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Page INTRODUCTION/……………………….......................................1 REVIEW OF
LITERATURE/.........................................................3 General
Ecology...............................................................…...3 Ecology of the Three Destructive
Species............................6
Taxonomy.....................................................................6
History..........................................................................7 Geographical
Distribution..........................................7
Hosts.............................................................................7 Life
History..................................................................8 Type of
Injury.............................................................11 Duration of
Feeding...................................................11
Dispersal.....................................................................12 Distribution on Orchard
Trees.................................12 Biotic Factors.....................................
..................................13 Physical Factors…...................................
............................19 Natural and Integrated Control.............
............................20 Considerations in Statistical Analyses...............................26 METHODS AND
MATERIALS...................................................29 Experimental Design............................................................29 Insect Survey and Rearing
Techniques..............................32 Apple Aphid Sampling
Method..........................................41 Mensuration of Orchard
Trees..........................…............41 Meteorological
Observations.............................................42 RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION....................................................43 Lepidopterous Species
Collected........................................43 Reared Parasites and
Predators.........................................52 Eye-spotted Bud Moth
Experiments.................................55 Development in 1959 and
1960................................55 Infectious
Diseases..…..............................................85 Location of Spring Larvae and Pupae on
Trees.....87 Effect of Collection Date and number of
Larvae per Cage on Larval
Mobility….............................89 Effect of Pupation Site
on Development….............92 Sex Ratio
Variation...................................…...........94 Distribution of Summer
Larvae and Nests............97 Occupancy of Summer
Nests................................102 Fruit-tree Leaf Roller
Experiments.................................104 Red-banded Leaf
Roller Experiments.............................109 Apple Aphid Distribution in the
Orchard.......................113 Mensuration of Orchard Trees........................................118 Correlation Between Tree Volume and Insects Per
Tree..........................................................................121 Temperatures and
Rainfall in 1959 and 1960..…...........123 SUMMARY...................................................................…...........126 LITERATURE
CITED..................................................….........132 |
Fig.
1.....................................36 Fig.
2.....................................36 Fig.
3.....................................37 Fig.
4.....................................37 Fig.
5.....................................38 LIST OF TABLES
Table
1..................................46 Table
2..................................49 Table
3..................................50 Table
4..................................54 Table
5..................................57 Table
6..................................58 Table 7..................................59 Table
8..................................59 Table
9..................................61 Table
10................................62 Table
11................................62 Table
12................................66 Table
13................................66 Table 14...............................
70 Table
15................................72 Table
16................................75 Table
17................................76 Table 18................................77 Table
19................................78 Table
20................................80 Table
21................................82 |
Fig.
6....................................38 Fig.
7....................................64 Fig.
8....................................65 Fig. 9....................................68 Fig.
10..................................69 Fig. 11................................125 Table22.................................88 Table23.................................91 Table
24................................93 Table25.................................95 Table 26................................96 Table
27................................99 Table 28.......... ...................100 Table 29......... ....................101 Table 30............. ................101 Table 31......................... ....103 Table 32........................ .....106 Table 33........................ .....107 Table 34........................ .....108 Table 35..............................111 Table 36..............................112 Table 37..................... ........115 Table 38..............................116 Table 39................... ..........116 Table 40..............................117 Table 41..............................117 Table 42......... ....................120 Table 43................. ............122 |