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1a. Abdomen broadly sessile at base and
without marked constriction, though hinged, between segments 1 & 2; thorax
with 2 pairs of
spiracles, neither visible dorsally; cenchri present except in Cephidae;
larvae with segmented legs except in a few tunnelling and leaf-mining
species; antennae and maxillary and labial palps with several distinct
segments, or, if with only 1 segment,
then abdominal apex with a median sclerotized process or legs represented
by sclerotized discs ................. SYMPHYTA
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1b. Abdomen with tergum 1 incorporated
in thorax, and with marked constriction and hinge between segments 1 & 2 or with
a large thoracic phragma extending into gaster; mesosoma with 3 pairs of
spiracles, the pair on the propodeum conspicuous and usually distinctly
visible dorsally; cenchri absent; larvae always without legs; antennae and
maxillary and labial palps with 1 segment
or absent; apex of abdomen not sclerotized ........... APOCRITA
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Families of Symphyta:
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2a (1a). Mesoscutellum completely separated from scutum by a suture
and the axillae defined; subantennal grooves present for reception of basal
segments of antennae ............ (Siricoidea).... 3
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2b. Mesoscutellum not separated from
scutum laterally and axillae not defined anteriorly; no subantennal grooves
............ (Tenthredinoidea)....5
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3a (2a). Antennae inserted on ventral side of head, below lower
margins of eyes and below apparent clypeus; hind wing without closed
discoidal or cubital cell; eyes normally finely hairy..(Orussoidea) Orussidae
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3b. Antennae inserted well above clypeus
and on anterior aspect of head; hind wing usually with at least one closed
cubital or discoidal cell; eyes bare
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4a (3b). Neck long (cervical sclerites viewed from side appear longer
than broad); last abdominal segment without horn-like projection; maxillary
palp 4-segmented ............ (Siricoidea) Xiphydriidae
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4b. Neck short (cervical sclerites viewed from
side appear broader than long); last abdominal segment with a horn-like
projection; maxillary palp 1-segmented ........... (Siricoidea) Siricidae
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5a (2b). Radial cell of fore wing crossed by a vein; fore tibia with
2 spurs, one developed into a
calcar (= larger protuberance) ......(Tenthredinoidea) Tenthredinidae
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5b. Radial cell of fore wing not crossed
by a vein; fore tibia without spur developed into a calcar.
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6a (5b). Third antennal segment very long, antennae with only 3 segments
(3rd
segment may be forked); fore tibia with 2 spurs in
Australian species ............
(Tenthredinoidea) Argidae
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6b. Third antennal segment not abnormally
long, antenna with more than 3
segments; fore tibia usually with 2 well
developed spurs, 1 only in Phylacteophaga
and Pergula ............ (Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae
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Subfamilies of (Tenthredinoidea) ..... Pergidae:
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7a (6b) Fore tibia with 1 apical
spur
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7b. Fore tibia with 2 apical
spurs
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8a (7a). Hind tibia with a preapical spine, sometimes reduced but its
insertion obvious ....... (Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae
(Phylacteophaginae)
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8b. Hind tibia without a preapical spine
........... (Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae
(Pergulinae)
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9a (7b) Hind tibia with a preapical spine
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9b. Hind tibia without a preapical spine
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10a (9a). Scutellum without lobes or paired projections behind
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10b. Scutellum either bilobed, or with a
backward projection from each hind angle
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11a (10a). 'Propodeum' strongly sclerotized all over ..........
(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae
(Pteryperginae)
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11b. 'Propodeum' strongly emarginate
behind, only the front margin and sides sclerotized ............
(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae
(Styracotechyinae)
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12a (10b) Costa strongly swollen so that it touches R at least
apically; anal vein of fore wing straight and close to the anal fold
throughout; antennae generally with less than 13
segments ...........
(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae
(Perginae)
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12b. Costa not swollen and much narrower than
the intercostal area; anal vein of fore wing bent away from the anal fold
apically; antenna with 13 or more
segments (and serrate) ............
(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae (Philomastiginae)
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13a (9b). Cenchri small, the distance between them nearly 2X as
great as the transverse width of one; anal cell absent in fore wing. [Metanotum large, about the same width
as scutellum] ...........
(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae
(Pterygophorinae)
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13b. Cenchri large, the distance between
them at most about as great as the breadth of one; anal cell of fore wing
petiolate though it may be open apically
......... (Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae
(Euryinae)
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Superfamilies of Apocrita:
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14a (1b) Hind tibia with 1-2 spurs
(without spur in a few Ichneumonidae), but none modified for preening
(slight enlargement of one spur in some Scolioidea); sometimes a dense brush
of enlarged hairs developed on basitarsus and apex of tibia; parasitic
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14b. When hind tibial spur or spurs
present, one (the medial when there are 2) is modified
into a calcar through development of a comb of hairs or teeth on its inner
(tarsal) margin; a corresponding strigil or brush is developed on the
slightly emarginate basitarsus; if both spurs are of non-simple form or
lacking (in some Apoidea and Vespoidea), then at least some body hairs are
plumed and the hind basitarsus widened, or first 1-2 segments
of metasoma form a node; mostly not parasitic
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15a (14a). Subantennal groove present for reception of basal segments
of antennae . [A dense preening
brush on inner surface at apex of hind tibia and on ventromedial surface of
basitarsus, similar to that in Sphecoidea; spiracle cover lobe of pronotum
with a marginal fringe of hairs, or, when spiracle is enclosed, then
margined with fine hairs] ......... (Megalyroidea)
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15b. No subantennal groove
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16a (15b). Pronotum with at least a lateral spiracle cover lobe
reaching back to tegula, or, if wingless, lobe margined with close fine
hairs
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16b. Pronotum not reaching back to tegula (almost
so in some Leucospidinae, in which tegula is lengthened, and in some Mymaridae)
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17a (16a). Spiracle cover lobe of pronotum not margined with close
fine hairs
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17b. Spiracle cover lobe of pronotum
margined with close fine hairs (poorly developed and more openly spaced in
Aulacidae, but then fore wing venation well developed and hind wing without
closed cells)
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18a (17a). Lateral pronotum not vertically grooved for reception of
fore femur, though with a groove close to and parallel with anterior
margin. [A grooved recess for the
fore femur usually occurs on lower anterior portion of mesopleuron-- not
always defined, especially in Ibaliidae, and absent in Oberthuerellinae;
antennae not elbowed] .......... (Cynipoidea)
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18b. Lateral pronotum vertically grooved
for reception of fore femur
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19a (18b). Costal cell absent, but distinct marginal vein from base
and a pterostigma; hind wing with at least one closed cell (except in
Aphidiinae) ..... (Ichneumonoidea)
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19b. Costal cell present, or venation greatly
reduced; hind wing without closed cells
(see also Chrysidoidea)..... (Proctotrupoidea)
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20a (17b). Pronotum with well-developed dorsal surface in median area,
reaching back above tegula as well as below (pronotum reduced in
nocturnal Mutillidae). [Hind wing venation well developed] ....... (Scolioidea
& Vespoidea)
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20b. Pronotum without a dorsal surface in median
area, and not reaching back above tegulae
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21a (20b). Hind wing without closed cells (see also Megalyroidea)
.......... (Evanioidea)
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22a (16b) Fore wing with closed basal cells; pronotum separated from
tegula by lateral lobe of scutum
(see also Chrysidoidea and Vespoidea) .......... (Chrysidoidea) Chrysididae
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22b. Fore wing with much reduced venation,
without fully formed cells; pronotum separated from tegula by prepectus
(though sometimes in part by lateral lobe of scutum) .............. (Chalcidoidea)
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23a (14b). Lateral pronotum and mesopleuron (or prepectus) overlapping
and with considerable free movement, lower portion of pronotal lobe
rounded. [Secondary fusion between
pronotum and prepectus in some Dryinidae, but then antennae with 10
segments]
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23b. Lateral pronotum and mesopleuron meet
with carinate margins and with very little free movement between them,
lower portion of pronotal lobe tapers, usually to a point
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24a (23a). Spiracle cover lobe of pronotum margined with close fine
hairs; hind wing with at least one closed basal cell (see also Scolioidea) ...... (Pompiloidea)
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24b. Spiracle cover lobe of pronotum not margined
with close fine hairs; hind wing without closed basal cells (except in
Sierolomorphidae). [Prepectus
defined] (Chrysidoidea)
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25a (13b). A well-developed wingless worker caste present; posteroventral
corners of thorax each with a metapleural gland; first 1-2 segments
of metasoma nodiform, sharply marked off from remainder ... (Vespoidea) Formicidae.....
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25b. Workers, when present, with wings; metapleural
glands lacking; 1st
segment of metasoma not often constricted to a node, though sometimes
petiolate
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26a (25b). Posterior lateral lobes of pronotum reach back to and end above
tegula, and always angulate ......... (Vespoidea)
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26b. Posterior lateral lobes of pronotum do
not reach back to and end below tegula, lobe rounded and limited to
spiracle cover
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27a (26b). At least a few branched hairs on body; frequently social
species. [Hind basitarsus wider
than following segments] ......... (Apoidea)
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27b. Hairs on body not branched; non-social
species ......... (Sphecoidea)
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Families of Megalyroidea:
Families of Ichneumonoidea:
|
29a (19a). Fore wing with 1 or
without recurrent vein; hind wing with median cell not extending to base
of marginal vein. [Abdominal tergites 2 & 3
immovably united except in Aphidiinae] ........... .(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae.....
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29b. Fore wing with 2
recurrent veins, very rarely only 1; hind wing
with median cell elongated beyond base of marginal vein
...........(Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae
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Subfamilies of (Ichneumonoidea) ... Ichneumonidae:
|
30a (29b). First tergite of abdomen petiolate (narrowest before base)
and bent downwards towards apex; spiracle of 1st
segment usually beyond mid point (very rarely in the middle)
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30b. First segment of abdomen sessile, or, if
subpetiolate, either straight or regularly curved and flattened in section;
spiracle of 1st
segment at or before mid point
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31a (30a). First segment of abdomen narrowing at apex, round in
section over basal 1/2 (and smooth);
areolet of fore wing petiolate, rhombus-shaped, or absent .......... (Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae
(Ophioninae)
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31b. First segment of abdomen depressed, widening
or parallel-sided at apex; areolet of of fore wing usually 5-sided or
absent, never petiolate, rarely quadrilateral or rhombus-shaped
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32a (31b). Areolet rhombus-shaped; %% cerci elongated,
thin; spiracle of petiolar segment about mid point. [First tergite with large glymma (= pit
or depression); tarsal claws pectinate] ........... (Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae (Mesochorinae)
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32b. Areolet not rhombus-shaped; %% cerci
short and stout; spiracle of petiolar segment beyond mid point
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33a (32b). Mesosternum not separated from mesopleuron by a line or furrow
(= sternaulus) absent; spiracles of petiolar segment often further from
each other than from caudal margin of the segment; ovipositor usually not
obviously exserted .......
(Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae (Ichneumoninae)
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33b. Mesosternum separated from mesopleuron
by a sigmoidally curved line or furrow, usually extending more than 1/2 length
of mesopleuron; spiracles of petiolar segment often closer to each other
than to caudal margin of the segment; ovipositor usually distinctly
exserted . [Areolet usually
pentagonal] ......... (Ichneumonoidea)
Ichneumonidae (Cryptinae)
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34a (30b) Abdomen subpetiolate, compressed. [Tarsal claws pectinate at least on fore leg] .............
(Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae (Tryphoninae)
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34b. Abdomen sessile or subsessile,
depressed
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35a (34b). Fore trochantellus (= proximal end of femur appearing as
apparent 2nd segment
of trochanter) not defined; clypeus not separated from face by a
groove. [Medial margin of eye
emarginate; areolet usually rhombus-shaped, sometimes absent; abdomen with
subparallel sides] .......... (Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae (Metophiinae)
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35b. Fore trochantellus defined; clypeus
separated from face by a somewhat distinct groove
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36a (35b). Tergites of abdomen each with a pair of oblique furrows, sometimes
indistinct; ovipositor usually strongly exserted; areolet usually
triangular or absen ... (Ichneumonoidea)
........ Ichneumonidae (Pimplinae)
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36b. Tergites without such furrows; ovipositor
not obviously exserted; areolet usually absent .............
(Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae (Diplazoninae)
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Subfamilies of (Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae:
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37a (29a). Mandibles widely separated, teeth curving outwards (exodont
braconids; ..... (Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae
(Alysiinae, Dacnusinae)
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37b. Mandibles normal, their apices opposed
and meeting when closed
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38a (37b). Venation greatly reduced, hind wing without a closed basal
cell; abdomen subpetiolate and with all segments freely movable ..........
(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae (Aphidiinae)
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38b. Venation not as reduced, or abdomen
subsessile; hind wing with at least one closed basal cell; at least basal 2 segments
of abdomen not freely movable
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39a (38b). Clypeus semicircularly emarginate (= indented) below, and
forming with the mandibles a somewhat circular opening or cavity
(cyclostome braconids
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39b. Clypeus not emarginate below, or at most
with a broad shallow emargination (= indentation)
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40a (39a). Abdomen distinctly petiolate........(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae
(Spathiinae)
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41a (40b). Occiput not carinate .......... (Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae
(Braconinae, Exothecinae)
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41b. Occiput carinate .........
(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae (Doryctinae, Rhogadinae)
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42a (39b). Abdomen with tergites fused to form a rigid dorsal shield,
sutures absent or indicated only by fine grooves
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42b. Abdomen with tergites separated by
distinct sutures, all beyond the 2nd freely
movable
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43a (42a). Fore wing with 3 cubital
cells ......... (Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae
(Cheloninae)
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43b. Fore wing with 2 cubital
cells ......... (Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae
(Triaspidinae)
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44a (42b). Abdomen distinctly petiolate ..........
(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae (Meteorinae, Euphorinae)
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45a (44b). Venation greatly reduced .......... (Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae
(Microgastrinae)
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45b. Venation not greatly reduced
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46a (45b). Radial cell very narrow, proctotrupid-like ........
(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae (Agathidiinae)
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46b. Radial cell longer
............................. (Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae
(Macrocentrinae, Opiinae)
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Families of Evanioidea:
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47a (21a). Fore wing with complete venation; hind wing with a very small
anal notch; trochantellus clearly defined ventrally; first 2 tergites
of abdomen fused .......... (Evanioidea) Aulacidae
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47b. Fore wing with apical venation
reduced; hind wing without obvious anal notch, but with a deep 'jugal' notch;
trochantellus defined ventrally on mid and hind legs; first 2 tergites
of abdomen not fused ........... (Evanioidea) Evaniidae
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47c. Fore wing venation modified; hind wing
without anal or 'jugal' notch; trochantellus not distinctly defined on any
leg; first 2 tergites
of abdomen not fused, partly hinged
.......... (Evanioidea) Gasteruptiidae
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Families of Proctotrupoidea & Ceraphronoidea:
|
48a (19b). Antennae not geniculate; scape small and usually much
shorter than 1st
funicle segment
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48b. Antennae geniculate and scape long and
prominent, or scape produced to a point at apex
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49a (48a). Fore wing with only 1 basal
cell (the costal). [With large
pterostigma and short transverse radial cell; trochantellus not free on any
leg] ........ (Proctotrupoidea) Proctotrupidae
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49b. Fore wing with 2-3 closed
basal cells
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50a (49b) Radial cell of fore wing triangular, not extending to apex;
trochantellus free, usually on all legs, but at least on hind leg
.......... (Proctotrupoidea) Heloridae
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50b. Radial cell parallel-sided, extending
to apex; trochantellus not free on any leg ......... (Proctotrupoidea) Pelecinidae
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51a (48b). Scape not long, produced on one side to a point; fore wing
with 3 basal cells,
large pterostigma, and large radial cell ......... (Proctotrupoidea) Austroserphidae
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51b. Scape long, not strongly produced at
apex, antennae distinctly geniculate; fore wing venation not as previous, though
sometimes with basal cells or large pterostigma
|
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52a (51b). Mid (and hind) tibia with 2 spurs
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52b. Mid (and hind) tibia with 1 spur
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53a (52a). Fore tibia with 2 apical
spurs, one simple, the other developed into a calcar . [Fore wing with distinct marginal vein,
sometimes with a large pterostigma, and with a well-developed stigmal vein]
.......... Ceraphronoidea) Ceraphronidae
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53b. Fore tibia with only one apical spur
(calcar)
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54a (53b). Fore wing without a marginal vein, but with distinct
venation and at least one closed cell ...(Proctotrupoidea) Loboscelidiidae
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54b. For wing with both marginal and
submarginal veins, or venation quite reduced ..... (Proctotrupoidea)
Diapriidae
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55a (52b). Fore wing with distinct, though sometimes short, marginal
and stigmal veins .....(Proctotrupoidea)
Scelionidae
|
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55b. Venation absent, or reduced to
submarginal vein which is generally slightly knobbed at apex ........ (Proctotrupoidea) Platygastridae
|
Subfamilies of (Proctotrupoidea) ..... Scelionidae:
|
56a (55a). Abdomen with lateral margins rounded
.......(Proctotrupoidea) Scelionidae
(Telenominae)
|
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56b. Abdomen with lateral margins carinate
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57a (56b). Marginal vein very long, much longer than the stigmal
. [Stigmal vein short; postmarginal
absent] ............ (Proctotrupoidea)
Scelionidae (Teleasinae)
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57b. Marginal vein shorter than previous
|
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58a (57b). Antennae of && usually
with 7
segments, rarely with 6-8
segments, ending in an enlarged, solid club; of %% with 12
segments, rarely with 11 segments
..... (Proctotrupoidea) Scelionidae (Baeinae)
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|
58b. Antennae with 12 segments
in both sexes, rarely with 10-11 segments
......... (Proctotrupoidea) Scelionidae (Scelioninae)
|
Subfamilies of (Proctotrupoidea) ..... Diapriidae:
|
59a (54b). Second sternite of abdomen short, with concave apical
margin . [Lateral margins of
abdomen carinate, with a distinct ornamental lining or overfold)
....(Proctotrupoidea) Diapriidae (Ambositrinae)
|
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59b. Second sternite of abdomen very large
|
|
60a (59b). Lateral margins of abdomen with a distinct ornamental
lining; the abdominal tergites fused into a carapace but retaining the sutures
between tergites; antennae not inserted on a distinct frontal shelf
........ (Proctotrupoidea) Diapriidae (Ismarinae)
|
|
60bb. Not as previously described
|
|
61a (60b). Antennae of && with 15 segments,
rarely 14 and
exceptionally with 12-13, with no
abrupt club; of %% with 14
segments, usually with 3rd
segment modified ...........
(Proctotrupoidea) Diapriidae (Belytinae)
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|
61b. Antennae of && with 11-13
segments, rarely 14, with a
somewhat abrupt club; of %% with 13-14
segments, the 4th
segment modified, rarely the 3rd of no
segments modified ...............
(Proctotrupoidea) Diapriidae (Diapriinae)
|
Families & Subfamilies of
Cynipoidea:
|
62a (18a). Radial cell at least 9X as long
as broad; hind basitarsus 2X as long
as segments 2-5 combined
...(Cynipoidea) Ibaliidae
(Ibaliinae)
|
|
62b. Radial cell not 9X as long
as broad; hind basitarsus less than 2X as long
as segments 2-5 combined
|
|
63a (62b). Largest tergite of abdomen (lateral view) 4, 5, or 6, at
least 2 short
tergites preceding the large tergite .......... (Cynipoidea) Liopteridae
(Mesocynipinae)
|
|
63b. Largest tergite of abdomen (lateral
view) 2 or 3, never
more than 1 short
tergite (often none) preceding the large tergite
|
|
64a (63b). Scutellum with a characteristic raised 'cup' on the disc
..Cynipoidea) Cynipidae (Eucoilinae)
|
|
64b. Scutellum without previously described
cup
|
|
65a (64b). Body without sculpture; scutellum smooth, rarely with basal
pits; length under 2 mm. ............ (Cynipoidea) Cynipidae (Charipinae)
|
|
65b. Body sculptured unless mesoscutum and
scutellum are fused without a suture; length usually greater than 2 mm
|
|
66a (65b). Abdomen with distinct petiole; body when viewed from above distinctly
wedge-shaped; tergite 2 longer
than 3 along
dorsal margin ........... (Cynipoidea)
Figitidae
(Anacharitinae)
|
|
66b. Abdomen sessile or nearly so
|
|
67a (66b). Tergite 2 usually much
smaller than 3 and
saddle-shaped; hypopygium of && ending
without caudal spine ......... (Cynipoidea) Figitidae (Figitinae)
|
|
67b. Tergite 2 or fused
2+3 usually
large; hypopygium of && ending
in a caudal spine
(Cynipoidea) Cynipidae
(Cynipinae)
|
Families & Major Subfamilies
of Chalcidoidea
|
68a (22b). Fore wing folded longitudinally when at rest. [Hind femur enlarged and toothed
below] .......... (Chalcidoidea) Leucospidae
|
|
68b. Fore wing not folded
|
|
69a (68b). Hind wing greatly enlarged and toothed below, teeth
sometimes fine and limited to a short distal zone; hind tibia curved around
femur
|
|
69b. Hind femur sometimes enlarged, but not
regularly toothed below, and tibia not distinctly curved
|
|
70a (69a). Axillae distinctly advanced; prepectus large, not
impressed. [Hind tibia with 2
spurs] ......... Chalcidoidea) Pteromalidae
(Chalcedectinae, Cleonyminae)
|
|
70b. Axillae at most only slightly
advanced; prepectus sometimes large but impressed
|
|
71a (70b). Basal tergites of abdomen emarginate in mid line; notauli
only slightly impressed, very widely separated. [Ovipositor usually strongly exserted] .........
(Chalcidoidea) Torymidae (Podagrioninae)
|
|
71b. Basal tergites of abdomen not emarginate;
notauli clearly running extended (= percurrent) ......... (Chalcidoidea)
most Chalcididae
|
|
72a (69b). Mesopleuron completely inflated, without impressed lines,
grooves, or pits ......
(Chalcidoidea) most Encyrtidae
|
|
72b. Mesopleuron with at least a
mesopleural 'suture,' usually with impressed femoral furrow
|
|
73a (72a). Mesosternum elongated, mid coxae widely separated from fore
coxae. [Notauli usually distinctly
impressed, never entirely absent] ........... Chalcidoidea) Eupelmidae
(Eupelminae)
|
|
73b. Mesosternum short, mid coxae usually
widely separated from hind coxae ............. (Chalcidoidea) Encyrtidae (Encyrtinae)
|
|
74a (72b). Tarsi with 3
segments; %% antennae
setose (see also wingless %% of
Agaonidae and Sycophaginae) ........... (Chalcidoidea) Trichogrammatidae
|
|
74b. Tarsi with 4-5 segments
|
|
75a (74b). Fore and hind tibiae very short, much shorter than femora;
fore tibia without an apical spur.
[Mouth parts of && with a
backwardly directed radula-like process] ........ (Chalcidoidea) Agaonidae
|
|
75b. Fore and hind tibiae about as long as
femora; fore tibia with an apical spur
|
|
76a (75b). Venation greatly reduced and limited to basal 1/3rd of
wing, not extending beyond level of wing coupling, stigmal vein always
absent. [Hind wing clearly stalked
at base] ............
(Chalcidoidea) Mymaridae
|
|
76b. Venation not as previously described,
stigmal vein normally distinct
|
|
77a (76b). Spur of fore tibia short and straight; tarsi with 4
segments .(Chalcidoidea) Eulophidae.
|
|
77b. Spur of fore tibia curved and often
large; tarsi almost invariably with 5 segments
|
|
78a (77a). Hind coxa greatly enlarged and flattened; lateral thorax
without impressed femoral furrow, but with mesopleural 'suture' .........
(Chalcidoidea) Elasmidae
(Elasminae)
|
|
78b. Hind coxa not greatly enlarged; lateral
thorax with femoral furrow indicated
........ (Chalcidoidea)
other Eulophidae.
|
|
79a (77b). Mandibles large, sickle-shaped. [Pronotum very reduced at mid line; body usually
metallic] .......... (Chalcidoidea) Eucharitidae
|
|
79b. Mandibles not sickle-shaped though
sometimes large
|
|
80a (79b). Mesepimeron with caudal margin deeply excised. [Basal tergites of abdomen emarginate at
mid line; mesepimeron with an impressed line] .......... (Chalcidoidea)
Torymidae
(Toryminae)
|
|
80b. Mesepimeron with caudal margin entire
or only slightly emarginate
|
|
81a (80b). Abdomen with transverse rows of very large, deep
punctures. [Hind tibial spurs
thickened and one enlarged; occiput carinate; lateral thorax shining and
prepectus small] ............
(Chalcidoidea) Ormyridae
|
|
81b. Abdomen without previously described
punctures
|
|
82a (81b). First 2 tergites
of abdomen fused above but with the line of junction retained, free
laterally, abdomen consisting mainly of these 2
segments. [Body often metallic
blue, green, or purple; pronotum carinate at downward
slope]...Chalcidoidea) Perilampidae
|
|
82b. If basal tergites are fused, then of
different form
|
|
83a (82b). Body mostly glabrous, flattened; mesopleuron shining, without
distinct femoral furrow but with an irregular pit or pits. [Antennae without ring segments; 1 hind
tibial spur; stigmal vein well developed] ......... (Chalcidoidea) Pteromalidae
(Spalangiinae)
|
|
83b. Not as previously described
|
|
84a (83b). Cerci large, longer than wide. [Basal tergites of abdomen usually emarginate at mid line;
occipital carina usually distinct; ovipositor usually strongly exserted] ............... (Chalcidoidea) most Torymidae
|
|
84b. Cerci small, often indistinct
|
|
85a (84b). Abdomen broadly sessile, without pronounced constriction at
junction with propodeum. [Fore wing
with long marginal, short stigmal, and no postmarginal vein; notauli
distinct] ...........
(Chalcidoidea) Aphelinidae
|
|
85b. Abdomen distinctly constricted at
base, but appearing sessile when the petiole is short
|
|
86a (85b). Antennae with 7-10
segments, inserted near mouth ........... (Chalcidoidea) Pteromalidae (Eunotinae)
|
|
86b. Antennae with 11-13
segments, inserted distinctly above mouth
|
|
87a (86b). Axillae distinctly advanced; prepectus not impressed,
caudal margin straight or sloping forward; eyes hairy............
(Chalcidoidea) Pteromalidae (Cleonyminae)
|
|
87b. Axillae not obviously advanced; prepectus
normally impressed, caudal margin normally concave; eyes rarely distinctly
hairy
|
|
88a (87b). Inner margins of axillae much closer than inner margins of
notauli, often meeting at mid line; hind coxa large . [Mesepimeron not impressed]
..(Chalcidoidea) Pteromalidae............... (Brachyscelidiphaginae)
|
|
88b. Inner margins of axillae not much
closer than inner margins of notauli, or hind coxa small
|
|
89a (88b). Pronotum large and with simple caudal margin; genal carina
well developed, at least at mandible; hind coxa small; propodeum usually
concave in mid-line; antennae with 11 segments
(club counted as 3
segments), with one ring segment
........... (Chalcidoidea) Eurytomidae (Eurytominae)
|
|
89b. Not as previously described
|
|
90a (89b). Notauli deep and running extended; hind coxa large
........... (Chalcidoidea) Pteromalidae (Miscogasterinae)
|
|
90b. Notauli shallow, not running,
indicated only anteriorly; hind coxa not unusually enlarged ............ (Chalcidoidea) Pteromalidae (Pteromalinae)
|
Families of Chrysidoidea:
|
91a (24b). Antennae with 17-40
segments. [Head elongated; antennae
inserted near mouth under a pronounced frontal shelf; &&
wingless; pterostigma linear] .......... Chrysidoidea) Sclerogibbidae
|
|
91b. Antennae with 10-13 segments
|
|
92a (91b). Antennae inserted high on the forwardly produced face
. [antennae with 10
segments, and with 13
segments; 7 visible
tergites in abdomen] ............ (Chrysidoidea) Embolemidae
|
|
92b. Antennae inserted near mouth, or, if
high on face, then venation not attaining costal margin.
|
|
93a (92b). Antennae with 10 segments
in both sexes; fore tarsus usually chelate. [6-7 visible
tergites] ......... .Chrysidoidea) Dryinidae
|
|
93b. Antennae with 12-13
segments, rarely with 11
segments; fore tarsus simple
|
|
94a (93b). Pronotum reaches back to tegula; 7-8 visible
tergites .......... (Chrysidoidea) Bethylidae
|
|
94b. Pronotum does not reach back to
tegula, but is separated by a lobe of the scutum; 5-6, rarely 4, visible
tergites ........... (Chrysidoidea)
Cleptidae
|
Families of Pompiloidea:
|
95b. Mesopleuron without a 'horizontal'
groove. ... (Pompiloidea) Rhopalosomatidae
|
Subfamilies of (Pompiloidea) Pompilidae:
|
96a (95a). Fore femur greatly enlarged; eyes hairy tin & . [Medial margin of eyes almost parallel,
closed above antennae or at vertex; femora without apical spines; hind
tibia without spines above or at apex; 2nd sternite
of abdomen without a transverse sulcus; empodium very small ............
(Pompiloidea) Pompilidae
(Planicepinae)
|
|
96b. Fore femur not enlarged (somewhat
enlarged in some species of Aporus); eyes smooth,
or at most with a few minute hairs
|
|
97a (96b). Eyes deeply emarginate medially above the mid point . [Antennae short and stout, scape
expanded below; vertex distinctly raised; hind tarsal claws strongly
hooked; hind coxa greatly enlarged, 2X as long
as mid coxa; femora without apical spines; 2nd
sternite of abdomen without a transverse sulcus ............
(Pompiloidea) Pompilidae (Ceropalinae)
|
|
97b. Eyes with medial margin at most
slightly sigmoid, closest either at vertex or below at clypeus
|
|
98a (97b). Metapostnotum small or not visible in mid line, its caudal
margin irregular (not straight); femora each with a single enlarged spine at
apex anteriorly, rarely with additional small spines (rarely reduced on
hind femur and, more rarely, on mid femur too, but then 2nd and 3rd radial
cells united) . [Apical tarsal
segment usually with a median row of spines below] ........... (Pompiloidea) Pompilidae (Pompilinae)
|
|
98b. Metaposnotum clearly developed in mid
line (sometimes small in Chirodamus), and with somewhat straight
caudal margin; femora without spines at apex anteriorly, or, if spines are present,
there is never regularly one large spine on each femur (fore femur may have
only one spine) ........... (Pompiloidea)
Pompilidae (Pepsinae)
|
Families & Subfamilies of Scolioidea &
Some Vespoidea:
|
100a (99a). Hind wing with notched jugal (and usually anal) lobe;
pronotum not angulate above tegula
.......... (Vespoidea) Tiphiidae
|
|
100b. Hind wing without 'jugal' lobe;
pronotum angulate above tegula, less so in Mutillidae
|
|
101a (100a). Mid tibia with 1 apical
spur; fore wing with 2 submarginal
cells; tegula elongated ........
(Vespoidea) Tiphiidae (Tiphiinae)
|
|
101b. Mid tibia with 2 apical
spurs; fore wing with 3
submarginal cells; tegula short
|
|
102a (101b). Antennae arise from simple sockets; && winged
........... (Vespoidea) Tiphiidae (Anthoboscinae)
|
|
102b. Antennae arise from beneath a frontal
ridge; &&
wingless ..........
(Vespoidea) Tiphiidae (Thynninae)
|
|
103a (100b). Anal lobe of hind wing notched (with pre-axillary
incision); mid tibia with 1 spur;
apex of wing with close pseudovenation; meso- and metasterna together form
a flat plate, which is divided by a transverse, somewhat sinuous suture,
and overlies the bases of the mid and hind coxae; &&
winged .......... (Scolioidea) Scoliidae
|
|
103b. Anal lobe of hind wing not notched;
mid tibia with 2 spurs;
apex of wing with microtrichia; meso- and metasterna do not form such a
plate; &&
wingless ...........
(Vespoidea) Mutillidae
|
|
104a (99b). Thorax with distinct segmentation .... Vespoidea) ……….Tiphiidae (Thynninae)
|
|
104b. Thorax without distinct segmentation
dorsally ..... (Vespoidea) Mutillidae
|
Families of Vespoidea:
|
105a (26a). Fore wing not folded longitudinally when at rest, and with 2
submarginal cells ............ (Vespoidea) Masaridae
|
|
105b. Fore wing folded longitudinally when
at rest, and with 3
submarginal cells
|
|
106a (105b). Tarsal claws simple; tegula not margined; social
species ......... (Vespoidea) Vespidae
|
|
106b. Tarsal claws 2-forked; tegula
with raised margin (indistinct in some Odynerus);
solitary species ......... (Vespoidea)
Eumenidae
|
Families & Subfamilies of Sphecoidea:
|
107a (27b). Notauli well developed; hind wing usually without 'jugal' lobe;
fore wing with 2
interradial cross veins unless venation is reduced ........
(Sphecoidea) Sphecidae
(Ampulicinae)
|
|
107b. Notauli absent or poorly defined; hind
wing with 'jugal' lobe; fore wing with only 1
interadial cross vein (except in
Astatinae) .......... (Sphecoidea) Sphecidae.....108
|
|
108a (107b). Fore wing with 2
interradial cross veins (radial cell distinctly appendiculate); 2 mid tibial
spurs ........... (Sphecoidea) Sphecidae (Astatinae)
|
|
108b. Fore wing with 1
interradial cross vein; 1-2 mid
tibial spurs
|
|
109a (108b). Hind wing with distinct 2nd anal vein,
well separated from 1A . [Mid tibia with 2 spurs;
'jugal' lobe of hind wing without notch] ........... (Sphecoidea) Sphecidae (Sphecinae)
|
|
109b. Hind wing without distinct 2nd anal
vein
|
|
110a (109b). Labrum visible beyond clypeus, or mid tibia with 2
spurs .(Sphecoidea) Sphecidae (Nyssoninae)
|
|
110b. Labrum not protruding (or only very
slightly so) and mid tibia with 1 spur
|
|
111a (110b). Hind wing with 'median' cell shorter than 'costal' cell
........... (Sphecoidea) Sphecidae (Crabroninae)
|
|
111b. Hind wing with 'median' cell longer
than 'costal' cell
|
|
112a (111b). Eyes deeply emarginate (Sphecoidea) Sphecidae
(Trypoxyloninae)
|
|
112b. Eyes not or very slightly emarginate
|
|
113a (112b). Pterostigma enlarged ........ (Sphecoidea) Sphecidae (Pemphredoninae)
|
|
113b. Pterostigma little wider than the
combined C+R width
|
|
114a (113b). Abdomen with 1st
segment short, node-like ......... (Sphecoidea) Sphecidae (Cercerinae)
|
|
114b. Abdomen subsessile ..........
(Sphecoidea) Sphecidae (Larrinae)
|
Families of Apoidea:
|
115a (27a). Labial palp with first 2 segments
elongated, sheath-like, and flattened, in strong contrast to distal 2
segments; galea with postpalpal part greatly elongated, usually longer than
stipes; glossa elongated and pointed, usually longer than prementum; mid
coxa over 2/3rds as
long as distance from its base to base of hind wing; pre-episternal groove
or suture absent below scrobal suture (long-tongued bees)
|
|
115b. Labial palp with segments similar and subcylindrical;
galea with postpalpal part much shorter than stipes; glossa shorter than
prementum; mid coxa (or at least exposed part) much shorter than distance
from its base to base of hind wing; pre-episternal groove usually present
below scrobal suture (short-tongued
bees)
|
|
116a (115a). Labrum longer than broad; subantennal suture directed
toward outer margin of antennal socket; 2
submarginal cells; scopa, when present, on gastral sterna ............ (Apoidea) Megachilidae
|
|
116b. Labrum broader than long; subantennal
suture directed toward inner margin of antennal socket; wings with 3
submarginal cells, distal veins weak and no distinct submarginal cells in Trigona (Apidae), 2 cells in
some Ceratinini); scopa, when present, on hind tibia
|
|
117a (116b). Hind tibial spurs absent (except in Bombus); scopa of && forming
a corbicula (= pollen basket) on hind tibia (except in queens); inner apical
margin of hind tibia (except in queens) provided with a comb of rigid
setae; pygidial plate absent; distance between costal ends of the 2
recurrent veins (if present) nearly 2X as
great as length of 2nd
recurrent vein and longer than 1st
recurrent; social species with queen and worker castes and large colonies
...... (Apoidea) Apidae
|
|
117b. Hind tibial spurs present; scopa of && not
forming a corbicula; inner apical margin of hind tibia without a comb of rigid
setae; pygidial plate present or absent; distance between costal ends of
the 2
recurrent veins (2nd may be
absent) less than 2X as
great as length of 2nd
recurrent vein and shorter than, or equal to, 1st recurrent;
non-social species without castes ......... (Apoidea) Anthophoridae
|
|
118a (115b). Inner hind tibial spur of && greatly
broadened basally so that the whole spur is crescent-shaped, the concave side
finely ciliate; pre-episternal suture absent below scrobal suture;
submentum V-shaped; (distrib. fr. northern Queensland and northward)
........... (Apoidea) Melittidae
|
|
118b. Inner hind tibial spur not broadened
basally and not crescent-shaped; pre-episternal suture present below
scrobal suture (except in Stenotritinae and Hesperocolletes of Colletidae); submentum
absent or in form of a plate, but not V-shaped
|
|
119a (118b). Glossa broad, emarginate, truncate, or rounded apically in
all && and most
%%, pointed in a few %%;
submentum present, sometimes only weakly sclerotized; mentum usually
recognizable although often weakly sclerotized; galea not evenly tapering to
pointed base, prepalpal portion shorter than postpalpal portion
(Apoidea) Colletidae
|
|
119b. Glossa pointed apically; submentum and
mentum absent or scarcely recognizable and not sclerotized; galea elongated
before palpus and evenly tapering to pointed base, prepalpal portion
usually as long as postpalpal portion ........... (Apoidea) Halictidae
|
Subfamilies of (Apoidea) Anthophoridae:
|
120a (117b). Pygidial plate absent or represented by apical spine
usually hidden in dense pubescence; clypeus not strongly protuberant,
lateral parts seen from below but little bent back and not parallel to long
axis of body ............ (Apoidea)
Anthophoridae
(Xylocopinae)
|
|
120b. Pygidial plate present in &&; clypeus
strongly protuberant, so that, seen from below, lateral parts are bent back
parallel to long axis of body
|
|
121a (120b). Marginal cell longer than distance from its apex to wing
tip, pointed on wing margin; stigma large, extending well into marginal
cell beyond base of R; small, slender bees ..... (Apoidea) Anthophoridae (Nomadinae)
|
|
121b. Marginal cell shorter than distance
from its apex to wing tip, apex of cell rounded and separated from wing
margin; stigma small, not extending into marginal cell beyond base of R;
large, robust species .......... (Apoidea)
Anthophoridae (Anthophorinae)
|
Subfamilies of (Vespoidea) Formicidae:
|
122a (25a). Abdomen attached to alitrunk by a waist consisting of 2 somewhat
reduced and nodiform segments
|
|
122b. Abdomen attached to alitrunk by a
waist consisting of a single reduced segment, which may be nodiform, erect
or inclined scale-like, or even prostrate and somewhat hidden by
overhanging abdomen .........
|
|
123a (122a). Larger species, total length usually exceeding 8 mm, with
large eyes and long, slender, serially dentate mandibles. [Myrmecia; 65 spp]
......... (Vespoidea) Formicidae (Myrmeciinae)
|
|
123b. Smaller species, or, if largest
workers or soldiers are over 8 mm, eyes
very small or absent an/or mandibles not elongated
|
|
124a (123b). Pygidium flattened at apex, the flattened part bordered with
denticles arranged in rows on each side; underside of head with a strong
carina on each side running forward from posterior corner. [Cerapachyini, Lioponera, Syscia, Sphinctomyrmex; 55 spp.]
........ (Vespoidea) Formicidae [Ponerinae (part)]
|
|
124b. Pygidium simple; no distinct carinae
on underside of head extending forward from posterior corners
|
|
125a (124b). Eyes absent; small to minute army ants. [Queens dichtha diiform, i.e. blind,
wingless, with simple alitrunk, abdomen long and bulky]
|
|
125b. Eyes large to minute, but normally
present in Australian species; not army ants
|
|
126a (125a). Extremely minute (under 2.5 mm)
slender yellow species; antennae with 12
segments. [Rare and subterranean; Leptanilla; 1 sp.]
........... (Vespoidea) Formicidae (Leptanillinae)
|
|
126b. Small species, but usually over 2.5 mm long;
antennae with 10
segments. [Aenictus; 3 spp.;]
(Vespoidea) Formicidae (Dorylinae)
|
|
127a (125b) Tarsal claws toothed; tibial spurs of mid and hind legs
distinctly pectinate; Australian species very slender, black, with large eyes;
inhabiting hollow twigs and similar plant cavities. [Tetraponera; 2
spp.]........... (Vespoidea) Formicidae (Pseudomyrmecinae)
|
|
127b. Tarsal claws simple; tibial spurs of mid
and hind legs, when present, simple or at most very indistinctly pectinate;
body form and nesting habits very diverse.
[Podomyrma, Crematogaster, Meranoplus, Strumigenys]
........... (Vespoidea) Formicidae (Myrmicinae)
|
|
128a (122b). Sting well developed and functional, usually extended and
visible in dead specimens.
|
|
128b. Sting absent, or vestigial and not
extensible
|
|
129a (128a). A large (10 mm or more),
tawny yellow species with large convex eyes set at the middle of the sides
of the head; long, robust mandibles with finely dentate inner margins;
palpi segmented 6,4;
alitrunk and petiole much as in Myrmecia; body
with abundant rigid & erect hairs; tarsal claws toothed. [Presumably in southwestern Western
Australia; Nothomyrmecia; 1 sp.] ……
(Vespoidea) Formicidae [Myrmeciinae (part)]
|
|
129b. Disagreeing with some or all of the
previously described characters. [Amblyopone, Rhytidoponera, Leptogenys, Odontomachus] .......
(Vespoidea) Formicidae [Ponerinae (part)]
|
|
130a (128b). 7th
sternite rolled into a short ventroapical cone with a round apical orifice (with
or without a coronula of minute hairs) that serves as a nozzle for a
defensive acid spray; not to be confused with the cloacal orifice, which is
more dorsal and normally hidden . [Melophorus, Oecophylla, Camponotus, Polyrhachis]
......... (Vespoidea) Formicidae (Formicinae)
|
|
130b. Gastric apex without such an
acid-spraying cone (dried specimens may at times have the 7th
sternite distorted into a somewhat conical shape, but then still without a circular
orifice); defensive secretion in the form of a viscous fluid, ejected
through a slit-like orifice. [Leptomyrmex, Iridomyrmex, Technomyrmex]
............ (Vespoidea) Formicidae (Dolichoderinae)
|
REFERENCES:
Boucek, Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea
(Hymenoptera). C.A.B. International,
Wallingford, Oxon,
UK. 832 p.
Brown, W. L., Jr. & R.
W. Taylor. 1970. Superfamily Formicoidea, p. 951-59. In: E. F. Riek, In: Hymenoptera
(Wasps, bees, ants), p 867-983. The Insects of Australia.
CSIRO, Div. Ent., Canberra.
Melbourne Univ
Press, Melbourne. 1029 p.
Michener, C. D. 1965. Classification of the
bees of the Australian and South Pacific regions. Bull. Amer.
Mus. Nat. Hist. 130: 1-362.
Michener, C. D. 1970. Superfamily Apoidea, p.
943-51. In: E. F. Riek, In: Hymenoptera (Wasps, bees,
ants), p 867-983. The Insects of Australia.
CSIRO, Div. Ent., Canberra.
Melbourne Univ Press,
Melbourne. 1029 p.
Naumann, L. D. 1991. Hymenoptera (wasps,
bees, ants, sawflies), Vol. 2, p. 916-1000. In: The Insects of
Australia, 2nd ed. Cornell Univ.
Press, NY. 1137 p.
Riek, E. F. (with C. D.
Michener, L. W. Brown, Jr. & R. W. Taylor). 1970. Hymenoptera (Wasps,
bees,
ants), p 867-983. In: The Insects
of Australia. CSIRO, Div. Ent.,
Canberra. Melbourne Univ
Press, Melbourne. 1029 p.
|