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Light Brown Apple Moth Epiphyas postvittana (Walker) -- Lepidoptera, Tortricidae |
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The light brown apple moth is an
insect leafroller about one-quarter inch long that rolls leaves into
protective covers. It is native to Australia and but has spread to
New Zealand, Hawaii, Ireland, New Caledonia and Great Britain. In March 2007, the presence of this moth
was found in California and shipments of plant material have been restricted
from California to other states where it does not occur. An eradication program that primarily
involves mating disruption pheromones and insecticide treatments has been
used in California. This
insect is known from collections of over 2,000 different types of plants,
including 50 plant families. Host
plants include deciduous tree fruits, subtropical fruits, berry fruits,
ornamentals, and forest and shade trees.
The larvae feed on leaves and buds reducing photosynthesis and causing
deforming growth patterns, which progresses to general plant weakness and
disfigurement. In grapes, apples,
kiwifruit, plums, avocados, and citrus, larvae can feed directly on the
fruit, and resulting feeding damage renders fruit unmarketable. Because of the economically important effects
of larval feeding, the insect has a high pest status in New Zealand and
Australia because of zero tolerance requirements for presence in produce
destined for the export markets. Dr.
Mark Hoddle of the University of California reports that in March 2007, the
moth was found in Alameda County,
California and most recently in August 2010, it was found in San Diego
County. Infestations have since been
found in thirteen California counties located along the Central Coast and Bay
Area communities, which are therefore under quarantine: Alameda, Contra
Costa, Marin, Monterey, Napa, San Benito, San Francisco, San Mateo, Santa
Barbara, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, Solano, Sonoma and San Diego County. REFERENCES:
FURTHER RELATED REFERENCES Barr, N. B.,
L. A. Ledezma, J. D. Vasquez, M. E. Epstein, P. H. Kerr, S. Kinnee, O. Sage
& T. M. Gilligan. 2009. Molecular
identification of the light brown apple moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in
California using a polymerase chain reaction assay of the internal
transcribed spacer 2 locus. Journal
of Economic Entomology. 102 (6): 2333-2342. Barr, N. B., L. A. Ledezma, R. E. Farris, M. E. Epstein & T. M.
Gilligan. 2011. A
multiplex real-time polymerase chain reaction assay to diagnose Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera:
Tortricidae). Journal of Economic
Entomology. 104 (5): 1706-1719. Brown,
J. W., M. E. Epstein, T. M. Gilligan, S. Passoa & J. A. Powell. 2010.
Biology, identification, and history of the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walker)
(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae: Archipini) in California: an example of
the importance of local faunal surveys to document the establishment of
exotic insects. American Entomologist. 56 (1): 34-43. Danthanarayana, W. 1975. The
bionomics, distribution and host range of the light brown apple moth, Epiphyas postvittana (Walk.)
(Tortricidae). Australian Journal of
Zoology 23: 419-437. Geier, P.
& D. Briese. 1981. The
light-brown apple moth, Epiphyas
postvittana (Walker): a native leafroller fostered by European
settlement. pp. 131-155. In:
R. Kitching and R. Jones
[eds.], The Ecology of Pests. CSIRO,
Melbourne, Australia. Gilligan,
T. M. & M. E. Epstein. 2009. LBAM ID: Tools for diagnosing light brown
apple moth and related western U.S. leafrollers (Tortricidae: Archipini). Center for Plant Health Science and
Technology, USDA, APHIS PPQ, Raleigh, North Carolina. Gu, H. & W. Danthanarayana.
1992. Influence of larval rearing conditions on
the body size and flight capacity of Epiphyas
postvittana moths. Australian
Journal of Zoology 40: 573-581. Suckling,
D. M., J. G. I. Khoo & D. J. Rogers.
1990. Disruption of lightbrown
apple moth Epiphyas postvittana
(Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) trapping in Nelson, New Zealand. Australian Journal of Zoology 38: 363-373. Suckling, D.
M. & E. G. Brockerhoff. 2010.
Invasion biology, ecology, and management of the light brown apple
moth (Tortricidae). Annual Review of
Entomology. 55: 285-306. Tooman,
L. K., C. J. Rose, C. Carraher, D. M. Suckling, S. R. Paquette, L. A.
Ledezma, T. M. Gilligan, M. Epstein, N. B. Barr & R. D. Newcomb. 2011.
Patterns of mitochondrial haplotypes diversity in the invasive pest Epiphyas postvittana (Lepidoptera:
Tortricidae). Journal of Economic
Entomology. 104 (3): 920-932. Wearing,
C. H., W. P. Thomas, J. W. Dugdale & W. Danthanarayana. 1991.
Tortricid pests of pome and stonefruits, Australian and New Zealand
species., pp. 453-472. In L. P.
S. van der Geest and H. H. Evenhius [eds.], Tortricid Pests: Their Biology,
Natural Enemies, and Control. World
Crop Pests, Vol. 5. Elsevier, Amsterdam. El-Heneidy,
A. H. & Hawwanein Fawzia A. 1986. Meteorus
gyrator Thunberg and M. rubens Nees. (Hymenoptera:
Braconidae), new recorded parasitoids,
on certain lepidopterous pests in Egypt.
Zeitschrift angewandete Entomologie (1986). Hawwanein, Fawzia A. & A. H. El-Heneidy. 1988. Comparative study
of the parasitism by Microplitis
rufiventris Kok. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) and Periboae orbate Wied. (Diptera:
Tachinidae) on main lepidopterous pests in vegetable crop fields in
Egypt. Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypte, Econ.
Ser. 17: 127-135. Hawwanein, Fawzia A.;
A. H. El-Heneidy, M. S.
Abbas & A. R. Hamed. 1985. Survey of the parasitoids of main
lepidopterous pests in vegetable crop fields in Egypt. Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypte, 65: 259 -265. Honda,
J. & S. V. Triapitzin. 1995a. A species description and biological
comparison between a new species of Telenomus Haliday (Hymenoptera:
Scelionidae) and Trichogramma platneri
Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae): two egg parasitoids of Sabulodes aegrotata (Guene=E9)
(Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Pan-Pacific Entomol.
71 (4): 227-236. Honda,
J. & S. V. Triapitzin. 1995b. A species description and biological
comparison between a new species of Telenomus Haliday (Hymenoptera:
Scelionidae) and Trichogramma platneri
Nagarkatti (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae): two egg parasitoids of Sabulodes aegrotata (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). Pan-Pacific Entomologist 72 (3): 168-170. Triapitzin, S. V. & T. M. Tretiakova. 1997.
Sexual behavior of Apanteles oenone
Nixon (Hymenoptera, Braconidae), an exotic parasitoid of the pink bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae). Russian Entomological Journal 6
(1-2): 71-72. |