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Citricola Scale Coccus
psuedomagnoliarum (Kuwana) -- Hemiptera: Coccidae |
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Citricola scale infests leaves when it is young but moves to the young
branches in late autumn or early winter where it matures. It draws sap from leaves and branches and
produces a sugary exudate referred to as honeydew that drips onto the leaves
and fruit. At moderate scale
densities, honeydew supports fungal growth (black sooty mold) which
downgrades or results in fruit being culled in the packinghouse. At higher densities, Citricola scale
decreases fruit size and fruit production the following season.
Citricola scale is rare in the inland and coastal valleys of southern
California. In the San Joaquin
Valley, citrus growers use selective pesticides and an imported Aphytis melinus for control. As of 1991 the only attempts at biological
control of citricola scale were made in California. Although unsuccessful in every area except southern California,
the results are considered significant for further research (Flanders & Bartlett
1964, Kennett et al. 1999). During
1922-1985 six species of monophagous and oligophagous parasitoids were
introduced from Japan but failed to establish (Gressitt et al. 1953). Citricola scale was eventually controlled
in southern California by a complex of parasitoids, including native,
cosmopolitan and exotic species, the latter being introduced against the
black scale, Saissetia oleae (Bartlett 1953). Under the greater climatic extremes of
central and northern California, the same species of parasitoids were
ineffective in controlling citricola scale on citrus, and it continues to
remain a pest. (Kennett et al. 1999). A general failure to
establish parasitoids imported from Japan, in particular the host-specific Metaphycus orientalis (Compere) and Microterys okitsuensis Compere, is attributed
to an inability to survive the summer period, at which time the univoltine,
even-brooded host scales are too small for parasitoids to reproduce (Compere
1924, Flanders & Bartlett 1964, Kennett 1988, Kennett et al. 1999). Parasitoids that have moved over to
citricola scale after it invaded other countries recently, suggests that
biological control might be possible in the more extreme climatic conditions
of central California (Oncuer 1974, Kennett 1988, Kennett et al. 1999) (also
see Gressitt et al. 1954, Bartlett 1960, Annecke 1963, Bartlett & Ball
1964, Saakian-Baranova 1965, 1966; and Yasumatsu & Watanabe 1965). REFERENCES:
FURTHER RELATED REFERENCES Annecke, D. P.
1963. The encyrtid and
aphelinid parasites (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) of soft brown scale, Coccus hesperidum
Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in South Africa. South Africa Dept. Agric. Tech. Serv., Ent. Mem. 7: 75 p. Barbagallo,
S. & I. Patti. 1997. [Results of chemical control against {Coccus pseudomagnoliarum} (Kuw.)
(Homoptera, Coccidae).] Risultati di lotta chimica contro {Coccus pseudomagnoliarum} (Kuw.)
(Homoptera, Coccidae).: Entomologica - via Catalogue of Life. Bartlett, B. R. 1953. Natural control of citricola scale in
California. J. Econ. Ent.
46: 25-8. Bartlett, B. R. 1960. Biological races of the black scale, Saissetia oleae, and their specific
parasites. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 53: 383-85. Bartlett, B. R. & J. C. Ball. 1964.
The developmental biologies of two encyrtid parasites of Coccus hesperidum
and their intrinsic competition. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 57: 496-503. Compere, H. 1924. A preliminary report on the parasitic
enemies of the citricola scale [Coccus
pseudomagnoliarum
(Kuwana)] with descriptions of two new chalcidoid parasites. Bull. So. Calif. Acad. Sci. 24: 113-23. Flanders, S. E. & B. R. Bartlett. 1964.
Observations on two species of Metaphycus
(Encyrtidae, Hymenoptera) parasitic on citricola scale. Mushi 38: 39-42. Gressitt, J. L. 1953. The coconut rhinoceros beetle (Oryctes rhinoceros) with particular
reference to the Palau Islands. Bul.
212, B. P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu.
157 p. Gressitt, J. L., S. E. Flanders & B.
Bartlett. 1954. Parasites of citricola scale in Japan, and
their introduction into California.
Pan-Pacific Ent. 30: 5-9. Kennett, C. E. 1988. Results of exploration for parasitoids of
citricola scale Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Homoptera: Coccidae),
in Japan and their introduction in California. Kontyu 56:
445-57. Kennett, C. E., J. A. McMurtry & J. W.
Beardsley. 1999. Biological control in subtropical and
tropical crops. In:
Bellows, T. S. & T. W. Fisher (eds.), Handbook of Biological
Control: Principles and
Applications. Academic Press, San
Diego, New York. 1046 p Oncuer, C. 1974. The Coccus
species (Homoptera: Coccidae) damaging citrus groves in the Aegean region;
studies on their morphological characters, distribution and natural
enemies. Bitki Koruma Balteni,
Supplement 1: 51 p. Quayle, H. J.
1938. Insects of Citrus and
Other Subtropical Fruits. Comstock
Publishing Co., Ithaca, New York. 583
p. Patti,
I. 1976. Note on the distribution of the new scale, {Coccus pseudomagnoliarum} (Kuw.) in the
Sicilian citrus groves.] Rilievi sulla diffusione negli agrumeti siciliani
della nuova cocciniglia {Coccus
pseudomagnoliarum} (Kuw.).
Tecnica
Agricola. Catania - via Catalogue of Life. Saakian-Baranova, A. A. 1965. On the
host-parasite relations between Coccus
hesperidum L. (Homoptera,
Coccidae) and some Encyrtidae. Trudy
Zool. Inst. Akad. Nauk., USSR
45: 733-52. [in Russian w/ English summary]. Scott,
F. T. 1933. Notes on a coccinellid ({Hyperaspis
8-notata} Casey) predaceous on citricola scale {Coccus pseudomagnoliarum}
in Tulare County, California.:
Journal of Economic Entomology 1933 - via Catalogue of Life. Yasumatsu, K. & C. Watanabe. 1965. A tentative catalogue of insect natural
enemies of injurious insects in Japan. Pt. II. Host-parasite-predator catalogue. Kyushu Univ. Faculty Agric., Ent. Lab. 116 p. Chiappini, E., S. V. Triapitzin & A. Donev. 1996.
Key to the Holarctic species of Anagrus
Haliday (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) with a review of the Nearctic and
Palaearctic (other than European) species and descriptions of new taxa. Journal of Natural History 30: 551-595. Triapitzin,
S. V. 1995a. The identities of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg
parasitoid of the grape and blackberry leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae)
in California. Pan-Pacific Entomol.
71 (4): 250-251. Triapitzin, S. V. 1995b. A review of the Australian species of Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae). Russian Entomological Journal 4 (1-4):
105-108. Triapitzin,
S. V. 1997. The genus Anagrus
(Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) in America south of the United States: a
review. Ceiba (Zamorano,
Honduras) 38 (1): 1-12. Triapitzin, S.
V. 1998. Anagrus
(Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) egg parasitoids of Erythroneura
spp. and other leafhoppers (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) in North American
vineyards and orchards: a taxonomic review.
Transactions of the American Entomological Society. 124 (2): 77-112. Triapitzin, S. V. & D. Strong.
1995. A new Anagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae), an egg
parasitoid of Prokelisia spp. (Homoptera:
Delphacidae). Pan-Pacific Entomol. 71 (4): 199-203. Triapitzin, S. V., R. F. Mizell,
J. L. Bossart & C. E. Carlton.
1998. Egg
parasitoids of Homalodisca coagulata
(Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Florida Entomologist 81
(2): 241-243. Walker,
G. P., N. Zareh, I. M. Bayoun & S. V. Triapitzin. 1997. Hanmer,
Hugh J., Rebecca L. Thomas & Mark D. E. Fellowes. Introduction of western Asian egg
parasitoids into California for biological control of beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus. Pan-Pacific Entomologist 73 (4): 236-242. |
