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Western Flower Thrips

 

Frankliniella occidentalis Pergande -- Thysanoptera:  Thripidae

 

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       The native California western flower thrips is a common vector transmitting the exotic plant disease, Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus.  The disease was discovered on tomatoes in 1915 in Australia, and has spread around the world ever since.  It is a tospovirus (Bunyaviridae) of which there are at least 12 known plant pathogenic species that are spread by around 10 species of thrips, and it became a problem in California with the arrival of a new pathogenic virus.  The virus is a major problem for pepper and tomato grown from Orange County to the Mexican border in San Diego County.

 

       Once the plant is infected it cannot be saved and different symptoms may be expressed depending on the strain of the virus.  Symptoms include stunting, distortion, mottling, general necrosis, and ring spots.  Virulent forms of the virus can kill plants resulting in major economic losses.  When feeding thrips larvae acquire the virus they are permanently infected (the virus replicates in the thrips and persists as they mature.  An infected adult that encounters a susceptible plant and starts feeding can transmit the pathogen quickly.  Large numbers of these pests that migrate from other crops and weeds cause high levels of virus transmission and disease outbreaks.  The virus also mutates and can develop strains that overcome resistant host crop varieties.

 

REFERENCES:                                                                                                   FURTHER RELATED REFERENCES

 

Ansari, M. A., et al.  2007.  Control of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) pupae with Metarhizium anisopliae in peat and peat alternative growing media.  Biological Control 40 (3):  293-297.

 

Chen, Tian-Ye; Chang-Chi Chu, Glenn Fitzgerald,  Eric T. Natwick  &  Thomas J. Henneberry.  2004.  Trap Evaluations for Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) and Hoverflies (Diptera: Syrphidae).  Environmental Entomology. Entomological Society of America  33 (5):  1416–1420.

 

Chiapello, M.,  L. Bosco,  M. Ciuffo,  S. Ottati,  N. Salem,  C. Rosa,  L. Tavella & M. Turina.  2021.  Complexity and Local Specificity of the Virome Associated with Tospovirus-Transmitting Thrips Species.  Journal of Virology 95:  21.

 

Childers, C. C,  R. J.. Beshear, G.  Frantz  &  M. Nelms.  2005.  A review of thrips species biting man including records in Florida and Georgia between 1986-1997.   Florida Entomologist: Vol. 88 (4):  447–451.

 

Clarke, G. M., S. Gross, M. Matthews, P. C. Catling,  B. Baker, C. L. Hewitt, D. Crowther & S. R. Saddler.  2000.  Environmental Pest Species in Australia, Australia: State of the Environment.  Second Technical Paper Series (Biodiversity),  Department of the Environment and Heritage, Canberra, Australia.

 

Elimem, Mohamed, Ahlem Harbi, Essia Limem-Sellemi, Soukaina Ben Othmen & Brahim Chermiti.  2017.  Orius laevigatus (Insecta; Heteroptera) local strain, a promising agent in biological control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Insecta; Thysanoptra) in protected pepper crops in Tunisia.  Euro-Mediterranean Journal for Environmental Integration 3:  1.

 

Kirk, D. J.  &  I. L. Terry.  2003.  The spread of the western flower thrips Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande).  Agricultural and Forest Entomology 5:  301-310.

 

Kirk, William D. J., Willem Jan de Kogel, Elisabeth H. Koschier  &  David A. J. Teulon.  2021.  Semiochemicals for Thrips and Their Use in Pest Management.  Annual Review of Entomology. 66 (1):  101-119.

 

Lei Qian, Zujin Huang, Hui Liu, Xiaowei Liu, Yixuan Jin, Sabin Saurav Pokharel & Fajun Chen.  2021.  Elevated CO2 mediated plant VOCs change aggravates invasive thrips occurrence by altering their host selection behaviour.  Journal of Applied Entomology 145 (8):  777-788.

 

Ogada, P. A.;  E. Maiss  &  H. M. Poehling.  2012.  Influence of tomato spotted wilt virus on performance and behaviour of western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis).  Journal of Applied Entomology 137 (7):  488–498.

 

Rueda-Ramírez. Diana, Amanda Varela Ramírez, Everth Ebratt Ravelo & Gilberto J. de Moraes.  2021.  Edaphic mesostigmatid mites (Acari: Mesostigmata) and thrips (Insecta: Thysanoptera) in rose cultivation and secondary vegetation areas in the Bogotá plateau, Colombia.   International Journal of Acarology. 47 (1):  8-22.

 

Shipp, J. L. &  K. Wang.  2006.  Evaluation of Dicyphus hersperus (Heteroptera: Miridae) for biological control of Frankliniella occidentalis (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) on greenhouse tomato.   Journal of Economic Entomology. 99 (2):  414–420.

 

Stafford, C. A.; G. P. Walker & D. E. Ullman.  2011.  Infection with a plant virus modifies vector feeding behavior.   Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 108 (23):  9350–9355.

 

Turner, Rebecca M., Eckehard G. Brockerhoff, Cleo Bertelsmeier, Rachael E. Blake, Barney Caton, Alex James, Alan MacLeod, Helen F. Nahrung, Stephen M. Pawson, Michael J. Plank, Deepa S. Pureswaran, Hanno Seebens, Takehiko Yamanaka, Andrew M. Liebhold.  2021.  Worldwide border interceptions provide a window into human‐mediated global insect movement.  Ecological Applications  31:  7.

 

Yizhou Chen,  Duong T. Nguyen,  Risha Gupta  &  Grant A. Herron.  2021.  Mutation  (G275E)  of nAChR subunit Foα6 associated with spinetoram resistance in Australian western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande).  Molecular Biology Reports 48 (4):  3155-3163.

 

Yu, Cao,  Junrui Zhi,  Runzhi Zhang,  Can Li,  Yan Liu,  Zhaoyun Lv  &  Yulin Gao.  2017.  Different population performances of Frankliniella occidentalis and Thrips hawaiiensis on flowers of two horticultural plants.  Journal of Pest Science  1:  79-91.

 

 

FURTHER RELATED REFERENCES:

 

Triapitzin, S. V. & D. H. Headrick.  1995.  A review of the Nearctic species of the thrips-attacking genus Ceranisus Walker (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae).  Transactions of the American Entomological Society 121 (4):  227-248.

 

Triapitzin, S. V. & J. G. Morse.  1999.  Survey of parasitoids of citrus thrips, Scirtothrips citri (Moulton), in southern California.  Russian Entomological Journal  8 (1).