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BIOLOGY OF PARASTIC HYMENOPTERA

 

G. Gordh, E. F. Legner and L. E. Caltagirone

 

Introduction     355

 

     Definitions     355

     Important Anatomical Features of Parasitoids     356

 

Parasitic Hymenoptera Important in Biological Control     357

 

     The Parasitica     357

     Aculeata     360

 

Principal Aspects of Parasitoid Biology     360

 

     Developmental Stages     360

     Oogenesis-Ovisorption-Spermatogenesis     363

     Oviposition Strategy and Progeny Number     364

     Sex Regulation    364

     Host-Feeding     366

     Diapause in Parasitoids     367

     Genetics     367

     Selective Breeding     368

 

Ecology of Parasitic Hymenoptera     368

 

     Habitat Location    368

     Host Location     369

     Host Acceptance     369

     Parasitoid Attack and Host Defenses     370

     Host Suitability     370

 

Summary     370

 

References     371