|
File:
<apoidea.htm> [For
educational purposes only] Glossary <Principal Natural Enemy Groups > <Citations> <Home> |
|
HYMENOPTERA, Apoidea Insects in the genus Sphecodes (fam. Halictidae) live at
the expense of other insects. This
parasitoids appropriate the nests of bees of the genus Halictus and of some Andrenidae.
Ferton (1923) discussed the relationship between S. monilicornis Kirby (subquadratus Smith) and H. malachurus
Kirby. The burrow of the latter is
always guarded, and it is necessary for the Sphecodes parasitoid to kill the defender before occupying the
nest, the body of the latter being ejected from the burrow (Clausen 1940). References: Please refer to <biology.ref.htm>,
[Additional references may be found at:
MELVYL Library] Alayo, P. 1976.
Introduccion al estudio de los Himenopteros de Cuba. Superfamilia Sphecoidea.
Academia de Ciencias de Cuba. Instituto de Zoolo~ia. Serie Biolo~ica 67:1‑‑46. Alexander, B. 1991. Nomada phylogeny reconsidered (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae). J. of
Natural History 25:315‑‑330. Alexander, B.A. 1992a. A cladistic analysis of the subfamily Philanthinae
(Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Systematic Entomology 17:91‑108. Alexander, B.A. 1992b. An exploratory analysis of the cladistic relationships
within the superfamily Apoidea, with special reference to sphecid wasps
(Hymenoptera). J. of Hymenoptera Research 1:25‑‑61. Bluthgen, P.
1926. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der indo‑malayischen Halictus‑ und Thrinchostoma‑Arten.
(Hym.: Apidae: Halictini). Zoologische Jahrbucher, Abteilung fur
Systematik 51:375‑698, 5 plate. Bohart, R.M., and J.E. Gillaspy. 1985.
California sand wasps of the subtribe Stictiellina. Bulletin of the
California Insect Survev 27:1‑‑89. Bohart, R.M., and E.E. Grissell. 1975.
California wasps of the subfamily Philanthinae (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae).
Bulletin of the California Insect Survey 19:1--92. Bohart, R.M., and A.S. Menke. 1976. Sphecid
wasps of the world, a generic revision. University of California Press,
Berkeley, California, USA. 695 pp. Brooks, R.W. 1988. Systematics and phylogeny of
the anthophorine bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae: Anthophorini). University
of Kansas Science Bulletin 53:436--575. Brothers, D.J. 1974. The genera of Plumariidae,
with description of a new genus and species from Argentina (Hymenoptera:
Bethyloidea). J. of the Entomol. Society of Southern Africa 37:351--356. Brothers, D.J. 1975. Phylogeny and
classification of the aculeate Hymenoptera, with special reference to the
Mutillidae. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 50:483‑648. Brothers, D.J. 1976. Modifications of the
metapostnotum and origin of the 'propodeal triangle' in Hymenoptera Aculeata.
Systematic Entomology 1:177--182. Cardale, J.C. 1985. Vespoidea and Sphecoidea.
Pages 150‑303 in Zoological catalog
of Australia. Vol. 2. Hymenoptera. Bureau of Flora and Fauna, Canberra,
Australia. vi + 381 pp. Dathe, H.H. 1980. Die Arten der Gattung Hylaeus F. in Europa (Hymenoptera:
Apoidea, Colletidae). Mitteilungen Zoologischen aus dem Museum Berlin
56(2):207‑294. Day, M.C. 1984. The enigmatic genus Heterogyna Nagy (Hymenoptera:
Sphecidae; Heterogyninae). Systematic Entomology 9:293--307. Ebmer, A.W. 1984. Die westpalaarktischen Arten der Gattung Dufourea Lepeletier 1841 mit
illustrierten Bestimmungstabellen (Insecta: Hymenoptera: Apoidea: Halictidae:
Dufoureinae). Senckenbergiana biologica (Frankfurt am Main) 64(4/6):313--379. Ebmer, A.W.
1987. Die europaischen Arten der Gattungen Halictus Latreille 1804 und Lasioglossum
Curtis 1833 mit illustrierten Bestimmungstabellen (Insecta: Hymenoptera:
Apoidea: Halictidae: Halictinae). Senckenbergiana biologica (Frankfurt am
Main) 68(1/3):59‑148. Eick~vort,
G.C. 1969. A comparative morphological study and generic revision of the
augochlorine bees (Hymenoptera: Halictidae). University of Kansas Science
Bulletin 48:325--524. Ferguson, G. 1984. An annotated synonymic list
of North Amer. and Caribbean wasps of the genus Cerceris (Hymenoptera: Philanthidae). J. of the New York Entomol.
Society 91:466‑502. Finnamore, A.T. 1982. The Sphecoidea of
southern Quebec (Hymenoptera). Lyman Entomol. Museum Research Laboratory,
Memoir 11:1‑348. Finnamore, A.T. 1987. A new genus and species
of psenine wasp from Africa and a key to‑ genera (Hymenoptera:
Pemphredonidae: Pseninae). Canad. Entomol. 119:1081--1094. Fritz,
M.A., and G.H. Toro. 1977. Los especies de Heliocausini (Hym. Sphecidae‑Nyssoninae).
Revista de la Sociedad Entomologica Argentina 35:17‑38. Gauld, I., and B. Bolton. 1988. The
Hymenoptera. Oxford University Press, Oxford, England. 332 pp. Hirashima, Y. 1952. Description of Andrena yasumatsui n.sp. with a
provisional key to the subgenera of PaiaearcticAndrena (Hymenoptera,
Andrenidae). Mushi 24(10):59‑65,1 plate. Hirashima, Y. 1961. Monographic study of the
subfamily Nomiinae of Japan (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Acta Hymenopterologica 1(3):241‑303. Hirashima,
Y. 1966. Systematic and biological studies of the family Andrenidae of
Japan (Hymenoptera, Apoidea). Part 2. Systematics, 7. J. of the Faculty of Agriculture,
Kyushu University 14(1):89‑ 131. Hirashima, Y. 1971. Subgeneric classification
of the genus Ceratina Latreille of
Asia and West Pacific, with comments on the remaining subgenera of the world
(Hymenoptera, Apoidea). J. of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University
16(4):349‑375. Houston, T.F. 1975. A revision of the
Australian hylaeine bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) I. Australian J. of
Zoology, Supplementary Series No. 36:1‑135. Houston, T.F. 1981. A revision of the
Australian hylaeine bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) II. Australian J. of
Zoology, Supplementary Series No. 80:1‑128. Hurd, P.D., Jr. 1979. Superfamily Apoidea.
Pages 1741‑2209 in Krombein,
K.V., P.D. Hurd, Jr., D.R. Smith, and B.D. Burks, eds. Catalog of Hymenoptera
in Amer. north of Mexico. Vol. 2, pp. 1199‑2209. Smithsonian
Institution Press, Washin~ton,
D.C., USA. Hurd, P.D., Jr., and J.S. Moure. 1963. A
classification of the large carpenter bees (Xylocopini) (Hymenoptera:
Apoidea). University of California Publications in Entomology 29:vi + 1‑365. Hurd, P. D. Jr., and E. G. Linsley. 1976. The
bee family Oxaeidae with a revision of the North Amer. species (Hymenoptera:
Apoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 220:1‑75. Ikudome, S. 1989. A revision of the family
Colletidae of Japan. Bulletin of the Institute of Minami‑Kyushu
Regional Science, Kagoshima Women's Junior College No. 5:43‑314. Iuga, V.G.
1958. Hymenoptera Apoidea, Anthophorinae. Pages 1 ‑270 in Fauna Republicii Populare Romine.
Insecta, Vol. 9, fasc.3. Kazenas, V.L. 1978. The digger wasps of
Kazakhstan and Middle Asia (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). The determinant. Academy
of Sciences of Kazakh SSR, Institute of Zoology, Alma‑Ata. 172 pp. [In Russian.] Krombein, K.V.
1979a. Superfamily Sphecoidea. Pages 1573‑1740 in Krombein, K.V., P.D. Hurd, Jr.,
D.R. Smith, and B.D. Burks, eds. Catalog of Hymenoptera in Amer. north of
Mexico. Vol. 2, pp. 1199‑2209. Smithsonian Institution Press,
Washington, D.C., USA. Krombein, K.V.
1979b. Biosystematic studies of Ceylonese wasps, V: a monograph of the
Ampulicidae. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 298: 1 ‑ 29. Krombein, K.V.
1981. Biosystematic studies of Ceylonese wasps, VIII: a monograph of
the Philanthidae (Hymenoptera, Sphecoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to
Zoology 343:1‑75. Krombein, K.V.
1984. Biosystematic studies of Ceylonese wasps, XIII: a monograph of
the Stizinae (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea, Nyssonidae). Smithsonian Contributions
to Zoology 388:1‑37. Krombein, K.V.
1985. Biosystematic studies of Ceylonese wasps, XV: a monograph of the
Alyssoninae, Nyssoninae and Gorytinae (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea: Nysonnidae).
Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 414:1‑43. LaBerge, W.E.
1986. A revision of the bees of the genusAndrena
of the Western Hemisphere. Part XI. Minor subgenera and subgeneric key.
Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Society 111:441‑567. LaBerge, W.E. 1987. A revision of the bees of
the genusAndrena of the Western
Hemisphere. Part XII. Subgenera Leucandrena,
Ptilandrena, Scoliandrena, and Melandrena.
Trans. of the Amer. Entomol. Society 112:191‑248. LaBerge, W.E. 1989. A revision of the bees of
the genusAndrena of the Western
Hemisphere. Part XIII, subgenera Simandrena
and Taeniandrena. Trans. of the
Amer. Entomol. Society 115:1‑56. Lomholdt, 0.1975‑1976. The Sphecidae of
Fennoscandia and Denmark. Fauna Entomologica Scandinavica 4:1‑224
(1975); 225‑452(1976). Lomholdt, 0.1985. A reclassification of the
larrine tribes with a revision of the Miscophini of southern Africa and
Madagascar (Hymenoptera, Sphecidae). Entomologica Scandinavica, Supplementum
24:1‑183. Maa, T. 1953. An inquiry into the systematics
of the Tribus Apidini or honeybees (Hym.). Treubia 21(3):525‑640. McGinley, R.J. 1980. Glossal morphology of the
Colletidae and recognition of the Stenotritidae at the family level. J. of
the Kansas Entomol. Society 53:539‑552. McGinley, R.J. 1981. Systematics of the
Colletidae based on mature larvae with phenetic analysis of apoid larvae.
University of California Publications in Entomology 91:xvi + 1--307. McGinley, R.J. 1986. Studies of Halictinae
(Apoidea: Halictidae), I: Revision of New World Lasioglossum Curtis. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology 429:vi
+ 1‑294. Menke, A.S.
1977. Aha, a new genus of Australian Sphecidae, and a
revised key to the world genera of the tribe Miscophini (Hymenoptera,
Larrinae). Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 47:671‑681. Menke, A.S., and C. Vardy. 1980. A synopsis of
the tribe Scapheutini (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia 34:73‑85. Michener, C.D.
1944. Comparative external morphology, phylogeny, and a classification
of the bees (Hymenoptera). Bulletin of the Amer. Museum of Natural History
82(6):151‑326. Michener, C.D.
1954. Bees of Panama. Bulletin of the Amer. Museum of Natural History
101: 1-175. Michener, C.D.
1965. A classification of the bees of the Australian and South Pacific
regions. Bulletin of the Amer. Museum of Natural History
130:1‑362,15 plate. Michener, C.D.
1975. A taxonomic study of African allodapine bees (Hymenoptera,
Anthophoridae, Ceratinini). Bulletin of the Amer. Museum of Natural History
155:67‑240. Michener, C.D.
1978. The classification of halictine bees: tribes and Old World
nonparasitic genera with strong venation. University of Kansas Science
Bulletin 51:501‑538. Michener, C.D.
1981. Classification of the bee family Melittidae with a review of
species of Meganomiinae. Contributions of the Amer. Entomol. Institute 18(3):1--135. Michener, C.D.
1986a. A review of the Tribes Diphaglossini and Dissoglottini
(Hymenoptera, Colletidae). University of Kansas Science Bulletin 53:183‑214. Michener, C.D.
1986b. Family‑group names among bees. J. of the Kansas Entomol.
Society 59:219‑234. Michener, C.D. 1990. Classification of the
Apidae. University of Kansas Science Bulletin 54:75‑164. Michener, C.D., and R.W. Brooks. 1984.
Comparative study of the glossae of bees (Apoidea). Contributions of the
Amer. Entomol. Institute 22(1):1--73. Michener, C.D., and L. Greenberg. 1980.
Ctenoplectridae and the origin of long‑tonged bees. Zoological J. of
the Linnean Society 69:183‑203. Michener, C.D., R.J. McGinley, and B.N.
Danforth. The bee genera of North and Central Amer.. Smithsonian Institution
Press, Washington, D.C., USA (in press). Mitchell, T.B. 1943. On the classification of
Neotropical Megachile (Hymenoptera:
Megachilidae). Ann. of the Entomol. Society of Arnerica 36:656--671. Mitchell, T. B. 1960. Bees of eastern United
States. Vol I. Technical Bulletin, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment
Station, No. 141. 538 pp. Mitchell, T. B. 1962. Bees of eastern United
States. Vol II. Technical Bulletin, North Carolina Agricultural Experiment
Station, No. 152. 557 pp. Mitchell, T.B. 1973. A subgeneric revision of the
bees of the genus Coelioxys of the
Western Hemisphere. Contributions of the Department of Entomology, North
Carolina State 324 University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. 129 pp. Mitchell, T.B. 1980. A generic revision of the
megachiline bees of the Western Hemisphere (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae).
Contributions of the Department of Entomology, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA. 95 pp. Moure, J.S., and P.D. Hurd, Jr. 1987. An
annotated catalog of the halictid bees of the Western Hemisphere
(Hymenoptera: Halictidae). Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.,
USA. 405 pp. Osychnyuk, A.Z. 1977. Andrenidae. Pages 1‑326
in Fauna of the Ukraine. Vol. 12,
Pt. 5, Kiev, USSR. [In Ukrainian.] Osychnyuk, A.Z., D.V. Panfilov, and A.A.
Ponomareva. 1978. Apoidea. Pages 279--519 in
V.I. Tobias, ed. Species of insects of the European region of USSR. Vol.
3, Hymenoptera. Leningrad, USSR. 583 pp. [In Russian.] Pagliano,
G. 1986. Ampulicinae italiani (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae). Bollettino del Museo
Regionale di Scienze Naturali Torino 4:251‑260. Pasteels, J.J. 1965. Revision des Megachilidae (Hymenoptera Apoidea) de
l'Afrique Noire. 1. Les genres Creightoniella,
Chalicodoma et Megachile (s. str.).
Annales du Musee royal de l'Afrique Centrale, (Serie in octavo), Zoologie No.
137:ix + 1--579. Pasteels, J.J. 1968. Revision des Megachilidae (Hymenoptera Apoidea) de
l'Afrique Noire. II. Le Genre Coelio~s.
Annales du Musee royal de l'Afrique Centrale (Serie in octavo), Zoologie
No. 167:1‑139. Pasteels, J.J. 1969. La systematique generique et subgenerique des
Anthidiinae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea, Megachilidae) de l'ancien monde. Memoires
de la Societe royale Entomologique de Belgique 31:1--148. Pasteels, J.J. 1984. Revision des Anthidiinae (Hymenoptera, Apoidea,
Megachilidae) de l'Afrique subsaharienne. Memoires de la classe des Sciences.
Academie royale de Belgique, Coll. in quarto, 2e Serie, 19(1):1‑165. Pauly, A.
1984. Contribution a l'etude des genres afrotropicaux de Nomiinae. Revue
Zoologique Africaine 98:693‑702. Pesenko,
Y.A. 1983. Tribe Nomioidini. Pages 1‑ 200 in Fauna of the USSR. Vol. 17 No. 1.
Leningrad, USSR. [In Russian.] Pesenko, Y.A. 1984. A subgeneric classification
of bees of the genus Halictus Latreille
sensu stricto. Entomol. Review 63(3):1--20. [English translation.] Pesenko, Y.A. 1986. An annotated key to females
of the Palearctic species of the genus Lasioglossum
sensu stricto. Proc. of the Zoological Institute, Leningrad 159:113‑151.
[In Russian.] Richards, O.W. 1968. The subgeneric divisions
of the genus Bombus Latreille
(Hymenoptera: Apidae). Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History)
Entomology 22(5):209--276. Richards, O.W. 1980. Scolioidea, Vespoidea and
Sphecoidea: Hymenoptera, Aculeata. Handbooks for the identification of
British insects. Vol. 6, Part 3(b). Royal Entomol. Society of London, London,
England. 118 pp. Roberts, R.B., and R.W. Brooks. 1987.
Agapostemonine bees of Mesoamerica. University of Kansas Science Bulletin
53:357‑392. Roubik, D.W. 1989. Ecology and natural history
of tropical bees. Cambridge University Press, Cambrid~e, En~land. x + 514 pp. Schwarz, H.F.
1939. The Indo‑malayan species of Trigona. Bulletin of the Amer. Museum of Natural History 76:83‑141. Schwarz, H.F.
1948. Stingless bees (Meliponidae) of the Western Hemisphere. Bulletin
of the Amer. Museum of Natural History 90:xv + 546 pp. Snelling, R.R. 1984. Studies on the taxonomy
and distribution of Amer. centridine bees (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae).
Natural History Museum, Los Angeles County, Contributions to Science No.
347:1--69. Snelling, R.R. 1985. The systematics of the
hylaeine bees (Hymenoptera: Colletidae) of the Ethiopian zoogeographical
region: the genera and subgenera with revisions of the smaller groups.
Natural History Museum, Los Angeles County, Contributions to Science No.
361:1‑33. Snelling, R.R. 1986. Contributions towards a
revision of the New World nomadine bees: a partitioning of the genus Nomada (Hymenoptera: Anthophoridae).
Natural History Museum, Los Angeles County Contributions to Science, No.
376:1--32. Snelling, R.R., and R.W. Brooks. 1985. A review
of the genera of cleptoparasitic bees of the Tribe Ericrocini (Hymenoptera:
Anthrophoridae). Natural History Museum, Los Angeles Countv Contributions to
Science No. 369:1‑34. Stephen, W.P., G.E. Bohart, and P.F. Torchio.
1969. The biology and external morphology of bees with a synopsis of the
genera of Northwestern Amer.. Agricultural Experiment Station, Oregon State
University, Corvallis, Oregon, USA. 140 pp. Timberlake, P.H. 1980. Review of North Amer. Exomalopsis (Hymenoptera,
Anthophoridae). University of California Publications in Entomology 86: 1‑
158. Tobias,
V.I., ed. 1978. Hymenoptera, Part 1. Keys to the insects of the European USSR,
Vol. 3. 583 pp. (Vol. 119 of Identification keys to the fauna of the USSR).
Academy of Sciences, Leningrad, USSR. [In Russian.] Warncke, K.
1968. Die Untergattungen der westpalaarktischen BienengattungAndrena F.
Memorias e Estudos do Museu Zoologico da Universidade de Coimbra 307:1 ‑
l ] 1. Warncke, K.
1977. Beitrag zur Systematik der westpalaarktischen Bienengattung Dioxys Lep. & Serv. (Hymenoptera,
Apoidea). Reichenbachia 16:265‑282. Warncke, K. 1978.
Uber die westpalaarktischen Arten der Bienengattung Colletes Latr. Polskie Pismo Entomologiczne 48:329‑370. Warncke, K.
1980. Die BienengattungAnthidium Fabricius, 1804 in der Westpalaarktis und im
turkestanischen Becken. Entomofauna 1(10):119‑210. Warncke, K. 1983. Zur Kenntnis der Bienengattung Pasites Jurine, 1807, Westpalaarktis (Hymenoptera, Apidae,
Nomadinae). Entomofauna 4(21):261--348. |