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NINE MILE FEVER (Contact) Please CLICK on
underlined links for details: A disease
named "Nine Mile Fever"
occurred in Montana in 1938, with the infectious agent, Coxiella (Rickettsia) diaborica being
isolated from the tick, Dermacentor andersoni
(Matheson 1950). However, one year
earlier Derrick (1937) isolated a similar disease in Australia named Australian "Q"
Fever with infectious agent Coxiella
(Rickettsia) burneti. The
two diseases were believed to be identical at the time, but many more vectors
were found in America: Amblyomma americanum, Dermacentor occidentalis, Otobius megnini, Ornithodoros moubata, Ornithodoros hermsi and Rhipicephalus
sanguineus. The rickettsiae develop in the
epithelium lining of the intestines of the tick so that the lumen and fecal
wastes are highly charged. The feces
are highly infectious even when dry, especially to broken or injured skin. Transmission is only through fecal wastes
of infected ticks entering the wounds or by way of the respiratory
tract. Please refer also to LIFE CYCLE: Australian "Q" Fever Control involves precautionary
behavior, especially avoiding inhalation around infected animals and
carcasses. = = = = = = = = = = = =
= = = = = = = = Key References: <medvet.ref.htm> <Hexapoda> Camicas, J. L., J. . Hervy, F. Adam & P. C.
Morel. 1998. The ticks of the world (Acarida,
Ixodida): Nomenclature, Described
Stages, Hosts, Distribution. Paris: Editions de l'ORSTOM. Cox, H. R. 1940.
Rickettsia diaporica
& American "Q" fever.
Amer. J. Trop. Med. 20:
463-469. Davis, Gordon E.
1943. American Q fever;
experimental transmission by the argasid ticks Ornithodoros moubata and O.
hermsi. U. S. Pub. Hlth. Repts 58: 984-987. Derrick, E. H. 1939. "Q" fever entity.
Med. J. Australia 2: 281-299. Derrick, E. H. 1939. Rickettsia burneti: the cause of "Q" fever. Med. J. Australia 2: 14. Derrick, E. H. 1944.
The epidemiology of "Q" fever. J. Hyg. 43: 357-361. Gammons, M. & G.
Salam. 2002. Tick removal. Amer. Fam. Physician 66:
643-45. Gothe, R., K. Kunze
& H. Hoogstraal. 1979. The mechanisms of pathogenicity in the
tick paralyses. J. Med. Ent. 16: 357-69. Hoogstraal, H. 1966.
Ticks in relation to human diseases caused by viruses. Ann. Rev. Ent. 11: 261-308. Hoogstraal, H. 1967.
Ticks in relation to human diseases caused by Rickettsia species. Ann. Rev. Ent. 12: 377-420. Matheson, R. 1950. Medical Entomology. Comstock Publ. Co, Inc. 610 p. Needham, G. R. & P.
D. Teel. 1991. Off-host physiological ecology of ixodid
ticks. Ann. Rev. Ent. 36: 313-52. Parola, P. & D. Raoult. 2001. Tick-borne
typhuses. IN: The Encyclopedia of arthropod-transmitted
Infections of Man and Domesticated Animals. ed. M. W. Service,
Wallingford: CABI: pp. 516-24. Service, M. 2008.
Medical Entomology For Students.
Cambridge Univ. Press. 289 p. Sonenshine, D. E., R. S. Lane & W.
L. Nicholson. 2002. Ticks
(Ixodida). IN: Medical & Veterinary Entomology, ed. G. Mullen & L.
Durden, Ambsterdam Acad. Press. pp 517-58. Sonenshine, D. E. &
T. N. Mather (eds.) 1994. Ecological Dynamics of Tick-Borne
Zoonoses. Oxford Univ. Press, New
York. Steer, A., J. Coburn & L. Glickstein. 2005.
Lyme borreliosis. IN: Tick-Borne Diseases of Humans, ed. J. L.
Goodman, D. T. Dennis & D. E.
Sonenshine. Washington, DC:
ASM Press. |
