FILE: <bc-37.ref.htm> Pooled References GENERAL INDEX
[Navigate to
MAIN MENU ]
EXPERIMENTAL
TECHNIQUES IN EVALUATION
OF NATURAL ENEMIES (References)(Contacts) REFERENCES: [Additional references may be found at MELVYL Library ] Aquadro, C. F. & J. C. Avise. 1982.
Evolutionary genetics of birds.
VI. A reexamination of protein
divergence using varied electrophoretic conditions. Evol. 36: 1003-19. Ashby, J. W. 1974.
A study of arthropod predation of Pieris
rapae L. using serological
and exclusion techniques. J. Appl.
Ecol. 11: 419-25. Aveling, C. 1981.
The role of Anthocoris
species (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) in the integrated control of the Damson-hop
aphid (Phorodon humuli). Ann. Appl. Biol. 97: 143-53. Avise, J. C. 1974.
Systematic value of electrophoretic data. Syst. Zool. 23: 465-81. Avise, J. C. 1983.
Protein variation and phylogenetic reconstruction. In: G. S. Oxford & D. Rollinson (eds.), Systematics Assoc.
Special Vol. No. 24, "Protein Polymorphism: Adaptive and Taxonomic Significance," Academic Press, London & New York. Avise, J. C., J. Arnold, R.
M. Ball, E. Bermingham, T. Lamb, J. E. Neigel, C. A. Reeb & N. C.
Saunders. 1987. Intraspecific Phylogeography: The mitochondrial DNA bridge between
population genetics and systematics.
Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18: 489-522. Avise, J. C. & R. A.
Lansman. 1983. Polymorphism of mitochondrial DNA in
populations of higher animals. In: M. Nei (ed.), Evolution of genes and Proteins. Sinauer Assoc., Inc., Sunderland, Mass. Ayala, F. J., M. L. Tracey,
L. G. Barr & J. G. Ehrenfeld.
1974a. Genetic and
reproductive differentiation of the subspecies, Drosophila equinoxialis
caribbensis. evol. 28:
24-41. Ayala, F. J., M. L. Tracey,
D. Hedgecock & R. C. Richmond.
1974b. Genetic differentiation
during the speciation process in Drosophila. Evol. 28:
576-92. Baker, A. J. & A.
Moeed. 1987. Rapid genetic differentiation and founder
effect in colonizing populations of common Mynas (Acridotheres tristis). Evol. 42:
525-38. Baker, J. P. 1979.
Electrophoretic studies on populations of Myzus persicae
in Scotland from October to December, 1976.
Ann. Appl. Biol. 91: 159-64. Barry, R. M., J. H. Hatchett
& R. D. Jackson. 1984. Cage studies with predators of the cabbage
looper, Trichoplusia ni, and corn ear worm, Heliothis zea in soybeans.
J. Georgia Ent. Soc. 9: 71-8. Bartlett, B. R.
1957. Biotic factors in
natural control of citrus mealybugs in California. J. Econ. Ent. 50: 753-55. Bartlett, B. R.
1968. Outbreaks of two-spotted
spider mites and cotton aphids following pesticide treatment. I.
Pest stimulation vs. natural enemy destruction as the cause of
outbreaks. J. Econ. Ent. 61:
297-303. Baumgaertner, J. U., A. P. Gutierrez & C. G.
Summers. 1981. The influence of aphid prey consumption on
searching behavior, weight increase, developmental time and mortality of Chrysopa carnea (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) and Hippodamia convergens
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) larvae.
Canad. Ent. 113: 1007-14. Beckendorf, S. K. & M.
A. Hoy. 1985. Genetic improvement of arthropod natural
enemies through selection, hybridization or genetic engineering
techniques. In: M. A. Hoy
& D. C. Herzog (eds.), Biological Control in Agricultural IPM
Systems. Academic Press, Inc., New
York. Beckingham, K. 1982.
Insect rDNA. cell Nucleus
10: 205-69. Bellows, T. S., Jr. & T.
W. Fisher, (eds) 1999. Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 1046 p. Bellows, T. S. & R. Van
Driesche. 1999. Construction and analysis of life tables
in the evaluation of biological control agents. In: Fisher, T.
W. & T. S. Bellows, Jr. (eds)
1999. Handbook of Biological
Control: Principles and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 1046 p. Bellows, T. S., Jr., R. G.
Van Driesche & J. S. Elkinton.
1989b. Extensions to Southwood
and Jepson's graphical method of estimating numbers entering a stage for
calculating losses to parasitism. Res. Popul. Ecol.
Res. Popul. Ecol. 31: 169-84. Bentz, B. J. & M. W.
Stock. 1986. Phenetic and phylogenetic relationships
among ten species of Dendroctonus
bark beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae).
Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 69: 527-34. Bellows, T. S., Jr. & T.
W. Fisher, (eds) 1999. Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 1046 p. Berlocher, S. H.
1979. Biochemical
approaches to strain, race, and species discriminations. In: M. A. Hoy & J. J. McKelvey, Jr.
(eds.), Genetics in Relation to Insect Management. Berlocher, S. H.
1984a. Genetic changes
coinciding with the colonization of California by the walnut husk fly, Rhagoletis completa. Evol.
38: 906-18. Berlocher, S. H. 1984b.
Insect molecular systematics. Ann. Rev. Ent.
1984. Berlocher, S. H. & G. L. Bush. 1982.
An electrophoretic analysis of Rhagoletis
(Diptera: Tephritidae) phylogeny. Syst. Zool. 31:
136-55. Berlocher, S. H. & S. Friedman. 1981.
Loss of genetic variation in laboratory colonies of Phormia regina. Ent. Exp.
& Appl. 30: 205-08. Beverley, S. M. & A. C.
Wilson. 1985. Ancient origin for Hawaiian Drosophilinae
inferred from protein comparisons.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82:
4753-57. Bird, F. T. & D. E. Elgee. 1957. A
virus disease and introduced parasites as factors controlling the European
spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.) in central New
Brunswick. Canad. Ent. 89: 371-78. Boreham, P. F. L. & C.
E. Ohiagu. 1978. The use of serology in evaluating
invertebrate predator-prey relationships:
a review. Bull. Ent. Res.
68: 171-94. Breene, R. G. & W. L.
Sterling. 1988. Quantitative phosphorus-32 labeling method
for analysis of predators of the cotton fleahopper (Hemiptera: Miridae). J. Econ.
Ent. 81: 1494-8. Britten, R. J. 1986. Rates of DNA sequence evolution differ
between taxonomic groups. Science
231: 1393-98. Britten, R. J., D. E. Graham
& B. R. Neufeld. 1974. Analysis of repeating DNA sequences by
reassociation, p. 363-418. In: L. Grossman & K. Modave (eds.), Methods in Enzymology, Vol.
29e. Academic Press, New York. Brittnacher, J. G., S. R.
Sims & F. J. Ayala. 1978. Genetic differentiation between species of
the genus Speyeria
(Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Evol.
32: 199-210. Brown, A. W. A. 1951.
Insect Control by Chemicals.
John Wiley & Sons, New York.
817 p. Brown, W. M. 1983.
Evolution of animal mitochondrial DNA. In: M. Nei (ed.), Evolution of Genes and
Proteins. Sinauer Assoc., Inc.,
Sunderland, Mass. Brussard, P. F., P. R.
Ehrlich, D. D. Murphy, B. A. Wilcox & J. Wright. 1985. Genetic distances and the taxonomy of checkerspot butterflies
(Nymphalidae: Nymphalinae). J. Kans.
Ent. Soc. 58: 403-12. Bull, C. G. & M. V.
King. 1923. The identification of the blood meal of mosquitoes by means of
the precipitin test. Amer. S. Hyg. 3:
491-96. Buonaccorsi, J. P. & J.
S. Elkinton. 1990. Estimation of contemporaneous mortality
factors. Res. Popul. Ecol. 32: 1-21. Bush, G. L. & G. B.
Kitto. 1978. Application of genetics to insect
systematics and analysis of species differences. In: J. A.
Rouberger (ed.), Biosystematics in Agriculture, Vol. 2, Beltsville Symposia
in Agricultural Research. Bush, G. L. & R. W.
Neck, Jr. 1976. Ecological genetics of the screwworm fly, Cochliomyia hominivorax (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
and its bearing on the quality control of mass-reared insects. Environ. Ent. 5: 821-26. Buth, D. G. 1984.
The application of electrophoretic data in systematic studies. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15:
501-22. Cabrera, V. M., A. M. Gonzalez, J. M. Larruga &
A. Gullon. 1983. Genetic distance and evolutionary
relationships in the Drosophila
obscura group. Evol. 37:
675-89. Caccone, A., G. D. Amato
& J. R. Powell. 1987. Intraspecific DNA divergence in Drosophila: A study on parthenogenetic D. mercatorum. Molec. Biol. Evol. 4: 343-50. Caccone, A. & J. R.
Powell. 1987. Molecular evolutionary divergence among
North American cage crickets. II. DNA-DNA hybridization. Evol.
41: 1215-38. Caccone, A. & V. Sbordoni. 1987.
Molecular evolutionary divergence among North American crickets. I.
Allozyme variation. Evol.
41: 1198-1214. Campbell, C. A. M. 1978.
Regulation of the Damson-hop aphid (Phorodon humuli
[Schrank]) on hops (Humulus lupulus Linnaeus) by predators. J. Hort. Sci. 53: 235-42. Carl, K. P. 1982. Biological control of native pests by
introduced natural enemies. Biol.
Cont. News Info. 3: 190-200. Carter, N., I. F. G. McLean, A. E. Watt & A.
G. G. Dixon. 1980. Cereal aphids: a case study and review. p. 272-349. In: T. H. Cooker (ed.), Applied Biology. Academic Press, London. Castañera, P., H. D. Loxdale & K. Nowak. 1983.
Electrophoretic study of enzymes from cereal aphid populations. II.
Use of electrophoresis for identifying aphidiid parasitoids
(Hymenoptera) of Sitobion avenae (F.) (Hemiptera:
Aphididae). Bull. Ent. Res. 73: 659-65. Chambers, R. J., K. D.
Sunderland, I. J. Wyatt & G. P. Vickerman. 1983. The effects of
predator exclusion and caging on cereal aphids in winter wheat. J. Appl. Ecol. 20: 209-24. Chang, C. K. & M. E.
Whalon. 1986. Hydrolysis of permethrin by pyrethroid
esterases from resistant and susceptible strains of Amblyseius fallacis
(Acari: Phytoseiidae). Pesticide
Biochemistry & Physiology 25:
446-52. Charboussou, F. 1965.
La multiplication par vole trophique des tetrayques a la suite des
traitements pesticides. Relations
avec les phenomenes de resistance acquise.
Boll. Zool. Agrar. Bachic. 7: 143-84. Charnov, E. L. 1982.
The Theory of Sex Allocation.
Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey. Chelliah, S., L. Fabellar & A. E. Heinrichs. 1980.
Effects of sublethal doses of three insecticides on the reproductive
rate of the brown planthopper, Nalaparvata
lugens, on rice. Environ.
Ent. 9: 778-80. CIBC. 1971. Biological control programs against
insects and weeds in Canada, 1959-1968.
Commonw. Agric. Bur. Tech. Comm., Vol.
4. 266 p. Clausen, C. P. 1972. Entomophagous Insects. Hafner Publ. Co., New York. Clausen, C. P. (ed.).
1978. Introduced
Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: a World Review. U. S. Dept. Agric. Handbk. 480. 545 p. Coaker, T. H. 1965.
Further experiments on the effects of beetle predation on the numbers
of cabbage root fly, Eriocschia
brassicae (Bouché) attacking
brassica crops. Ann. Appl. Biol.
56: 7-20. Cochran, W. G.
1963. Sampling
Techniques, 2nd Ed. John Wiley &
Sons, New York. Cock, M. J. W. 1985.
A review of biological control of pests in the Commonwealth Caribbean
and Bermuda up to 1982. Commonw.
Agric. Bur. Tech. Commun., Vol. 9.
218 p. Coen, E. S., J. M. Thoday
& G. Dover. 1982. Rate of turnover of structural variants in
the rDNA gene family of Drosophila
melanogaster. Nature 295: 564-68. Coyne, J. A. 1982.
Gel electrophoresis and cryptic protein variation. Isozymes (Current Topics in Biological
& Medical Research) 6: 1-32. Coyne, J. A. & M. Kreitman. 1986.
Evolutionary genetics of two sibling species, Drosophila simulans
and D. sechellia. Evol.
404: 673-91. Croft, B. A. & A. W. A.
Brown. 1975. Responses of arthropod natural enemies to
insecticides. Ann. Rev. Ent. 20: 285-335. Crook, N. E. & K. D.
Sunderland. 1984. Detection of aphid remains in predators by
ELISA. Ann. Appl. Biol. 105: 413-22. Crook, N. E., R. A. Spencer,
C. C. Payne & D. J. Leisy.
1985. Variation in Cydia pomonella granulosis virus isolates and physical maps of
the DNA from three variants. J. Gen. Virol. 66:
2423-30. Daly, J. C., P. Wilkinson
& D. D. Shaw. 1981. Reproductive isolation in relation to
allozymic and chromosomal differentiation in the grasshopper Caledia captiva. Evol.
35: 1164-79. DeBach, P. 1946.
An insecticidal check method for measuring the efficacy of
entomophagous insects. J. Econ. Ent. 39:
695-97. DeBach. P. 1955.
Validity of insecticidal check method as a measure of the
effectiveness of natural enemies of diaspine scale insects. J. Econ.
Ent. 48: 584-88. DeBach, P. (ed.).
1964. Biological Control
of Insect Pests and Weeds. Reinhold Publ.
Corp., New York. DeBach, P.
1969a. Uniparental, sibling and
semi-species in relation to taxonomy and biological control. Israel J.
Ent. 4: 11-28. DeBach, P. 1969.
Biological control of diaspine scale insects on citrus in
California. Proc. 1st Int. Citrus
Symp., Riverside, Calif. 2: 801-15. DeBach, P. 1974.
Biological Control by Natural Enemies. Cambridge Univ. Press, London.
DeBach, P. & B. Bartlett. 1951. Effects of
insecticides on biological control of insect pests of citrus. J. Econ.
Ent. 44: 373-83. DeBach, P. & B. R. Bartlett. 1964.
Methods of colonization, recovery and evaluation, p. 402-26. In: DeBach, P. (ed.), Biological Control of
Insect Pests and Weeds. Reinhold, New
York.In: DeBach, P. (ed.), Biological Control of
Insect Pests and Weeds. Reinhold, New
York. DeBach, P. & C. B. Huffaker. 1971.
Experimental techniques for evaluation of the effectiveness of natural
enemies. p. 113-40. In: C. B. Huffaker (ed.), Biological Control. Plenum Press, New York. DeBach, P. & R. A. Sundby. 1963.
Competitive displacement between ecological homologues. Hilgardia
34: 105-66. DeBach, P., E. J. Dietrick & C. A. Fleschner. 1949. A
new technique for evaluating the efficiency of entomophagous insects in the
field. J. Econ. Ent. 42:
546. DeBach, P., C. A. Fleschner & E. J. Dietrick. 1951a.
A biological check method for evaluating the effectiveness of
entomophagous insects. J. Econ. Ent. 44:
763-66. DeBach, P., E. J. Dietrick & C. A. Fleschner. 1951.
Ants vs. biological control of citrus pests. Calif. Citrog. 36: 312,
347-48. Dempster, J. P. 1960.
A quantitative study of the predators on the eggs and larvae of the
broom beetle, Phytodecta olivacea Forster, using the
precipitin test. J. Anim. Ecol. 29: 149-67. Dempster, J. P.
1964. The control of Pieris rapae with DDT 1.
The natural mortality of the young stages of Pieris. J. Appl.
Ecol. 4: 485-500. Dempster, J. P.
1967. The feeding habits
of the Miridae (Heteroptera) living on broom (Sarothomnus scoparius
L.). Ent. Expt. Appl. 7: 149-54. Dempster, J. P., O. W.
Richards & N. Waloff. 1959. Carabids as predators on the pupal stage
of the chrysomelid beetle Phytodicta
olivacea (Forster). Oikos 10:
65-70. Denno, R. F. & M. S.
McClure (eds.). 1983. Variable Plants and Herbivores in Natural
and Managed Systems. Academic Press,
New York. DeSalle, R. & L. V. Giddings. 1986.
Discordance of nuclear and mitochondrial DNA phylogenies in Hawaiian Drosophila. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83: 6902-06. Devonshire, A. L., G. D.
Moores & R. H. Ffrench-Constant.
1986. Detection of insecticide
resistance by immunological estimation of carboxylesterase activity in Myzus persicae (Sulzer) and cross reaction of the antiserum with
Phorodon humuli (Schrank) (Hemiptera:
Aphididae). Bull. Ent. Res. 76: 97-107. Dicke, M. & M. DeJong. 1986. Prey preference of
predatory mites: electrophoretic
analysis of the diet of Typhlodromus
pyri Scheuten and Amblyseius finlandicus (Oudemans) collected in Dutch orchards. Bull. IOBC/WPRS 9: 62-7. Diehl, S. R. & G. L. Bush. 1984.
An evolutionary and applied perspective of insect biotypes. Ann. Rev. Ent.
29: 471-504. Dittrich, V. P., P. Streibert & P. Bathe. 1974.
An old case reopened: mite
stimulation by insecticide residues. Environ. Ent. 3:
534-39. Dixon, A. F. G.
1959. An experimental
study of the search behavior of the predatory coccinellid beetle, Adalia compunctata (Linnaeus).
J. Anim. Ecol. 28: 259-81. Dowden, P. B. 1962.
Parasites and Predators of Forest Insects Liberated in the United
States Through 1960. U. S. Dept.
Agric. Handbk. 226. 70 p. Downe, S. E. R. & A. S.
West. 1954. Progress in the use of precipitin test in entomological
studies. Canad. Ent. 86: 181-84. Dykes, D., J. Fondell, P.
Watkins & H. Polesky. 1986. The use of biotinylated DNA probes for
detecting single copy human restriction fragment length polymorphisms
separated by electrophoresis.
Electrophoresis 7: 278-82. Easteal, S. & I. A.
Boussay. 1987. A sensitive and efficient isozyme
technique for small arthropods and other invertebrates. Bull. Ent. Res. 77: 407-15. Edmunds, G. F. & D. N. Alstad. 1985.
Malathion-induced sex ratio changes in black pine leaf scale
(Hemiptera: Diaspididae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 78: 403-05. Ehler, L. E., K. G. Eveleens & R. van den
Bosch. 1973. An evaluation of some natural enemies of
cabbage looper on cotton in California.
Environ. Ent. 2: 1009-15. Ellington, J. J. & M.
Southward. 1989. Design-based sampling techniques for
estimating arthropod populations in cotton over large land masses. In: L. McDonald et al. (eds.), Lecture Notes
in Statistics, Vol. 55.
Springer-Verlag, New York. Ellington, J. J. et al. 1984a.
The Insectavac: a high-clearance,
high-volume arthropod vacuuming platform for agricultural ecosystems. Environ.
Ent. 13: 259-65. Ellington, J. J. et al. 1984b. A comparison of sweepnet, absolute, and
Insectavac sampling methods in cotton ecosystems. J. Econ. Ent. 77: 599-605. Ellington, J. J. et al. 1990a. Improved
Insectavac sampler. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 74. Ellington, J. J.
et al. 1990b. Quadrant size and number and their effect
on sample precision and cost with a high-vacuum insect sampling machine in
complex cotton ecosystems. J. Econ. Ent. 83. Elliot, J. M. 1977. Some methods for the statistical analysis
of samples of benthic invertebrates.
Sci. Publ. No. 25, Freshwater Biological Assoc. Ferry House, United Kingdom. Elvin, H. K., J. L. Stimac
& W. H. Whitcomb. 1983. Estimating rates of arthropod predation on
velvetbean caterpillar larvae in soybeans.
Florida. Ent. 66: 319-30. Embree, D. G.
1965. The population
dynamics of the winter moth in Nova Scotia 1954-1962. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canad. 46: 1-57. Embree, D. G.
1966. The role of
introduced parasites in the control of the winter moth in Nova Scotia. Canad. Ent. 98: 1159-68. Embree, D. G. 1971.
The biological control of the winter moth in eastern Canada by
introduced parasites, p. 217-26. In: C. B. Huffaker (ed.), Biological Control. Plenum Press, New York. Engels, W. R. 1981. Estimating genetic divergence and genetic
variability with restriction endonucleases.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 78:
6329-33. Eveleens, K. G., R. van den Bosch & L. E.
Ehler. 1973. Secondary outbreak induction of beet
armyworm by experimental insecticide applications in cotton in
California. Environ. Ent. 2: 497-503. Faeth, S. H. & D.
Simberloff. 1981. Population regulation of a leafmining
insect, Cameraria sp. nov.
at increased field densities. Ecology 62:
620-24. Falcon, L. A., R. van den Bosch, C. A. Ferris, L. K.
Strombert, L, K. Etzel, R. E. Stinner & T. F. Leigh. 1968. A
comparison of season long cotton-pest-control programs in California during 1966. J. Econ.
Ent. 61: 633-42. Farris, J. A. 1972.
Estimating phylogenetic trees from distance matrices. Amer. Natur.
106: 645-48. Felsenstein, J.
1982. Numerical methods
for inferring evolutionary trees.
Quart. Rev. Biol. 57: 379-404. Ferro, D. N. & E. E.
Southwick. 1984. Microclimates of small arthropods: estimating humidity within leaf boundary
layer. Environ. Ent. 13: 926-29. Fichter, F. L. & W. P.
Stephen. 1979. Selection and use of host-specific
antigens. Misc. Publ. Ent. Soc. Amer. 11:
25-33. Fichter, F. L. & W. P. Stephen. 1981.
Time related decay in prey antigens ingested by the predator Podisus maculiventris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) as detected by
ELISA. Oecologia 51: 404-07. Fichter, F. L. & W. P.
Stephen. 1984. Time related decay in prey antigens
ingested by arboreal spiders as detected by ELISA. Environ. Ent. 13:
1583-87. Flanders, S. E. 1942.
Absorptive development in parasitic Hymenoptera induced by food plant
of the insect host. J. Econ. Ent. 35:
834-35. Fleschner, C. A.
1950. Studies on
searching capacity of the larvae of three predators of the citrus red
mite. Hilgardia
20: 233-65. Fleschner, C. A.
1958. Field approach to
population studies of tetranychid mites in citrus and avocado in California. Proc. 10th Internat. Congr. Ent. 2:
669-74. Fleschner, C. A., J. C. Hall & D. W. Ricker. 1955.
Natural balance of mite populations in an avocado grove. Calif.
Avocado Soc. Yearbk. 39:
155-62. Flint, M. L. & R. van den Bosch. 1981.
Introduction to integrated pest management. Plenum Press, New York. Folsom, J. W. & F. F.
Bondy. 1930. Calcium arsenate dusting as a cause of
aphid infestations. U. S. Dept.
Agric. Cir. 116, Washington, D. C. 11
p. Fox, L. R. & P. A.
Morrow. 1981. Specialization: species property or local phenomenon? Science 211: 887-93. Frank, J. H. 1967.
The insect predators of the pupal stage of the winter moth Operophtera brumata (Linnaeus)
(Lepidoptera: Hydriomenidae). J. Anim. Ecol. 36:
375-89. Frazer, B. D. 1971. Biological control and population dynamics
of the walnut aphid, Chromaphis
juglandicola (Kalt.). Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. Calif., Berkeley. Frazer, B. D. & N. Gilbert. 1976.
Coccinellids and aphids: a quantitative
study of the impact of adult ladybirds (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) preying on
field populations of pea aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. Ent. Soc. Brit. Columbia 73: 33-56. Frazer, B. D. & B.
Gill. 1981. Hunger, movement and predation of Coccinella californica
on pea aphids in the laboratory and in the field. Canad. Ent. 113:
1025-33. Frazer, B. D., N. Gilbert,
N. Ives & D. A. Raworth.
1981a. Predator reproduction
and the overall predator-prey relationship.
Canad. Ent. 113: 1015-24. Frazer, B. D., N. Gilbert,
V. Nealis & D. A. Raworth.
1981b. Control of aphid
density by a complex of predators.
Canad. Ent. 113: 1035-41. Futuyma, D. J. & S. C.
Peterson. 1985. Genetic variation in the use of resources
by insects. Ann. Rev. Ent. 30: 217-38. Gardner, W. A., M. Shepard
& R. Noblet. 1981. Precipitin test for examining
predator-prey interactions in soybean fields. Canad. Ent. 113:
365-69. Gates, D. M. 1980.
Biophysical Ecology.
Springer-Verlag, New York. Geiger, H. J. 1980. Enzyme electrophoretic studies on the
genetic relationships of pierid butterflies (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) I. European
taxa. J. Res. Lepid. 19:
181-95. Gilbert, N., A. P. Gutierrez, B. Frazer & R. E.
Jones. 1976. Ecological Relationships. Freeman & Sons, San Francisco. 156 p. Giller, P. S. 1982. The natural diets of waterbugs (Hemiptera:
Heteroptera): electrophoresis is a
potential method of analysis. Ecol.
Ent. 7: 233-37. Giller, P. S. 1984.
Predator gut state and prey detectability using electrophoretic
analysis of gut content. Ecol. Ent.
9: 157-62. Giller, P. S. 1986.
The natural diet of the Notonectidae:
field trials using electrophoresis.
Ecol. Ent. 11: 163-72. Goeden, R. D. & L. T. Kok. 1986.
Comments on the proposed "new" approach for selecting agents
for the biological control of weeds.
Canad. Ent. 118: 51-8. Goeden, R. D., D. W. Ricker
& B. A. Hawkins. 1985. Ethological and genetic differences among
three biotypes of Rhinocyllus
conicus (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae) introduced into North America for the biological control of
asteraceous thistles. Proc. VI. Intern. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, Vancouver, Canada. E.
S. Delfosse (ed.). Agric. Canada, p. 181-89. Gonzalez, A. M., V. M. Cabrera, J. M. Larruga &
A. Gullon. 1982. Genetic distances in the sibling species Drosophila melanogaster, Drosophila
similans and Drosophila mauritiana. Evol. 36:
517-22. Gonzalez, D. et al.
1977. A comparison of
vacuum and whole-plant methods for sampling predaceous arthropods on cotton. J. Econ.
Ent. 66: 750-60. Gonzalez, D., G. Gordh, S.
N. Thompson & J. Adler.
1979. Biotype discrimination
and its importance to biological control.
In: M. A. Hoy & J. J. McKelvey, Jr.
(eds.), Genetics in Relation to Insect Management. Gonzalez, D., W. White, J.
Hall & R. C. Dickson. 1978. Geographical distribution of Aphidiidae (Hym.) imported to
California for biological control of Acyrthosiphon
kondoi and Acyrthosiphon pisum (Hom.: Aphididae). Entomophaga 23: 239-48. Gould, J. R. 1990.
Estimating the impact of parasitoids on the dynamics of populations of
gypsy moths. Ph.D. dissertation,
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass. Gould, J. R., R. G. Van
Driesche, J. S. Elkinton, T. S. Bellows, Jr. & T. M.
O'Dell. 1989. A review of techniques for measuring the
impact of parasitoids of lymantriids. p. 517-31. In: The Lymantriidae: Comparisons of Features
of New and Old World Tussock Moths.
Northeast Forest Service Expt. Sta., General Tech. Rept. NE-123,
Broomall, Pennsylvania. Gould, J. R., J. S. Elkinton
& W. E. Wallner. 1990a. Density-dependent suppression of
experimentally created gypsy moth, Lymantria
dispar (Lepidoptera:
Lymantriidae), populations by natural enemies. J. Anim. Ecol. 59:
213-33. Gould, S. J. 1985.
A clock of evolution. Nat.
Hist. 94: 12-24. Greathead, D. S. 1971.
A Review of Biological Control in the Ethiopian Region. Commonw. Agric. Bur. Tech. Commun., Vol.
5. 1962 p. Greathead, D. S. (ed.). 1976.
A Review of Biological Control in Western and Southern Europe. Commonw. Agric. Bur. Tech. Commun., Vol.
7. 182 p. Green, R. H. 1979.
Sampling Design and Statistical Methods For Environmental
Biologists. John Wiley & Sons,
New York. Greenstone, M. H. 1977.
A passive haemagglutination inhibition assay for the identification of
stomach contents of invertebrate predators.
J. Appl. Ecol. 14: 457-64. Greenstone, M. H. 1979.
Passive haemagglutin inhibition:
a powerful new tool for field studies of entomophagous predators. Misc. Publ. Ent. Soc. Amer. 11: 69-78. Greenstone, M. H. 1983.
Amblyospora
site-specificity and site-tenacity in a wolf spider: a serological dietary analysis. Oecologia
56: 79-83. Guerin, P. M. & E. Städler. 1984.
Carrot fly cultivar preferences:
some influencing factors. Ecol. Ent. 9:
413-20. Hafez, M. 1961. Seasonal fluctuations of population
density of the cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne
brassicae (L.), in the
Netherlands, and the role of its parasite, Aphidius (Diaeretiella)
rapae (Curtis). Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 67: 445-548. Hall, R. R., A. E. R. Downe,
C. R. McClellan & A. S. Wiest.
1953. Evaluation of insect
predator-prey relationships by precipitin test studies. Mosq. News 13: 199-204. Halliday, R. B. 1981.
Heterozygosity and genetic distance in sibling species of meat ants (Iridomyrmex purpureus group). Evol. 35:
234-42. Hamilton, W. D. 1967.
Extraordinary sex ratios.
Science 156: 477-88. Hand, L. F. & A. J.
Keaster. 1967. The environment of an insect field
cage. J. Econ.
Ent. 60: 910-15. Harcourt, D. G. 1964.
Population dynamics of Leptinotarsa
decemlineata (Say) in
eastern Ontario. II. Population and
mortality estimation during six age intervals. Canad. Ent. 96:
1190-98. Hare, J. D. 1990. Effects of plant variation on
herbivore-natural enemy interactions.
In: R. S. Fritz & E. L. Simms (eds.),
Ecology and Evolution of Plant Resistance.
Univ. of Chicago Press, Chicago (in press). Harris, H. & D. A.
Hopkinson. 1977. Handbook of Enzyme Electrophoresis in Human
Genetics. North Holland Publ. Co.,
Oxford. Harrison, R. G., D. M. Rand
& W. C. Wheeler. 1987. Mitochondrial DNA variation in field
crickets across a narrow hybrid zone.
Mol. Biol. Evol. 4: 144-58. Harrison, R. G. 1977.
Patterns of variation and genetic differentiation in closely related
species: the field crickets of
eastern North America. Ph.D.
Dissertation, Cornell Univ. 131 p. Harrison, R. G. 1979.
Speciation in North American field crickets: evidence from electrophoretic comparisons. Evolution 33: 1009-23. Hassell, M. P. 1980. Foraging strategies, population models and
biological control: a case
study. J. Anim. Ecol. 49: 603-28. Hassell, M. P. & C. B.
Huffaker. 1969a. The appraisal of delayed and direct
density dependence. Canad. Ent.
101: 353-61. Hassell, M. P. & G. C. Varley. 1969b.
New inductive population model for insect parasites and its bearing on
biological control. Nature (London)
223: 1133-37. Hawks, R. B. 1972.
A fluorescent dye technique for marking insect eggs in predation
studies. J. Econ. Ent. 65:
1477-1478. Haynes, D. L. & P. Sisojevic. 1966.
Predatory behavior of Philodromus
rufus Walchenaer (Araneae:
Thomisidae). Canad. Ent. 98: 113-33. Hazzard, R., D. N. Ferro
& R. G. Van Driesche. 1991. Impact of Coleomegilla maculata
(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and other native predators on eggs of the
Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa
decemlineata (Say)
(Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in potatoes in Massachusetts. Environ. Ent. 20: (in press). Herbert, H. J. 1965. The brown mite, Bryobia arborea
Morgan and Anderson (Acarina: Tetranychidae), on apple in Nova Scotia. I.
Influence of intratree distribution on the selection of sampling units. II.
Differences in habits and seasonal trends in orchards with bivoltine
and trivoltine populations. III. Diapause eggs. IV. Hatching of
diapause eggs. Canad. Ent. 97: 1303-18. Hillis, D. M. 1987.
Molecular versus morphological approaches to systematics. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18: 23-42. Hillis, D. M. & S. K.
Davis. 1986. Evolution of ribosomal DNA: Fifty million years of recorded history in
the frog genus Rana. Evol. 40:
1275-88. Höller, C. & J. J.
Braune. 1988. The use of isoelectric focusing to assess percentage
hymenopterous parasitism in aphid populations. Ent. Exp. Appl. 47:
105-14. Holling, C. S. 1959.
The components of predation as revealed by a study of small mammal
predation of the European pine sawfly.
Canad. Ent. 91: 293-320. Holling, C. S. 1966.
The functional response of invertebrate predators to prey
density. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canad. 48: 1-86. Howard, D. J. 1983.
Electrophoretic survey of Eastern North American Allonemobius (Orthoptera: Gryllidae): Evolutionary relationships and the
discovery of three new species. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 76: 1014-21. Hsiao, T. H. & J. M. Stutz. 1985.
Discrimination of alfalfa weevil strains by allozyme analysis. Ent. Expt. Appl. 37: 113-21. Hubby, J. L. & R. C.
Lewontin. 1966. A molecular approach to the study of
genetic heterozygosity in natural populations. I. The number of
alleles at different loci in Drosophila
psuedoobscura. Genetics
54: 477-594. Huffaker, C. B. & C. E. Kennett. 1956.
Experimental studies on predation:
I. Predation and cyclamen mite
populations on strawberries in California.
Hilgardia 26: 191-22. Huffaker, C. B. & C. E. Kennett. 1959. A
ten-year study of vegetational changes associated with biological control of
Klamath weed. J. Range. Manage. 12: 69-82. Huffaker, C. B. & C. E. Kennett. 1966.
Studies of two parasites of the olive scale, Parlatoria oleae
(Colvee). IV. Biological control of Parlatoria oleae
(Colvée) through the compensatory action of two introduced parasites. Hilgardia
37: 283-35. Huffaker, C. B. & C. E. Kennett. 1969.
Some aspects of assessing efficiency of natural enemies. Canad. Ent. 10: 425-47. Huffaker, C. B. & R. E.
Stinner. 1971. The role of natural enemies in pest
control programs, p. 333-50. In: S. Ashahina,
J. L. Gressitt, Z. Hikada, T. Nichida & K. Nomura. Entomological Essays to Commemorate the
Retirement of Professor K. Yasumatsu.
Hokuryukan Publ., Tokyo. Huffaker, C. B., C. E. Kennett & G. L. Finney. 1962.
Biological control of olive scale, Parlatoria
oleae (Colvée) in California
by imported Aphytis maculicornis (Masi)
(Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Hilgardia
32: 541-636. Huffaker, C. B., K. P. Shea
& S. G. Herman. 1963. Experimental studies on predation. III.
Complex dispersion and levels of food in an acarine predator-prey
interactions. Hilgardia 34:
305-30. Huffaker, C. B., P. S. Messenger & P. DeBach. 1971.
The natural enemy component in natural control and the theory of
biological control, p. 16-62. In: C. B. Huffaker (ed.), Biological Control. Plenum Press, New York. Hunter, R. L. & C. L. Markert. 1957.
Histochemical demonstration of enzymes separated by zone
electrophoresis in starch gels.
Science 125: 1294-95. Hutchinson, G. E. 1965.
The ecological theater and the evolutionary play. Yale Univ. Press, New Haven. Conn. Irwin, M. E., R. W. Gill
& D. Gonzalez. 1974. Field cage studies of native egg predators
of the pink bollworm in southern California cotton. J. Econ. Ent. 67: 193-96. Ito, Y. 1967.
Life tables in the population ecology with special reference to
insects. Seibutsu-Kagaku 18: 127-34, 167-75. Ito, Y., H. Yamanaka, F.
Nakasuji & K. Kiritani.
1972. Determination of
predator-prey relationship with an activiable tracer, Europium-151. Konchy 40: 278-83. Ives, P. M. 1978.
How discriminating are cabbage butterflies? Aust. J. Ent. 3: 261-76. Jayasena, K. W., J. W.
Randles & O. W. Barnett.
1984. Synthesis of a
complementary DNA probe specific for detecting subterranean clover red leaf
virus in plants and aphids. J. Gen. Virol. 65:
109-17. Johnson, G. B. 1977.
Assessing electrophoretic similarity:
The problem of hidden heterogeneity.
Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 8:
309-28. Jenkins, D. W. 1963. Use of radionuclides in ecological studies
of insects. p. 431-40. In: V. Schult & A. W. Klement (eds.), Radioecology. Rheinhold Publ. Co., New York. Jenkins, D. W. & C. C.
Hassett. 1950. Radioisotopes in entomology. Nucleonics 6: 5-14. Jessen, R. L. 1978.
Statistical Survey Techniques.
John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Jones, V. P. & M. P. Parrella. 1984.
The sublethal effects of selected pesticides on life table parameters
of Panonychus citri (Acari:
Tetranychidae). Canad. Ent. 116: 1033-40. Jones, V. P., R. R. Youngman
& M. P. Parrella. 1983. The sublethal effects of selected
insecticides on photosynthetic rates of lemon and orange leaves in
California. J. Econ. Ent. 76:
1178-80. Karieva, P. 1985.
Patchiness, dispersal, and species interactions: consequences for communities of
herbivorous insects. p. 192-206. In: T. Case & J. Diamond (eds.), Community Ecology. Harper & Row, New York. Kawooya, J. K. 1983.
Electrophoretic discrimination of species of the Muscidifurax (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) complex.
Ph.D. Thesis, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana. 114 p. Keating, S. T., J. P. Burand
& J. S. Elkinton. 1989. DNA hybridization assay for detection of
gypsy moth nuclear polyhedrosis virus in infected gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) larvae.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 55:
2749-54. Kelleher, J. S. & M. A.
Hulme. 1984. Biological control programmes against
insects and weeds in Canada, 1969-1980.
Commonw. Agric. Bur. Tech. Commun., Vol. 8. 410 p. Kenmore, P. E., F. D. Carino, C. A. Perez, V. A.
Dyck & A. P. Gutierrez. 1984. Population regulation of the rice brown
planthopper (Nilaparvata lugens Stal) within rice fields
in the Philippines. J. Plant Prot. Trop. 1:
19-37. Kimura, M. 1983. The Neutral Theory of Molecular
Evolution. Cambridge Univ. Press.,
Cambridge, Mass. Kinzer, R. E., C. B. Cowan,
R. L. Ridgway, F. J. Davis, Jr. & R. J. Copperage. 1977.
Populations of arthropod predators and Heliothis spp. after applications of aldicarb and
moncrotophos. Environ. Ent. 6: 13-16. Kirtitani, K. & F. Nakasuji. 1967. Estimation
of the stage-specific survival rate in the insect population with overlapping
stages. Res. Popul. Ecol. 9: 143-52. Kiritani, K., S. Kawahera, T. Sasaba & F.
Nakasuji. 1972. Quantitative evaluation of predation by spiders
on the green rice leafhopper, Nephotettix
cincticeps Uhler, by a sight
count method. Res. Pop. Ecol. 13:
187-200. Klomp, H. 1966.
The dynamics of a field population of the pine looper Bupclus pinicrius L.
Advan. Ecol. Res. 3: 207-04. Kogan, M. & E. F.
Legner. 1970. A biosystematic revision of the genus Muscidifurax (Hymenoptera:
Pteromalidae) with descriptions of four new species. Canad. Ent. 102: 1268-1290. Kolodny-Hirsch, D. M., R. C.
Reardon, K. W. Thorpe & M. J. Raupp.
1988. Evaluating the impact of
sequential releases of Cotesia
melanoscela (Hymenoptera:
Braconidae) on Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera:
Lymantriidae). Environ. Ent. 17:
403-08. Kreitman, M. 1983. Nucleotide polymorphism at the alcohol
dehydrogenase locus of Drosophila
melanogaster. Nature
304: 412-17. Kring, T. J., F. E. Gilstrap & F. J. Michels,
Jr. 1985.
Role of indigenous coccinellids in regulating greenbugs (Homoptera:
Aphididae) on Texas grain sorghum. J. Econ. Ent. 78:
269-73. Laing, J. E. & J. Hamai. 1976.
Biological control of insect pests and weeds by imported parasites and
predators. p. 685-743. In: C. B. Huffaker & P. S. Messenger (eds.), Theory and
Practice of Biological Control.
Academic Press, New York. 788 p. Laing, J. E. & C. B. Huffaker. 1969.
Comparative studies of predation by Phytoseiulus persimilis
Athias-Henriot and Metaseiulus
occidentalis (Nesbitt)
(Acarina: Phytoseiidae) on populations of Tetranychus
urticae Koch (Acarina:
Tetranychidae). Res. Pop. Ecol. 11:
105-26. Lane, D. J., B. Pace, G. J.
Olsen, D. A. Stahl, M. L. Sogin & N. R. Pace. 1985. Rapid
determination of 165 ribosomal RNA sequences for phylogenetic analyses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82: 6955-59. Lansman, R. A., R. O. Shade,
J. F. Shapira & J. C. Avise. 1981. The use of restricting endonucleases to
measure mitochondrial DNA sequence relatedness in natural populations. J. Mol.
Evol. 17: 214-26. Latorre, A., A. Moya & F. J. Ayala. 1986.
Evolution of mitochondrial DNA in Drosophila
subobscura. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83: 8649-53. 1967 Legner, E. F. 1967. Behavior changes
the reproduction of Spalangia cameroni, S. endius, Muscidifurax raptor, and Nasonia
vitripennis (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) at increasing
fly host densities. Ann. Entomol.
Soc. Amer. 60(4): 819-826. 1969
Legner, E. F. 1969. Distribution
pattern of hosts and parasitization by Spalangia
drosophilae (Hymenoptera:
Pteromalidae). Canad. Entomol. 101(5): 551-557. 1971 Legner, E. F. 1971. Some effects of the
ambient arthropod complex on the density and potential parasitization of
muscoid Diptera in poultry wastes.
J. Econ. Entomol. 64(1):
111-115. 1979 Legner, E. F. 1979. The relationship
between host destruction and parasite reproductive potential in Muscidifurax raptor, M. zaraptor, and Spalangia endius [Chalcidoidea: Pteromalidae]. Entomophaga 24(2):
145-152. 1983a Legner,
E. F. 1983. Requirements for appraisal of the role of parasitic insects in the
natural control of synanthropic Diptera.
Proc. Calif. Mosq. &
Vector Contr. Assoc., Inc. 51: 97-98. 1983b Legner, E. F. 1983. Broadened view of Muscidifurax parasites associated with
endophilous synanthropic flies and sibling species in the Spalangia endius complex. Proc.
Calif. Mosq. & Vector Contr. Assoc., Inc. 51: 47-48. 1986 Legner, E.
F. 1986.
The requirement for reassessment of interactions among dung beetles,
symbovine flies and natural enemies.
Entomol. Soc. Amer. Misc. Publ. 61: 120-131. 1987 Legner,
E. F. 1987. Inheritance of gregarious and solitary oviposition in Muscidifurax raptorellus Kogan & Legner (Hymenoptera:
Pteromalidae). Canad. Entomol. 119(9):
791-808. 1988 Legner, E. F. 1988. Hybridization in
principal parasitoids of synanthropic Diptera: the genus Muscidifurax
(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Hilgardia
56(4): 36 pp. 1989 Legner, E. F. 1989. Wary genes and
accretive inheritance in Hymenoptera.
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 82(3):
245-249. 1991 Legner,
E. F. 1991. Estimations of number of active loci, dominance and
heritability in polygenic inheritance of gregarious behavior in Muscidifurax raptorellus
[Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae]. Entomophaga 36(1): 1-18. 1964 Legner, E. F. & E. C. Bay. 1964.
Natural exposure of Hippelates
eye gnats to field parasitization and the discovery of one pupal and two larval
parasites. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer.
57(6): 767-769. 1966 Legner, E. F. & H. W.
Brydon. 1966. Suppression of dung
inhabiting fly populations by pupal parasites. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 59(4) 638-651. 1980 Legner,
E. F. & T. W. Fisher. 1980. Impact of Tilapia zillii
(Gervais) on Potamogeton pectinatus L., Myriophyllum spicatum
var. exalbescens Jepson, and mosquito
reproduction in lower Colorado Desert irrigation canals. Acta
Oecologica, Oecol. Applic. 1(1): 3-14. 1967
Legner, E. F. & D. Gerling. 1967.
Host-feeding and oviposition on Musca
domestica by Spalangia cameroni, Nasonia vitripennis, and Muscidifurax raptor (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) influences their longevity and
fecundity. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 60(3): 678-691. 1987 Legner, E. F. & R. D. Goeden. 1987.
Larval parasitism of Rhagoletis
completa (Diptera: Tephritidae) on Juglans microcarpa (Juglandaceae)
in western Texas and southeastern New Mexico. Proc. Entomol. Soc. Wash. 89(4): 739-743. 1979 Legner,
E. F. & R. A. Medved. 1979. Influence of parasitic Hymenoptera on the
regulation of pink bollworm, Pectinophora
gossypiella, on cotton in the lower
Colorado Desert. Environ. Entomol. 8(5): 922-930. 1981 Legner, E. F. & C. A. Murray. 1981.
Feeding rates and growth of the fish Tilapia zillii
[Cichlidae] on Hydrilla verticillata, Potamogeton pectinatus and Myriophyllum
spicatum var. exalbescens and interactions in irrigation canals in southeastern
California.
J. Amer. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 41(2): 241-250. 1983 Legner, E. F. & A. Silveira-Guido. 1983.
Establishment of Goniozus emigratus and Goniozus legneri [Hym:
Bethylidae] on navel orangeworm, Amyelois transitella [Lep: Phycitidae] in California and biological
control potential. Entomophaga
28(2): 97-106. 1990a Legner, E. F., W. D. McKeen & R. W. Warkentin. 1990.
Inoculation and spread of parasitic wasps to control filth flies in
poultry houses. Calif.
Mosq. & Vector Contr. Assoc., Inc. 57:
146-150. 1990b Legner, E. F., W. D. McKeen & R. W.
Warkentin. 1990. Inoculation of three pteromalid wasp
species (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) increases
parasitism and mortality of Musca domestica L. pupae in poultry
manure. Bull. Soc. Vector Ecol. 15(2): 149-155 LeRoux, E. J. & C. Reimer. 1959.
Variation between samples of immature stages, and of mortalities from
some factors, of the eye-spotted bud moth, Spilonota ocellana
(D. & S.) (Lepidoptera:
Olethreutidae) and the pistol casebearer, Coleophora serratella
(L.) (Lepidoptera: Coleophoridae), on
apple in Quebec. Canad. Ent. 91: 428-49. Lewin, B. M. 1985.
Genes II. John Wiley &
Sons, New York. Lewontin, R. C. 1974.
The Genetic Basis of Evolutionary Change. Columbia Univ. Press, New York Lingren, P. D., R. L.
Ridgway & S. L. Jones. 1968. Consumption by several common arthropod
predators of eggs and larvae of two Heliothis
species that attack cotton. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 61:
613-18. Linit, M. J. & F. M.
Stephen. 1983. Parasite and predator component of
within-tree southern pine beetle (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) mortality. Canad. Ent. 115: 679-88. Lister, A., M. B. Usher
& W. Block. 1987. Description and quantification of field
attack rates by predator mites: an
example using an electrophoresis method with a species of anarchic mite. Oecologia
72: 185-91. Lord, F. T. 1968. An appraisal of methods of sampling apple
trees and results of some tests using a sampling unit common to insect
predators and their prey. Canad. Ent.
100: 23-33. Lord, F. T. 1972.
Comparisons of the abundance of the species composing the foliage
inhabiting fauna of apple trees.
Canad. Ent. 104: 731-49. Luck, R. F. 1971.
An appraisal of two methods of analyzing insect life tables. Canad. Ent. 103: 1261-71. Luck, R. F. 1981.
Parasitic insects introduced as biological control agents for
arthropod pests. p. 125-284. In: D. Pimentel (ed.), CRC Handbook of Pest Management in
Agriculture. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 504 p. Luck, R. F. & D. L. Dahlsten. 1975. Natural
decline of a pine needle scale (Chionaspis
pinifoliae [Fitch]) outbreak
at South Lake Tahoe, California, following cessation of adult mosquito
control with malathion. Ecology
56: 983-904. Luck, R. F., R. van den
Bosch & R. Garcia. 1977. Chemical insect control, a troubled pest
management strategy. BioScience
27: 606-11. Luck, R. F., J. C. van
Lenteren, P. H. Twine, L. Kuenen & T. Unruh. 1979. Prey or host
searching behavior that leads to a sigmoid functional response in
invertebrate predators and parasitoids.
Res. Popul. Ecol. 20: 257-64. Luck, R. F., B. M. Shepard
& P. E. Kenmore. 1988. Experimental methods for evaluating
arthropod natural enemies. Ann. Rev.
Ent. 33: 367-92. Luck, R. F., B. M. Shepard
& P. E. Kenmore. 1999. Evaluation of biological control with
experimental methods. In: Bellows, T. S., Jr. &
T. W. Fisher, (eds) 1999. Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. 1046 p. MacLellan, C. R.
1954. The use of the precipitin
test in evaluating codling moth predators.
M.A. Thesis, Queen's Univ, Kingston, Ontario. MacLellan, C. R.
1963. Predator population
and predation on the codling moth in an integrated control orchard--
1961. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canad. 32: 41-54. MacIntyre, R. J. (ed.). 1985.
Molecular Evolutionary Genetics.
Plenum Press, New York. MacPhee, A. W. & C. R.
MacLellan. 1971a. Ecology of apple orchard fauna and
development of integrated pest control in Nova Scotia. Proc. Tall Timbers Conf. on Ecol. Animal
Control Habitat Management 3:
197-208. Tallahassee, Florida,
Tall Timbers Res. Station. MacPhee, A. W. & C. R.
MacLellan. 1971. Cases of naturally-occurring biological
control in Canada, p. 312-28. In: C. B. Huffaker (ed.), Biological Control. Plenum Press, New York. Maggi, V. L. & T. F.
Leigh. 1983. Fecundity response of the two-spotted
spider mite to cotton treated with methyl parathion or phosphoric acid. J. Econ.
Ent. 76: 20-25. Maniatis, T., E. F. Fritsch
& J. Sambrook. 1982. Molecular cloning: A laboratory manual. Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring
Harbor, New York. Manly, B. F. J. 1974.
Estimation of stage-specific survival rates and other parameters for
insect populations developing through several life stages. Oecologia
15: 277-85. Manly, B. F. J.
1976. Extensions to
Kiritani and Nakasuji's method for analyzing insect stage-frequency
data. Res. Popul.
Ecol. 17: 191-99. Manly, B. F. J. 1977.
A further note on Kiritani and Nakasuji's model for stage-frequency data
including comments on the use of Tukey's jackknife technique for estimating
variances. Res. Popul. Ecol. 18: 177-86. Manly, B. F. J. 1989.
Analysis of stage-frequency data. p. 3-69. In: L. McDowell (ed.), Estimation and Analyses
of Insect Populations. Springer
Verlag, New York. Mattson, W. J., Jr. 1980.
Herbivory in relation to plant nitrogen content. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 11: 119-61. Matsumoto, B. M. & T.
Nishida. 1966. Predator-prey investigations of the taro
leafhopper and its egg predator.
Hawaii Agr. Expt. Sta. Tech. Bull. 64, Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu. 32 p. McCarty, M. T., M. Shepard
& S. G. Turnipseed. 1980. Identification of predaceous arthropods in
soybeans by using autoradiography.
Environ. Ent. 9:
199-203. McDaniel, S. G. & W. L. Sterling. 1979.
Predator determination and efficiency of Heliothis virescens
eggs in cotton using 32P2. Environ. Ent. 8:
1083-87. McGuggan, B. M. & H. C. Coppel. 1962.
Biological control of forest insects 1910-1058. p. 35-127. In: A Review of the Biological Control
Attempts Against Insects and Weeds in Canada. Commonw. Agric. Bur. Tech. Commun., Vol. 2. McGuire, M. R. & J. E.
Henry. 1989. Production and partial characterization of
monoclonal antibodies for detection of entomopoxvirus from Melanoplus sanguinipes. Ent.
Expt. Appl. 51: 21-8. McLeod, J. H.
1962. Biological control
of pests of crops, fruit trees, ornamentals and weeds in Canada up to
1959. p. 1-33. In: A Review of the Biological Control
Attempts Against Insects and Weeds in Canada. Commonw. Agric. Bur. Tech. Commun., Vol. 2. Menken, S. B. J. 1981.
Host races and sympatric speciation in small ermine moths. Yponomeutidae. Ent. Expt. & Appl. 30: 280-92. Menken, S. B. J.
1982. Enzymatic
characterization of nine endoparasite species of small ermine moths
(Yponomeutidae). Experientia 38: 1461-62. Metcalf, R. A., J. C. Marlin
& G. S. Whitt. 1984. Genetics of speciation within the Polistes fuscatus species complex.
J. Heredity 75: 117-20. Metcalf, R. L. & W.
Luckmann. 1982. Introduction to Insect Pest
Management. John Wiley & Sons,
New York. Miller, M. C. (ed.). 1979.
Serology in Insect Predator-prey Studies. Misc. Publ. Ent. Soc. Amer.
11(4): 1-84. Morgante, J. S., A. Malavasi & G. L. Bush. 1980.
Biochemical systematics and evolutionary relationships of neotropical Anastrepha. Ann. Ent. Soc.
Amer.
73: 622-30. Moritz, C., T. E. Dowling
& W. M. Brown. 1987. Evolution of animal mitochondrial
DNA: Relevance for population biology
and systematics. Ann. Rev. Ecol.
Syst. 18: 269-92. Morris, R. F. 1955.
The development of sampling techniques for forest defoliators with
particular reference to the spruce budworm.
Canad. J. Zool. 33: 225-94. Morris, R. F. 1960.
Sampling insect populations.
Ann. Rev. Ent. 5: 243-64. Morris, R. F. 1963.
The dynamics of epidemic spruce budworm populations. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canad. 31: 1-32. Moulder, B. C. & D. E.
Reichle. 1972. Significance of spider predation in the
energy dynamics of forest-floor arthropod communities. Ecol. Monogr. 42: 473-98. Mueke, J. M., G. R. Manglitz
& W. R. Kerr. 1978. Pea aphid: interaction of insecticides and alfalfa varieties. J. Econ.
Ent. 71: 61-65. Muir, R. C. 1958. On the application of the
capture-recapture method to an orchard population of Blepharidopterus angulatus
(Fall.) (Hemiptera-Heteroptera, Miridae). Rep. E. Malling Res. Sta. 1959. p. 140-47. Munstermann, L. E.
1980. Distinguishing
geographic strains of the Aedes
atropalpus group (Diptera: Culicidae)
by analysis of enzyme variation. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 73:
699-704. Murray, R. A. & M. G.
Solomon. 1978. A rapid technique for analyzing diets of
invertebrate predators by electrophoresis.
Ann. Appl. Biol. 90: 7-10. Myers, J. 1978.
Biological control introductions as grandiose field experiments: Adaptations of the cinnabar moth to new
surroundings. Prov. IV Intern. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, Gainesville, Florida,
1976. p. 181-88. Myers, J. H. 1985.
Effect of physiological condition of the host plant on the
ovipositional choice of the cabbage white butterfly, Pieris rapae. J. Anim.
Ecol. 54: 193-204. Myers, J. H. & M. D.
Sabath. 1980. Genetic and phenotypic variability,
genetic variance, and the success of establishment of insect introductions
for the biological control of weeds. Proc. V. Intern. Symp. Biol. Contr. Weeds, Brisbane,
Australia. p. 91-102. Nei, M. 1987. Molecular Evolutionary Genetics. Columbia Univ. Press, New York. Nei, M. & R.
Chakraborty. 1973. Genetic distance and electrophoretic
identity of proteins between taxa. J. Mol. Evol. 2:
323-28. Nei, M., T. Maruyama &
R. Chakraborty. 1975. The bottleneck effect and genetic
variability in populations. evol. 19: 1-10. Neilson, M. M. & R. F.
Morris. 1964. The regulation of European spruce sawfly
numbers in the Maritime Provinces of Canada from 1937 to 1963. Canad. Ent. 96: 773-84. Nordlund, D. A., R. L. Jones
& W. J. Lewis (eds.). 1981. Semiochemicals: Their Role in Pest Control.
John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Oatman, E. R. & G. R. Platner. 1971.
Biological control of the tomato fruitworm, cabbage looper, and
hornworms on processing tomatoes in southern California, using mass releases
of Trichogramma pretiosum. J. Econ.
Ent. 64: 501-06. Oatman, E. R. & G. R. Platner. 1978.
Effects of mass releases of Trichogramma
pretiosum against
lepidopterous pests on processing tomatoes in southern California, with notes
on host egg population trends. J. Econ. Ent. 71:
896-900. Oeda, K., K. Oshie, M. Shimizu, K. Nakamura, H.
Yamamoto, I. Nakayama & H. Ohkawa.
1987. Nucleotide sequence
of the insecticidal protein gene of Bacillus
thuringiensis strain aizawai IPL7 and its high-level
expression in Escherichia coli. Gene 53: 113-19. Ohiagu, C. E. & P. F. L.
Boreham. 1978. A simple field test for evaluating insect
prey-predator relationships. Ent.
Expt. Appl. 23: 40-47. Olton, G. S. & E. F.
Legner. 1975. Winter inoculative releases of parasitoids
to reduce houseflies in poultry manure.
J. Econ. Entomol. 68(1): 35-38. Pamilo, P. 1984.
Genotypic correlation and regression in social groups: Multiple alleles, multiple loci and
subdivided populations. Genetics
107: 307-20. Papaj, D. R. & M. D.
Rausher. 1987. Components of conspecific host
discrimination behavior in the butterfly, Battus
philenor. Ecology 68: 245-53. Pashley, D. P. & M. D.
Proverbs. 1981. Quality control by electrophoretic
monitoring in a laboratory colony of codling moths. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 74:
20-3. Pashley, D. P., K. S. Rai & D. N. Pashley. 1985.
Patterns of allozyme relationships compared with morphology,
hybridization and geologic history in allopatric island-dwelling
mosquitoes. Evol. 39:
985-97. Pendleton, R. C. & A. W. Grundmann. 1954.
Use of 32P in tracing some insect plant relationships of
the thistle, Cirsium undulatum. Ecology 35: 187-91. Pickett, A. D. & N. A.
Patterson. 1953. The influence of spray programs on the
fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia.
IV. A review. Canad. Ent. 85: 472-78. Powell, J. R., A. Caccone,
G. D. Amato & C. Yoon. 1986. Rates of nucleotide substitutions in Drosophila mitochondrial and
nuclear DNA are similar. Proc. Nat.
Acad. Sci. 83: 9090-93. Price, P. W., C. E. Bouton,
P. Gross, B. A. McPheron, J. N. Thompson & A. E. Weis. 1980.
Interactions among three trophic levels: influence of plants on interactions between insect herbivores
and natural enemies. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 11:
41-65. Prober, J. M., G. L. Trainor, R. J. Dam, F. W. Hobbs,
C. W. Robertson, R. J. Zagursky, A. J. Cocuzza, M. A. Jensen & K.
Baumeister. 1987. A system for rapid DNA sequencing with
fluorescent chain-terminating dideoxynucleotides. Science 238: 336-41. Rabbinge, R., G. W.
Ankersmit & G. A. Pak. 1979. Epidemiology and simulation of population
development of Sitobion avenae in winter wheat. Neth. J. Plant Pathol. 85: 197-220. Ragsdale, D. W., A. D.
Larson & L. D. Newson. 1981. Quantitative assessment of the predators
of Nezara viridula eggs and nymphs within
a soybean agroecosystem using an ELISA.
Environ. Ent. 10: 402-05. Rao, V. P., M. A. Ghani, T.
Sankaran & K. C. Mather.
1971. A review of the
biological control of insects and other pests in Southeast Asia and the
Pacific region. Commonw. Agric. Bur.
Tech. Commun., Vol. 6. 149 p. Readshaw, J. L. 1973.
The numerical response of predators to prey density. J. Appl. Ecol. 10: 342-51. Ressig, W. H., E. A. Heinfichs & S. L.
Valencia. 1982. Insecticide induced resurgence of the
brown plant hopper, Nilaparvata
lugens, on rice varieties
with different levels of resistance.
Environ. Ent. 11: 165-68. Richards, O. W. & N.
Waloff. 1961. A study of a natural population of Phytodecta olivacea (Forester) (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae). Philos. Trans. Roy. Soc. London Ser. B
244: 205-57. Richards, O. W., N. Waloff
& J. P. Spradberry. 1960. The measurement of mortality in an insect
population in which recruitment and mortality widely overlap. Oikos 11:
306-10. Richardson, B. J., P. R.
Baverstock & M. Adams. 1986. Allozyme Electrophoresis, a Handbook for
Animal Systematics and Population Studies.
Academic Press, New York. Richman, D. B., R. C.
Hemenway, Jr. & W. H. Whitcomb.
1980. Field-cage evaluation of
predators of the soybean looper, Pseudoplusia
includens (Lepidoptera:
Noctuidae). Environ. Ent. 9: 315-17. Ridgway, R. L. & S. B.
Vinson. 1976. Biological control by augmentation of
natural enemies: insect and mite
control with parasites and predators.
Plenum Press, New York. Righetti, P. G. 1983.
Isoelectric Focusing: Theory,
Methodology and Applications.
Elsevier Publ., New York. Ripper, W. E. 1956.
Effect of pesticides on balance of arthropod populations. Ann. Rev. Ent. 1: 403-38. Roberts, R. J. 1982.
Restriction and modification enzymes and their recognition
sequences. Nucleic Acids Res. 10: 117-44. Rombach, M. C., R. M. Aguda,
B. M. Shepard & D. W. Roberts.
1986a. Entomopathogenic fungi
(Deuteromycotina) in the control of the black bug of rice, Scotinophara coarctata (Hemiptera:
Pentatomidae). J. Invert. Path.
48: 174-79. Rombach, M. C., R. M. Aguda,
B. M. Shepard & D. W. Roberts.
1986b. Infection of rice brown
planthoppers, Nilaparvata lugens (Homoptera: Delphacidae)
by field application of entomopathogenic hyphomycetes (Deuteromycotina). Environ. Ent. 15: 1070-73. Room, P. M. 1987.
32P labelling of immature stages of Heliothis armigera
(Hübner) and H. punctigera Wallengren
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): relationships of doses to radioactivity, mortality
and label half-life. J. Aust. Ent.
Soc. 16: 245-51. Rosen, D. 1978.
The importance of cryptic species and specific identifications as
related to biological control. BARC
Symposium 2: Biosystematics in
Agriculture. Rosen, D. & P. DeBach. 1973. Systematics,
morphology and biological control. Entomophaga 18:
215-22. Rosen, D. & P. DeBach. 1978. Diaspididae. p.
78-128. In: C. P. Clausen (ed.),
Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: A World Review. U. S. Dept. Agric. Handbk 480. Ross, K. G., E. L. Vargo
& D. J. C. Fletcher. 1987. Comparative biochemical genetics of three
fire ant species in North America, with special reference to the two social forms
of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Evol. 41:
979-90. Rothchild, G. H. L. 1966.
A study of natural populations of Conomelus
anceps (Germer) (Homoptera:
Delphacidae) including observations on predation using the precipitin
test. J. Anim.
Ecol. 35: 413-34. Rothchild, G. H. L. 1970.
Observations on the ecology of the rice ear bug, Leptocoris oratorius
(Hemiptera: Alydidae) in Sarawak (Malaysian Borneo). J. Appl. Ecol. 7: 147-67. Rothchild, G. H. L. 1971.
The biology and ecology of the rice stem borer in Sarawak (Malaysian
Borneo). J. Appl. Ecol. 8: 287-332. Ruesink, W. G. 1975.
Estimating time-varying survival of arthropod life stages from
population density. Ecology 56: 244-47. Russell, D. A. 1987.
A simple method for improving estimates of percentage parasitism by
insect parasitoids from field sampling of hosts. New Zealand Ent. 10:
38-40. Ryan, R. B. & R. D. Medley. 1970.
Test release of Itoplectis
quadricingulatus against
European pine shoot moth in an isolated infestation. J. Econ.
Ent. 63: 1390-92. Sabelis, M. W.
1981. Biological control
of two-spotted spider mites using phytoseiid predators. Part I.
Modelling the predator-prey interactions at the individual level. Ph.D. Thesis, Agric. Univ. Wageningen, The
Netherlands. Sailer, R. I. 1966.
An aphid predator exclusion test.
p. 263. In: J. Hodek
(ed.), Ecology of Aphidiophagous Insects.
Junk, The Hague, Netherlands. Sandness, J. N. & J. A.
McMurtry. 1970. Functional response of three species of
Phytoseiidae (Acarina) to prey density.
Canad. Ent. 102: 692-704. Sbordoni, V., G. Allegrucci, A. Cacone, D. Cesaroni,
M. Cobolli-Sbordoni & E. deMatthaeis.
1981. Genetic variability
and divergence in cave populations of Troglophilus
cavicola and T. andreinii (Orthoptera, Ryaphidophoridae). Evol. 35:
226-33. Schneider, B., H. Podoler
& D. Rosen. 1988. Population dynamics of the Florida wax
scale, Ceroplastes floridensis (Homoptera:
Coccidae), on citrus in Israel. 5.
Effect of the parasite, Tetrastichus
ceroplastae (Girault). Acta Oecol. 9: 75-83. Scriber, J. M. & F.
Slansky, Jr. 1981. The nutritional ecology of immature
insects. Ann. Rev. Ent. 26: 183-211. Sechser, B.
1970. Der Parasitenkomplex des
kleinen Frostspanners (Operophtera
brumata L.) (Lep.,
Geometridae) under besonderer Berücksichtingung der Kokon-Parasiten. II.
Teil. Z. angew. Ent. 66: 144-60. Selander, R. K., M. H.
Smith, S. Y. Yang, W. E. Johnson & J. B. Gentry. 1971.
Biochemical polymorphism and systematics in the genus Peromyscus. I.
Variations in the old-field mouse (Peromyscus
polionotus). Studies in Genetics VI. Univ. of Texas Publ. 7103. p. 49-90. Sene, F. M. & H. L.
Carson. 1977. Genetic variation in Hawaiian Drosophila. IV.
Allozymic similarity between D.
silvestris and D. heteroneura from the island of Hawaii. Genetics 86: 187-98. Shaw, C. R. & R.
Prasad. 1970. Starch gel electrophoresis - a compilation
of recipes. Biochem. Benet. 4: 297-320. Shaw, J. G., R. P.
Sunderman, D. S. Moreno & D. S. Fargerlund. 1973. California red
scale: females isolated by treatments
with dichlorvos. Environ. Ent.
2: 1062. Shepard, B. M. & V. H.
Waddill. 1976. Rubidium as a marker for Mexican bean
beetles, Epilachna varivestis (Coleoptera:
Coccinellidae). Canad. Ent. 108: 337-39. Shepard, B. M. & G. S.
Arida. 1986. Parasitism and predation of yellow
stemborer Scirpophaga incertulus (Walker)
(Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs in transplanted and direct seeded rice. J. Ent. Sci. 21: 26-32. Sheppard, W. S. & S. L.
Heydon. 1986. High levels of genetic variability in
three male-haploid species (Hymenoptera: Argidae, Tenthredinidae). Evol.
40: 1350-53. Sibley, C. G. & J. Ahlquist. 1983.
The phylogeny and classification of birds based on the data of DNA-DNA
hybridization. Curr. Ornithol.
1: 245-92. Sibley, C. G. & J.
Ahlquist. 1984. The phylogeny of the hominoid primates as
indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization. J. Molec. Evol. 20:
2-15. Simon, C. M. 1979.
Evolution of periodical cicadas:
Phylogenetic inferences based on allozymic data. Syste. Zool. 28: 22-39. Slatkin, M. 1987.
Gene flow and the geographic structure of natural populations. Science 236: 787-92. Smith, H. S. & P.
DeBach. 1942. The measurement of the effect of
entomophagous insects on population densities of their hosts. J. Econ.
Ent. 35: 845-49. Smith, R. F. & R. van den Bosch. 1967.
Integrated pest management. p. 295-340. In: W. W. Kilgore & R. L. Doutt (eds.),
Pest Control. Academic Press, New
york. 477 p. Sohn, U., K. H. Rothfels & N. A. Straus. 1975.
DNA: DNA hybridization studies in black flies. J. Mol.
Evol. 5: 75-85. Sonleitner, F. J. & M.
A. Bateman. 1963. Mark-recapture analysis of a population of
Queensland fruit-fly, Dacus tryoni (Frogg.), in an
orchard. J. Anim. Ecol. 32:
259-69. Soop, P. I. & K. D.
Sunderland. 1989. Some factors affecting the detection of
aphid remains in predators using ELISA.
Entomol. Exp. Appl. 51: 11-20. Southwood, T. R. E. 1967.
The interpretation of population change. J. Anim. Ecol. 36: 519-29. Southwood, T. R. E. 1978.
Ecological Methods With Particular Reference to the Study of Insect
Populations. John Wiley & Sons,
New York. Sparks, A. N., H. C. Chaing,
G. T. Burkhardt, M. L. Fairchild & G. T. Weekman. 1966.
Evaluation of the influence of predation on corn borer
populations. J. Econ. Ent. 59:
104-07. Spieth, H. T. 1981. Drosophila
heteroneura and Drosophila silvestris: head
shapes, behaviors and evolution.
Evolution 35: 921-30. Spradling, A. C. & G. M.
Rubin. 1981. Drosophila
genome organization: conserved and
dynamic aspects. Ann. Rev. Genet. 15:
219-64. Starks, K. J., R. Muniappan
& R. D. Eikenbary. 1972. Interaction between plant resistance and
parasitism against the greenbug on barley and sorghum. Ann. Ent. Soc.
Amer.
65: 650-55. Stearns, S. C. 1983.
A natural experiment in life-history evolution: Field data on the introduction of
mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) to Hawaii. Evol. 37:
601-17. Sterling, W. L. 1975.
Sequential sampling of cotton insect populations, p. 133-35. In: Proc. 1975 Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res.
Conf., Nat. Cotton Counc., New Orleans, LA. Sterling, W. L.
1976. Sequential decision
plans for management of cotton arthropods in south-east Queensland. Aust. J. Ecol. 1: 265-74. Stern, V. M., R. F. Smith, R. van den Bosch & K. S.
Hagen. 1959. The integration of chemical and biological
control of the spotted alfalfa aphid.
The integrated control concept. Hilgardia 29: 81-101. Stimmann, M. W. 1974.
Marking insects with rubidium:
imported cabbage worm marked in the field. Environ. Ent. 3:
327-28. St.Louis, V. L. & J. C.
Barlow. 1988. Genetic differentiation among ancestral
and introduced populations of the Eurasian tree sparrow (Passer montanus). Evol. 42:
266-76. Stock, M. W. & P. J.
Castrovillo. 1981. Genetic relationships among representative
populations of five Choristoneura
species: C. occidentalis,
C. retiniana, C.
biennis, C. lambertiana, and C.
fumiferana (Lepidoptera:
Tortricidae). Canad. Ent. 113: 857-65. Stock, M. W. & J. L.
Robertson. 1982. Quality assessment and control in a
western spruce budworm laboratory colony.
Ent. Expt. & Appl. 32:
28-32. Stuart, A. 1976.
Basic Ideas of Scientific Sampling.
Griffin's Statistical Monograph No. 4. Hafner Press, New York. Sunderland, K. D.
1988. Quantitative
methods for detecting invertebrate predation occurring in the field. Ann. Appl. Biol. 112: 201-224. Sunderland, K. D. & S.
L. Sutton. 1980. A serological study of arthropod predation
on wood lice in a dune grassland ecosystem.
J. Anim. Ecol. 49: 987-1004. Sunderland, K. D., N. W.
Crook, D. L. Stacy & B. J. Fuller.
1987. A study of feeding by
polyphagous predators or cereal aphids using ELISA and gut dissections. J. Appl. Ecol. 907_33. Suomalainen, E., A. Saura,
J. Lokki & T. Teeri. 1980. Genetic polymorphism and evolution in
parthenogenetic animals. Theor. Appl.
Genet. 57: 129-32. Sweeney, B. W., D. H. Funk
& R. L. Vannote. 1987. Genetic variation in stream mayfly
(Insecta: Ephemeroptera) populations of Eastern North America. Ann. Ent. Soc.
Amer.
80: 60f0-12. Tabachnick, W. J., L. E.
Munstermann & J. R. Powell.
1979. Genetic distinctness of
sympatric forms of Aedes aegypti in East Africa. Evol. 33:
287-95. Templeton, A. R. 1980.
The theory of speciation via the founder principle. Genetics 94: 1011-38. Theilmann, D. A. & M. D.
Summers. 1986. Molecular analysis of Campoletis sonorensis
virus DNA in the lepidopteran host Heliothis
virescens. J. Gen.
Virol. 67: 1961-69. Thompson, W. R. 1955.
Mortality factors acting in a sequence. Canad. Ent. 87: 264-75. Thorpe, J. P. 1983.
Enzyme variation, genetic distance and evolutionary divergence in relation
to levels of taxonomic separation. In: G. S. Oxford & D. Rollinson (eds.), Protein Polymorphism,
Adaptive and Taxonomic Significance. Torgensen, T. R. & B. B. Ryan. 1981.
Field biology of Telenomus
californicus Ashmead, and important
egg parasitoid of Douglas fir tussock moth.
Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 74: 185-86. Turnbull, A. L. 1964.
The search for prey by a web-building spider Achaearanea tepidariorum
(C. L. Koch) (Araneae: Theridiidae).
Canad. Ent. 96: 568-79. Unruh, T. R. 1999.
Molecular methods in classical biological control. In:
Bellows, T. S., Jr. & T. W. Fisher, (eds) 1999. Handbook of
Biological Control: Principles and
Applications. Academic Press, San
Diego, CA. 1046 p. Unruh, T. R. & R. D. Goeden. 1987.
Electrophoresis helps to identify which race of the introduced weevil,
Rhinocyllus conicus (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae), has transferred to two native southern California
thistles. Environ. Ent. 16: 979-83. Unruh, T. R., W. White, D.
Gonzalez, G. Gordh & R. F. Luck.
1983. Heterozygosity and
effective size in laboratory populations of Aphidius ervi
(Hym.: Aphidiidae). Entomophaga 28:
245-58. Unruh, T. R., W. White, D. Gonzalez & R. F.
Luck. 1986. Electrophoretic
studies of parasitic Hymenoptera and implications for biological
control. Misc. Publ. Ent. Soc. Amer. 61:
150-63. van den Assem, J. & G. D. Povel. 1973.
Courtship behaviour of some Muscidifurax
species (Hym., Pteromalidae): a
possible example of a recently evolved ethological isolating mechanism. Netherlands J.
Zool. 23(4): 465-87. van der Berg, H., B. M. Shepard, J. A. Litsinger &
P. C. Pantua. 1988. Impact of predators and parasitoids on the
eggs of Rivulz atimeta, Naranga venescens
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Hydrellia
philippina (Diptera:
Ephydridae) in rice. J. Plant Prot. Trop. 5:
103-08. van den Bosch, R., T. F. Leigh, D. Gonzalez & R. E.
Stinner. 1969. Cage studies on predators of the bollworm
in cotton. J. Econ. Ent. 62:
1486-89. van de Vrie, M. J., J. A. McMurtry & C. B.
Huffaker. 1972. Ecology of tetranychid mites and their
natural enemies. III. Biology, ecology and pest status and
host-plant relations of tetranychids.
Hilgardia 41: 343-432. Van Driesche, R. G. 1983.
Meaning of "percent parasitism" in studies of insect
parasitoids. Environ. Ent. 12:
1611-22. Van Driesche, R. G.
1988. Measurement of
population recruitment of Apanteles
glomeratus (L.)
(Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a parasitoid of Pieris rapae
(L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae), and factors influencing adult parasitoid
foraging success in kale. Bull. Ent. Res. 78: 199-208. Van Driesche, R. G. & T.
S. Bellows, Jr. 1988. Host and parasitoid recruitment for
quantifying losses from parasitism, with reference to Pieris rapae
and Cotesia glomerata. Ecol. Ent. 13: 215-22. Van Driesche, R. G., T. S.
Bellows, Jr., D. N. Ferro, R. Hazzard & M. Maher. 1989.
Estimating stage survival from recruitment and density data, with
reference to egg mortality in the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say). Canad. Ent. 121: 291-300. Van Driesche, R. G., T. S.
Bellows, Jr., J. S. Elkinton, J. Gould & D. N. Ferro. 1991a.
The meaning of percentage parasitism revisited: solutions to the problem of accurately
estimating total losses from parasitism.
Environ. Ent. 20: 1-7. Van Driesche, R. G., D. N. Ferro, E. Carey & A.
Maher. 1991b. Assessing the impact of augmentative
releases of parasitoids with the "recruitment method," with special
reference to Edovum puttleri Grissel, and egg
parasitoid of the Colorado potato beetle (Coleop.: Chrysomelidae). Entomophaga (in press). van Lenteren, J. C.
1980. Evaluation of
control capabilities of natural enemies:
Does art have to become science?
Netherlands J. Zool. 30: 369-81. van Lenteren, J. C. & K.
Bakker. 1976. Functional responses in
invertebrates. Neth. J. Zool.
26: 567-72. van Sickle, D. & R. M.
Weseloh. 1974. Habitat variables that influence the
attack by hyperparasites of Apanteles
melanoscelus cocoons. J. New York. Ent. Soc. 82: 2-5. Varley, G. C.
1970. The need for life
tables for parasites and predators, p. 59-70. In: R. L. Rabb & F. E. Guthrie (eds.),
Concepts of Pest Management. North
Carolina St. Univ., Raleigh. Varley, G. C.
1971. The effects of
natural predators and parasites on winter moth populations in England. Proc. Tall Timbers Conf. Ecol. Anim.
Contr. Habitat Manage. 2: 103-16. Varley, G. C., G. R.
Gradwell & M. P. Hassell.
1974. Insect Population
Ecology, an Analytical Approach.
Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley & Los Angeles. 212 p. Vickermann, G. P. & K. D. Sunderland. 1975.
Arthropods in cereal crops:
nocturnal activity, vertical distribution and aphid predation. J. Appl. Ecol. 12: 755-66. Waage, J. K. 1986. Family planning in parasitoids: adaptive patterns of progeny and sex
allocation. In: J. Waage &
D. Greathead (eds.), Insect
Parasitoids. 13th Symp. Royal Ent.
Soc. London. Academic Press, London. Wald, A. 1947.
Sequential Analysis. Dover
Publ., N.Y. 212 p. Ward, P. S. 1980.
Genetic variation and population differentiation in the Rhytidoponera impressa group, a species
complex of ponerine ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Evol. 34: 1060-76. Way, M. J. 1973.
Objectives, methods and scope of integrated control. p. 137-52. In: P. W. Geier, L. R. Clark, D. J. Anderson
& H. A. Nix (eds.). Insects: Studies in Population Management. Mem. Ecol. Soc. Aust., Vol. 1. Way, M. J. & C. J.
Banks. 1958. The control of Aphis fabae
Scop. with special reference to biological control of insects which attack
annual crops. Proc. 10th Intern.
Cong. Entomol. 4: 907-09. Way, M. J. & C. J.
Banks. 1968. Population studies on the active stages of
the black bean aphid Aphis fabae Scop., on its winter host
Euonymus europaeus Linnaeus. Ann. Appl. Biol. 62: 177-97. Weir, B. S. & C. C.
Cockerham. 1984. Estimating F-statistics for the analysis
of population structure. Evol. 38: 1358-70. Weseloh, R. M. 1974. Host-related microhabitat preference of
Gypsy moth larval parasite, Parasetigena
agilis. Environ. Ent.
3: 363-64. Weseloh, R. M. 1978. Seasonal and spatial mortality patterns of
Apanteles melanoscelus due to predators
and Gypsy moth hyperparasites. Environ. Ent. 7:
662-65. Weseloh, R. M. 1982. Implications of tree microhabitat
preferences of Compsilura concinata (Diptera: Tachinidae)
for its effectiveness as a Gypsy moth parasitoid. Canad. Ent. 114:
617-22. Whalon, M. E., B. A. Croft
& T. M. Mowry. 1982. Introduction and survival of susceptible
and pyrethroid-resistant strains of Amblyseius
fallacis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) in a Michigan apple
orchards. Environ. Ent. 11: 1096-99. Whitham, T. G., A. G.
Williams & A. M. Robinson.
1984. The variation principal,
individual plants as temporal and spatial mosaics of resistance to rapidly
evolving pests. p. 15-51. In: P. W. Price, C. N. Slobodchikoff & W. S. Gaud (eds.), A New
Ecology--Novel Approaches to Interactive Systems. John Wiley & Sons, New York. Wilson, A. C., S. S. Carlson
& T. J. White. 1977. Molecular evolution. Ann. Rev. Biochem. 146: 573-639. Wilson, A. C., R. L. Cann.
S. M. Carr, M. George, U. B. Gyllensten, K. M. Helm-Bychowski, R. G. Higuchi,
S. R. Palumbi, E. M. Prager, R. D. Sage & M. Stoneking. 1985.
Mitochondrial DNA and two perspectives on evolutionary genetics. Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 26: 375-400. Wilson, F. 1960.
A review of biological control of insects and weeds in Australia and
Australian New Guinea. Commonw.
Agric. Bur. Tech. Commun., Vol. 1.
102 p. Wilson, L. T. & A. P. Gutierrez. 1980.
Within-plant distribution of predators on cotton: comments on sampling and predator
efficiencies. Hilgardia 48:
3-11. Wilson, L. T., A. P. Gutierrez & T. F. Leigh. 1980.
Within-plant distribution of immatures of Heliothis zea
(Boddie) on cotton. Hilgardia 48:
12-23. Winder, L. 1990. Predation of cereal aphid Sitobion avenae by polyphagous predators on the ground. Ecol. Ent. 15: 105-10. Woese, C. R. 1981.
Archaebactria. Sci. Amer.
244(6): 98-122. Woglum, R. S., J. R.
LeFollette, W. E. Landon & H. C. Lewis.
1947. The effect of
field-applied insecticides on beneficial insects of citrus in California. J. Econ.
Ent. 40: 818-20. Wöhrmann, K., J. Tomiuk & G. Weber. 1986.
The search for hidden enzymatic variation in the aphid Macrosiphum rosae (L.). Theor. Appl.
Genet. 73: 77-81. Wolfson, J. 1980. Oviposition responses of Pieris rapae to environmentally induced variation in Brassica nigra. Ent. Expt.
Appl. 27: 223-32. Wood, B. J. 1971.
Development of integrated control program for tropical perennial crops
in Malaysia. p. 113-40. In: C. B. Huffaker (ed.), Biological Control. Plenum Press, New York. 511 p. Wool, D., D. Gerling &
I. Cohen. 1984. Electrophoretic detection of two
endoparasitic species, Encarsia
lutea and Eretmocerus mundus in the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) (Hom., Aleurodidae). Z. angew. Ent. 98: 276-79. Wool, D., H. F. van Emden
& S. W. Bunting. 1978. Electrophoretic detection of the internal
parasite, Aphidius matricariae in Myzus persicae. Ann.
Appl. Biol. 90: 21-6. Wright, D. W., R. D. Hughes
& J. Worell. 1960. The effect of certain predators on the
numbers of cabbage root fly (Erioschia
brassicae [Bouché]) and on
the subsequent damage caused by the pest.
Ann. Appl. Biol. 48: 756-63. Yates, F. 1960.
Sampling Methods for Censuses and Surveys. Hafner, New York. Zouros, E. 1973.
Genic differentiation associated with the early stages of speciation
in the mulleri subgroup of Drosophila. Evol. 27:
601-21. Zwölfer, H. & M. Preiss. 1983. Host selection and
oviposition behavior in West-European ecotypes of Rhinocyllus conicus
Froel. (Col., Curculionidae). Z. ang. Ent. 95:
113-22. |