produces spermatia Spermatium (pl. spermatia; Gr. spermation = little seed): a non-motile,
uni-ucleate, spore-like male structure that empties its contents into a
re-ceptive female structure during plasmogamy. Spermatia are variously
regarded as gametes or gametangia. Spermatization (Gr. sperma = seed): plasmogamy by the union of a spermatium
with a receptive structure Spermogonium (pl. spermogonia; Gr. sperma = seed, sperm + gennao = I give
birth): a structure resembling a pycnidium which contains minute, rod-
shaped, or oval spore-like bodies which in some cases have proved to be
functional spermatia Sphaerocyst (Gr. sphaira = sphere + kystis = bladder): spherical cells
present in the trama of certain Agaricaceae such as Russula Spirillum (pl. spirilla; Gr. speira = coil): a spiral bacterial cell. Also
a genus of spiral bacteria. Sporangiolum (pl. sporangiola; Gr. sporos = seed, spore + angeion = vessel +
L. -alum, dimin. suffix): a small sporangium containing few spores Sporangiophore (Gr. sporos = seed, spore + angeion = vessel + phoreus =
bearer): a hypha that bears a sporangium Sporangiospore (Gr. sporos = seed, spore + angeion = vessel + sporos): a spore
borne within a sporangium Sporangium (pl. sporangia; Gr. sporos = seed, spore + angeion = vessel): a
cell that contains one or more spores. Generally an asexual structure Spore (Gr. sporos = seed, spore): a minute propagative unit
functioning as a seed, but differing from it in that a spore does not contain
a preformed embryo Sporodocbium (pl. sporodocbia; Gr. sporos = seed, spore +
docheion = container): a cushion shaped stroma covered with conidiophores Sporophore (Gr. sporos = seed, spore + phoreus = bearer): any
structure that bears spores. Sporoplasm (Gr. sporos = seed, spore + plasma = a molded
object, i.e., protoplasm): the protoplast of a spore, particularly of a
bacterial endospore. Sporotballus (pl. sporotballi; Gr. sporos = seed, spore + thollos
= shoot, thallus): a thallus that produces spores, as opposed to a
gametothallus Staphylococcus (pl. staphylococci; Gr. staphyle = grape + kokkos =
grain, kernel): an arrangement of spherical bacterial cells in irregular
groups resembling bunches of grapes Sterigma (pl. sterigmata; Gr. sterigma = support): a small
hyphal branch or structure, which supports a sporangium, a conidium, or a
basidiospore Streptococcus (pl. streptococci; Gr. streptos = curved, twisted +
kokkos = grain, kernel): an arrangement of spherical bacterial cells in
chains resulting from cell division in only one plane. Also a genus of
spherical bacteria exhibiting such an arrangement. Stroma (pl. stromata; Gr. stroma = mattress): a compact
somatic structure, much like a mattress, on which or in which fructifications
are usually formed Stylospore (Gr. stylos = pilar + sporos = seed, spore): an
elongated or cane shaped pycnidiospore of unknown function Symphogenous (Gr. synphyein = to grow together + gignesthai = to
be born, i.e., originating from structures which grow together): refers to
the origin of a fruiting body from a number of interweaving hyphae Synnema (pL synnemata; Gr. syn = together + nema = yam): a
group of conidiophores cemented together and forming an elongated
spore.bearing structure <T words> Taxonomy (Gr. Taxis = order, arrangement + nomos = law): the
science of classification. Teleutospore (Gr. Teleutaios = last + sporos = seed, spore): a
thick-walled resting spore in some Hemibasidiomycetes, notably the rusts and
smuts, in which karyogamy occurs; it is apart of the basidial apparatus Telium (pl. telia; Gr. telD's;;: end): a group of
binucleate cells which produce teleutospores Tetrapolarity (Gr. tetras = a group of four + polos = pole): a
condition of sexual compatibility in some Basidiomycota in which each of the
four basidiospores of a basidium is of a different strain. Thallophyte (Gr. thallos = shoot, thallus + phyton = plant): a
plant whose somatic phase is devoid of stems, roots or leaves, and which
propagates by means of spores. Thallus (pl. thalli; Gr. thallos = shoot): a relatively
simple plant body devoid of stems, roots and leaves; in fungi, the somatic
phase. Trama (pl. tramae; L. trama = woof): the fungal tissue
composing the pileus or bearing the hymenium of the Holobasidiomycetes Trichogyne (Gr. Thrix = hair + gyne = woman, female): the
receptive neck of the ascogonium, which is often long and hair-like <U words> Universal veil: a thin, veil-like membrane that covers certain types
of young mushrooms. Upon expansion of the mushroom, the universal veil tears
and its remnants may be seen in the form of scales on the pileus and in the
form of a volva. Uredium (pl. uredia; L. urere = to burn): a group of
binucleate cells which give rise to uredospores Uredospore (L. urere = to burn + Gr. sporos = seed, spore): a
binucleate, repeating spore of the Uredinales <V words> Vesicle (L. vesicula = small bladder): a thin, bubble.like
structure in which zoospores are released or in which zoospores are
differentiated; also the bulbous head terminating the conidiophore of
Aspergillus Virus (pl. viruses; L. virus = poison): a minute,
particulate, infectious entity that causes disease. Volva (pl. valvae; L. tlolva = covering): a cup at the
base of the stem of certain mushrooms <W words> <X words> <Y words> <Z words> Zoogamete (Gr. zoon = animal + gametes = husband): a motile
gamete. Also called planogamete. Zoosporangium (Gr. zoon == animal + sporangium): a sporangium that
contains zoospores Zoospore (Gr. zoon == animal + sporos = seed, spore): a motile, asexually
produced spore Zygophore (Gr. zygos = yoke + phoreus =
bearer): a specialized hyphal branch bearing zygospores Zygosporangium (pl. zygosporangia; Gr. zygos = yoke + sporangium):
a sporangium which is formed from the germination of a zygospore. Zygospore (Gr. zygos = yoke + sporos = seed, spore): a resting
spore which results from the fusion of two gametangia in the Zygomycota Zygote (Gr. zygos = yoke): a diploid cell resulting from the union of
two haploid cells. |