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GLASSY WINGED
SHARPSHOOTER Homalodisca coagulata (Say) (Homoptera : Cicadellidae) (Link - University of California) (Contacts) ----- CLICK on Photo to enlarge & search for Subject
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The major wine-growing regions of New Zealand, Australia, the Bordeaux region of France, most areas of Spain, as well as central and southern Italy have climates that could be conducive to sharpshooter establishment and proliferation should it be accidentally introduced (Hoddle 2004a). It was likely introduced accidentally on ornamental plants imported from California. Tahiti is the largest and most populous island in the group of islands collectively known as the Windward Islands in the Society Islands Archipelago in French Polynesia in the South Pacific. French Polynesia is very remote; it is 6,000 km west of Chile, and 5,200 km east of Australia. The Cook Islands lie 900 km to the west of French Polynesia and Easter Island is 5,178 km to the east. sharpshooter flourished in Tahiti because of an extremely mild year round climate and an abundant supply of exotic and ornamental plants maintained in gardens. In contrast to California, where there are just two generations [spring and summer] each year, natural enemies are lacking, and no obvious competitors exist in urban or natural settings, sharpshooter populations underwent exponential growth Naturally occurring parasitism of
sharpshooter eggs was very low on the island of Mo’orea, the immediate
neighboring island to Tahiti. Surveys indicated that less than 2% of
individual eggs were attacked by generalist egg parasitoids in just 4% of egg
masses collected. Of those egg masses attacked, 44% of the eggs were
parasitized. Because only a few eggs in an egg mass were attacked (indicating
inefficient and opportunistic exploitation) and only males were reared from
sharpshooter eggs (which suggest poor host quality as females did not
oviposit fertilized female eggs), and the wasp responsible for attacking
sharpshooter egg masses was a species of platygasterid, a family that does
not specialize on sharpshooter eggs, but will parasitize various species of
leafhoppers, indicated there were no native specialized parasitoids attacking
sharpshooter. Consequently, sharpshooter populations in French Polynesia were
free of the pressures associated with natural enemies and this pest reached
extraordinarily high densities in Tahiti. Watery excreta known as
sharpshooter rain, literally rained from infested trees because there were so
many sharpshooter feeding on trees. Such high populations retarded plant
growth and reduced local fruit production. Further, the use of shade trees
was reduced because so much sharpshooter rain made them unsuitable for
escaping the intense tropical sun. Finally, at night, incredible numbers of
sharpshooter would be attracted to lights and large numbers would fly into
homes, shops, and business at night. This was very annoying because adult
sharpshooter would die and need to be swept up, the wingbeat frequency of
adults flying past heads caused an unpleasant “buzz” in ears, and adults
would occasionally “bite” people when they landed on exposed skin and probed
with their needle-like mouthparts. Because of high levels of human activity and interisland movement of plants between Tahiti and other islands in French Polynesia, sharpshooter was moved rapidly to other island groups in French Polynesia. In 2001, it was found in Raiatea (Leeward Islands) and in 2002 in Moorea. Populations were then discovered in the Leeward Islands of Huahine and Bora Bora in 2003, and in Tahaa and Maupiti in 2005. At the end of 2004 and the beginning of 2005, sharpshooter populations were discovered outside of the Society Islands in two other archipelagos of French Polynesia substantially distant from Tahiti: the Australs, where two islands were infested (Rurutu and Tubuai) (January 2005) and the Marquesas, where one island, Nuku Hiva, was found infested in November 2004. To combat the sharpshooter
infestation in French Polynesia the best control to use would be classical
biological control. To this end, the mymarid egg parasitoid Gonatocerus
ashmeadi was imported into quarantine in Tahiti in September
2004 and studied to make sure it did not pose any undue risk to other insects
already present in French Polynesia. Following these studies, the accumulated
evidence strongly indicated that the parasitoid was likely safe for release
and posed no undue risk to non-target species in French Polynesia. The
parasitoid was released on May 2, 2005 on Tahiti. Between May and October 2005, 13,786 parasitoids were released
at 27 sites in Tahiti. The parasitoid established readily, and within seven
months of release sharpshooter had been completely controlled in Tahiti and
sharpshooter populations were reduced by over 95%. The parasitoid also spread
unassisted to every other island infested by sharpshooter. This rapid
movement between islands strongly suggested that quarantines that were
established to reduce sharpshooter were not working and people were still
moving plants infested with sharpshooter eggs. However, this time eggs were
parasitized by G. ashmeadi, and this is
how it was moved unintentionally between islands and archipelagos. Reduction of sharpshooter populations on Tahiti following the release of G. ashmeadi. (A) sharpshooter densities on Tahtiti from one minute sweep net sampling of hisbiscus bushes before the release of G. ashmeadi on May 2 2005; (B) sharpshooter densities five months (October 1 2005) after parasitoid release; (C) sharpshooter densities seven months after parasitoid release (December 12 2005); (D) sharpshooter densities two years after the release of G. ashmeadi (Figure courtesy of J. Grandgirard and J. Petit.). [Further Details.] REFERENCES Barratt, B.I.P., Howarth, F.G.,
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