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                                                                                     Table 1.1.

           Some examples showing the abundance of plants and animals dependent on the presence

                                             of one or a few organisms in the ecosystem.

 

         _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

       Controlled Organisms                                              Causative Agent(s) -- See <Detailed Cases> for discussion]

        _________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 

Phytophagous Insects

--------------------------------------------------------

Alfalfa weevil in coastal California-----------------------------

Bathyplectes curculionis (Thoms.)

Apple mealybug in Canada----------------------------------------

Allotropa utilis Muesebeck

Black scale in southern California-----------------------------

Metaphycus helvolus (Compere)

Blue gum scale in New Zealand----------------------------------

Rhizobius ventralis (Erichson)

Brown-tail moth in Canada----------------------------------------

Compsilura concinnata (Mg.), Apanteles lacteicolor Viereck & Meteorus versicolor

California red scale in California & Europe------------------

Aphytis melinus DeBach

Citrophilus mealybug in California-----------------------------

Coccophagus gurneyi Compere

Citrus blackfly in Cuba---------------------------------------------

Eretmocerus serius Silvestri

Citrus blackfly in Mexico------------------------------------------

Amitus hesperidum Silvestri, Prospaltella opulenta Silvestri

Citrus mealybug in Israel------------------------------------------

Clausenia purpurea Ishii

Coconut leaf mining beetle in Fiji--------------------------------

Pleurotropic parvulus Ferr.

Coconut moth in Fiji-------------------------------------------------

Ptychomyia remota Aldrich

Coconut scale in Fiji-------------------------------------------------

Cryptognatha nodiceps Mshll

Coconut scale in Mauritius----------------------------------------

Chilocorus politus Muls. & C. nigritus Muls.

Coffee mealybug in Kenya             -----------------------------------------

Anagyrus nr. kivuensis (Compere)

Comstock mealybug in California-------------------------------

Allotropa burrelli Muesebeck & Pseudaphycus malinus Gahan

Cottony-cushion scale in >50 countries------------------------

Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant) &/or Cryptochaetum iceryae (Willis.)

Diamond-back moth in New Zealand----------------------------

Angitia cerophaga (Grav.)

Dictyospermum scale in Greece---------------------------------

Aphytis melinus DeBach

Florida red scale in Israel, Florida, Africa, S. Amer -------

Aphytis holoxanthus DeBach

Green vegetable bug in Australia & Hawaii-------------------

Trissolcus basalis (Wollaston), etc.

Navel Orangeworm --------------------------------------------------

Goniozus legneri, Goniozus emigratus & Copidosomopsis plethorica Caltagirone

Olive scale in California and Europe----------------------------

Aphytis maculicornis (Masi) & Coccophagoides utilis Doutt

Oriental beetle in Saipan-------------------------------------------

Campsomeris annulata Fab.

Oriental fruit fly in Hawaii----------------------------------------

Opius oophilus Fullaway

Purple scale in California------------------------------------------

Aphytis lepidosaphes Compere

Red wax scale in Japan----------------------------------------------

Anicetus beneficus Ishii & Yasumatsu

Rhodesgrass scale in southeastern United States-----------

Neodusmetia sangwani (Rao)

Spiny blackfly in Japan---------------------------------------------

Prospaltella smithi Silvestri

Sugarcane borer in Barbados------------------------------------

Apanteles flavipes (Cameron)

Sugarcane leafhopper in Hawaii---------------------------------

Cyrtorhinus mundulus (Bredd.)

Tea tortrix in Sri Lanka--------------------------------------------

Macrocentrus homonae Nixon

Walnut aphid in central California                -----------------------------

Trioxys sp. from Iran

Walnut aphid in southern California---------------------------

Trioxys pallidus Haliday from France

Winter moth in Canada--------------------------------------------

Cyzenis albicans (Fall.) & Agrypon flaveolatus (Grav.)

Winter moth in England-------------------------------------------

Small rodents (feeding on overwintering pupae)

Woolly apple aphid in New Zealand-----------------------------

Aphelinus mali (Hald.)

 

 

Terrestrial Plants

---------------------------------------------------------

American chestnut in eastern North America---------------

Endothia parasitica (Murr.)

American elms in eastern North America--------------------

Scolytus multistriatus (Marsham) vectoring Ceratocystis ulmi (Buisman) C. Moreau

Apple trees in Europe-----------------------------------------------

Prospaltella perniciosi Tow attacking San Jose Scale

Endemic cedars in Bermuda--------------------------------------

Carulaspis visci (Schrank) & Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc.)

Eucalyptus at <500 meters in South Africa-------------------

Patasson nitens (Girault) attacking eucalyptus snout beetle

Eucalyptus at >500 meters in South Africa-------------------

Patasson nitens, but at a higher density

Klamath weed in northwestern United States-----------------

Chrysolina hyperici (Forster) & C. quadrigemina (Suffrian)

Opuntia cactus in Australia---------------------------------------

Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg)

Opuntia cactus in Sri Lanka--------------------------------------

Dactylopius indicus Green

Opuntia cactus on Santa Cruz Island, Calif.------------------

Dactylopius sp.

Puncturevine in coastal California               -----------------------------

Microlarinus lypriformis (Woll.)

 

 

Aquatic Plants

---------------------------------------------------------

Eichornia in Florida-------------------------------------------------

Neochetina bruchi

Potamogeton the Imperial Valley, California----------------

Tilapia zillii (Gervais)

 

 

Medical & Veterinary Pests

---------------------------------------------------------

Black stable fly in Mauritius--------------------------------------

Tachinaephagus stomoxcida Subba-Rao

Chironomid midges in L.A drainage channels---------------

Oreochromis hornorum Trewazas & O. mossambica (Peters)

Common housefly in S. Africa & New Zealand--------------

Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead

Culex mosquitoes in California irrigation drains-----------

Gambusia & Cyprinodon spp.

Culex mosquitoes in California rice fields--------------------

Mesostoma flatworms

Housefly and stable fly in Puerto Rico--------------------------

Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis, S. cameroni Perkins & S. endius   Walker

 

 

Vertebrates

---------------------------------------------------------

European rabbits in Australia-------------------------------------

Myxomytosis virus #1

European rabbits in England---------------------------------------

Myxomytosis virus #2