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Black Olive Scale Saissetia oleae (Olivier) -- Hemiptera:
Coccidae |
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In the
coastal valleys of southern California, black scale has a single annual generation,
whereas in coastal southern California, it has two generations a year. On olives in the San Joaquin Valley, black
scale has a single annual generation but does not infest citrus in this area. Black scale infests leaves when it is
young but moves to the young branches when older. It sucks the sap from leaves and branches and produces a sugary
exudate that drips onto leaves and fruit.
At moderate scale densities, scale exudate supports fungal growth
(sooty mold) which downgrades fruit in the packinghouse. At higher densities, scale populations
decrease fruit size and substantially decrease fruit production the following
season. Dr,
Mark Hoddle of the University of California reported that citrus is one of
the 10 most important agricultural crops in California, with an annual value
of $700-$900 million. The San Joaquin
Valley produces about 65% of the citrus grown in the state. This percentage
will increase as more of the citrus in the inland coastal valleys is
eliminated with encroaching
urbanization. Olives are an
important California-grown crop, and black scale is a major pest on this
commodity too. Control can usually be
achieved with insecticide treatments. REFERENCES: FURTHER
RELATED REFERENCES Annecke, D. P. & M. J. Mynhardt. 1972.
The species of the insidiosus
group of Metaphycus
Mercet in South Africa with notes on some extralimital species (Hymenoptera:
Encyrtidae). Rev. Zool. Bot. Afr.
85: 227-74. Argov, Y. & Y. Rössler.
1988. Introduction of
berneficial insects into Israel for the control of insect pests. Phytoparasitica 16: 303-15. Argyriou, L. C. 1963. Studies on the morphology and biology of
the black scale [Saissetia
oleae (Bernard)] in
Greece. Ann. Inst. Phytopath. Benaki, N.S. 5: 353-77. Argyriou, L. C. 1984. Present status of parasite complex in
olive groves in Greece, p. 177-78. In:
R. Vavalloro & A. Piavaux (eds.), C.E C. Programme on Integrated
and Biological Control. Final Report 1979/83. Comm. European Comm., Directorat, Luxembourg. Argyriou, L. C. & P. DeBach.
1968. The establishment of Metaphycus helvolus (Compere) (Hym. Encyrtidae)
on Saissetia oleae (Bern) (Hom. Coccidae) in
olive groves in Greece. Entomophaga
13: 223-28. Bartlett, B. R. 1963. The contact toxicity of some pesticide
residues to hymenopterous parasites and coccinellid predators. J. Econ. Ent. 56: 694-98. Bartlett,
B. R. 1969. The biological control campaigns against
soft scales and mealybugs on citrus in California. Proc. 1st Intern. Citrus Symp., Riverside, Calif. 2: 875-78. Bartlett,
B. R. 1978. Coccidae.
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Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds. U. S. Dept. Agric. Agric. Handbk. No. 480,
Washington, D.C. 545 p. Bartlett, B. R. & R. A. Medved.
1966. The biology and
effectiveness of Diversinervus
elegans (Encyrtidae:
Hymenoptera), an imported parasites of lecaniine scale insects in
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1956. Estatus actual de la
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oleae Bern.) en los
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1988. Residual toxicity
following dilute or low-volume applications of insecticides used for control
of California red scale (Homoptera: Diaspididae) to four beneficial species
in a citrus agroecosystem. J. Econ. Ent.
81: 892-98. Blumberg, D. & E. Swirski.
1982. Comparative studies of
the development of two species of Metaphycus
(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), introduced into Israel for the control of the
Mediterranean black scale, Saissetia
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Internatl. Citrus Cong., Tel-Aviv, Israel, Mar. 6-11, 1988. Balaban Publ.,
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151 p. Compere, H. 1939. The insect enemies of the black scale, Saissetia oleae (Bern.) in South America. Calif. Univ. Publ. Ent. 7: 75-90. Compere, H. 1940. Parasites of the black scale, Saissetia oleae (Bernard), in Africa. Hilgardia 13: 387-425. Coulsen, J. R., A. Carrell & D. L. Vincent. 1988.
Releases of beneficial organisms in the United States and
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Lamport Gilbert & Co., Ltd., Reading, England. 102 p. Ebeling, W. 1959. Subtropical Fruit Pests. Univ. Calif. Div. Agr. Sci. 436 p. Essig,
E. O. 1931. A History of Entomology. The Macmillan Co., New York. 1029 p. Flanders,
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S. E. 1942. Metaphycus
helvolus, an encyrtid
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35: 690-98. Flanders,
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citrus-infesting coccids to parasitization.
J. Econ. Ent. 46:
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californica as a usurped
parasite of Saissetia oleae. J. Econ. Ent. 51:
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against insect pests: a summary of
the importations and their results.
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