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INTRODUCTION/……………………….......................................1

REVIEW OF LITERATURE/.........................................................3

General Ecology...............................................................…...3

Ecology of the Three Destructive Species............................6

Taxonomy.....................................................................6

History..........................................................................7

Geographical Distribution..........................................7

Hosts.............................................................................7

Life History..................................................................8

Type of Injury.............................................................11

Duration of Feeding...................................................11

Dispersal.....................................................................12

Distribution on Orchard Trees.................................12

Biotic Factors..................................... ..................................13

Physical Factors…................................... ............................19

Natural and Integrated Control............. ............................20

Considerations in Statistical Analyses...............................26

METHODS AND MATERIALS...................................................29

Experimental Design............................................................29

Insect Survey and Rearing Techniques..............................32

Apple Aphid Sampling Method..........................................41

Mensuration of Orchard Trees..........................…............41

Meteorological Observations.............................................42

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION....................................................43

Lepidopterous Species Collected........................................43

Reared Parasites and Predators.........................................52

Eye-spotted Bud Moth Experiments.................................55

Development in 1959 and 1960................................55

Infectious Diseases..…..............................................85

Location of Spring Larvae and Pupae on Trees.....87

Effect of Collection Date and number of Larvae

per Cage on Larval Mobility….............................89

Effect of Pupation Site on Development….............92

Sex Ratio Variation...................................…...........94

Distribution of Summer Larvae and Nests............97

Occupancy of Summer Nests................................102

Fruit-tree Leaf Roller Experiments.................................104

Red-banded Leaf Roller Experiments.............................109

Apple Aphid Distribution in the Orchard.......................113

Mensuration of Orchard Trees........................................118

Correlation Between Tree Volume and Insects

Per Tree..........................................................................121

Temperatures and Rainfall in 1959 and 1960..…...........123

SUMMARY...................................................................…...........126

LITERATURE CITED..................................................….........132

LIST OF FIGURES Fig. 1.....................................36 Fig. 2.....................................36 Fig. 3.....................................37 Fig. 4.....................................37 Fig. 5.....................................38 LIST OF TABLES Table 1..................................46 Table 2..................................49 Table 3..................................50 Table 4..................................54 Table 5..................................57 Table 6..................................58 Table 7..................................59 Table 8..................................59 Table 9..................................61 Table 10................................62 Table 11................................62 Table 12................................66 Table 13................................66 Table 14............................... 70 Table 15................................72 Table 16................................75 Table 17................................76 Table 18................................77 Table 19................................78 Table 20................................80 Table 21................................82

Fig. 6....................................38 Fig. 7....................................64 Fig. 8....................................65 Fig. 9....................................68 Fig. 10..................................69 Fig. 11................................125 Table22.................................88 Table23.................................91 Table 24................................93 Table25.................................95 Table 26................................96 Table 27................................99 Table 28.......... ...................100 Table 29......... ....................101 Table 30............. ................101 Table 31......................... ....103 Table 32........................ .....106 Table 33........................ .....107 Table 34........................ .....108 Table 35..............................111 Table 36..............................112 Table 37..................... ........115 Table 38..............................116 Table 39................... ..........116 Table 40..............................117 Table 41..............................117 Table 42......... ....................120 Table 43................. ............122