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268. Legner. E. F. 2005. Key to adults of principal parasitoids of
synanthropic Diptera breeding in decomposing organic wastes. Private
Publication, 2005. Summary
References It is well known that wild
parasitoid populations exhibit seasonal and geographical differences in
behavior and morphology. Therefore, collections
meant for importation should optimally include isolates from diverse areas
and different times of the year.
Differences include aggressiveness, heat and cold tolerance, and
uniparentalism, gregarious versus solitary development, the number of eggs
deposited into a single host, larval cannibalism intensity and parasitoid
size. Detailed studies on Muscidifurax
uniraptor, M. raptor and M. raptorellus demonstrate the
great amount of diversity that can be found within one genus. The
following key and illustrations are presented as a simplified means of
identification of the principal parasitoids of synanthropic Diptera breeding
in decomposing organic wastes, especially for those not familiar with
hymenopteran terminology. Principal
hosts include Musca domestica L., Stomoxys calcitrans
(L.), Stomoxys nigra , Muscina stabulans (Fallen), Ophyra leucostoma (Wiedemann), Ophyra
aenescens (Wiedemann), Fannia canicularis (L.), Fannia
femoralis (Stein), Fannia scalaris (Fab.), and of various species of Calliphora, Sarcophaga
and Drosophila. In the preparation, considerable use was
made of works published by Borror et
al. (1981), Boucek (1963, 1965),
Boucek & Narendran (1981), Gauld & Bolton (1988), Gerling (1967),
Graham (1969), Kogan & Legner (1970, Legner et al. (1976), Nikolskaya
(1952), Peck et al. (1964), Riek (1970), Rueda &
Axtell (1985), Subba-Rao (1978), and Subba-Rao & Hayat (1985), and
Trjapitzin (1978). The parasitoids of
these flies continue to be exchanged around the world in biological control
efforts. |