FILE: <ch-100.htm> `` GENERAL INDEX [Navigate
to MAIN MENU ]
|
SPINY BOLLWORMS Earias insulana Boisduval, E. fabia
Stoll, E. cupreoviridis Walker,
E. huegeli Rogenhofer, E.
vitella (Fab.), etc. -- Family: Lepidoptera, Arctiidae (Contacts) ----- CLICK on Photo to enlarge &
search for Subject Matter with Ctrl/F. GO TO ALL: Bio-Control Cases Species studied
include Earias bipalaga Walker, E. chlorana (L.), E.
cupreoviridis Walker, E. fabia Stoll, E.
huegeli Rogenhofer, E.
insulana Boisduval, E. vernana (Hübner), & E. vittella
Fab. Parasites
& Predators Parasitism of spiny
bollworms is heavy in northwestern Australia and at times in India. Because of interference with insecticidal
sprays in commercial cotton, it is not absolutely possible to determine if
natural enemies would reduce abundance of these pests to economically
acceptable levels. However, Stam
& Elmosa (1990) in Syria showed that predator numbers were significantly
reduced with insecticide applications followed by significant increases in
bollworm populations. They also
reported that parasitoids were not important for the control of lepidopterous
pests in cotton. The high activity of
parasitoids in northwestern Australia (Legner & Altmann, unpub. data)
suggests that classical biological control attempts be made. Maximum parasitism
in India reported by Sekhon & Varma (1983) were as follows: egg attacking parasitoids: Trichogramma
achaeae Nagaraja &
Nagarkatti (61%), Trichogramma
chilonis Ichii (15%), Trichogrammatoidea sp. nr. guamensis Nagaraja (MS) 42%,
larval parasitoids, Bracon greeni Ashmead <5%, Rogas sp. 13%, Elasmus johnstoni Ferrière 0.43%, and pupal parasitoid Brachymeria nephantidis Gahan 57%. Other parasitoids reported from India
include egg-attacking Chelonus
heliopae Patel,
larva-attacking Rogas kampurensis Mani, and Strobliomyia nana (Curr.), Actia aegyptia Vill., Bracon
brevicornis Wesmael, Centrochalcis sp., Chelonus rufus Lyle, Rogas
testaceus Spinola, Phanerotoma hendecasisella Cameron, and
pupa-attacking Goryphus nursei (Cameron), Brachymeria tachardiae Cameron, Brachymeria responsator Walk and Brachymeria sp.. In Pakistan, the pupal parasitoid Brachymeria bicolorata Khokhar et al. and
the larval parasitoids Elasmus
orientalis Khokhar et al.
and E. dorsalis Khokhar et al. are known. In Uganda the parasitoids Apanteles diparopsidis Lyle, Agathis
aciculata (Brues), Rogas sp., Netelia sp. and Trichogramma
sp. have been reared on Earias. In Taiwan Brachymeria obscurata
(Walker) was reared from Earias
pupae. In Syria Bracon brevicornis
Wesm. is highly active, while in Iran Bracon
lefroyi (D. & G.) is
most active. Kashyap & Verma
(1987) summarized the following parasitoids, predators and pathogens
attacking Earias spp. naturally
throughout their distribution range: \ Egg Parasitoids: Erythemelus sp., Gonatocerus sp., Trichogramma achaeae, T. brasiliensis
Ashmead, T. chilonis Ishii, T. evenescens Westwood, Trichogramma
sp., Trichogrammatoidae bactgrae Nagaraja, Trichogrammatoidae sp. nr. guamensis Nagaraja and Trichogrammatoidae sp., Trichogrammatoidea lutea Gir. Egg-larval Parasitoids: Chelonus blackburni Cameron, C.
heliopae (Gupta). Larval Parasitoids: Actia
aegyptie Vill., A. hyalinata Mall., Actia
sp., Agathus aciculatus (Brues), Agathus sp., Apanteles spp., Bracon (Microbracon) brevicornis
(Wesmael), B. greeni (Ashm.) (lefroyi) (Dudgeon &
Geough), B. hebetor (Say), Bracon sp., Bassus spp., Brachymeria tenuicornis (Kieff), Chelonus blackburni Cameron, Chelonus
sp., Elasmus johnstoni Ferriere, Elasmus sp., Exorista spp., Microbracon gelechidiphagus, Prolodaspis spp., Rhogas aligarhensis Quadri, R.
lefroy Ashm., R. testaceous Grav., Rhogas
sp. nr. pallidater (Thnd.), Rhogas sp., Larval-pupal Parasitoids: Chrysis obliterata Moesary, Coryphnus
sp. Pupal Parasitoids: Brachymeria apantelesi, B. lasus, B.
responsonator (Walker), B. nephanttidis Gah., B.
tachaididae (Cameron), Brachymeria (Chalsis) spp., Chelonus rofus Lyle, Chelonus
spp., Centrochalcis spp., Chrysis habrobracon, Goryphus
(Melcha) nursei (Cameron), and Goryphus sp. Predators: Brumoides suturalis (F.), Geocoris
sp., Cartheconidea furcellata (Woeff), Eumenes petiolata, Menochilus
sexmaculatus and Phanerotoma hendecasisella. Fungi: Fusarium moniliformae var. subglutinams,
Serratia marcescens and Bacillus cereus. REFERENCES: [Additional references may be found at: MELVYL
Library ] Anonymous. 1960. Cotton growing countries of the world, the
Syrian region of the United Arab Republic.
Liverpool Raw Cotton Annual.
p. 71-167. Anonymous. 1981. Half monthly report No. 704, for the 2nd
half of July 1981. Cotton Bureau,
Aleppo Min. Agr. Agrar. Ref. S.A.R.
12 p. Abdel-Fattah, M. I., M. M. Hosny & G.
El-Saadany. 1980.
The spacing and density of cotton plants as factors affecting
populations of the bollworms, Earias
insulana Boisd. and Pectinophora gossypiella (Saund.). Bull. Ent. Soc. Egypt 60: 85-94. Abdel-Fattah, S. A. S., I. M. F. Sharaf, A. El-Sebae, & A.
El-Sebae. 1983. Performance of flucythrinate (Cybolt)
against a wide spectrum of agricultural pests in Egypt. Arab. J. Plant Prot. 1: 74-8. Abdel-Rahim, W. A., S. M. I. Metwally & F. El-Dakrousy. 1980.
Effect of certain physical and chemical characteristics of cotton
varieties on susceptibility to infestation by pink and spiny bollworm. Plant Prot. Dept., Tanta Univ.,
Kaft-el-Sheikh, Egypt. p.
727-31. (RAE, A: 69:
5118). Abid, M. K., A. Ghobrial, P. Sl Elhaideri & S. A. Abbs. 1978.
Dimilin (TH-6040): Effects on
the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana Boisd. (Lepid:
Phalaenidae). Z. angew. Ent. 85: 321-4. Abul-Nasr, S. & M. M. Megahed. 1971. Infestation of
the cotton plant by the spiny bollworm, Earias
insulana (Boisd.)
(Lepidoptera: Arctiidae). Bull. Soc.
Ent. Egypte 55: 339-54. Abul-Nasr, S., M. M. Megahed & A. A. M. Mabrouk. 1972.
A study on three host plants of the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (Boisd.), other than cotton and maize. Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypte
56: 151-61. Abul-Nasr, S., E. D. Ammar & A. I.
Merdan. 1978/1979.
The control of the cotton bollworms, Pectinophora gossypiella
(Saund.) and Earias insulana (Boisd.). Bull. Ent. Soc. Egypt,
Econ. Ser. 11: 35-9. Abul-Nasr, S., E. D. Ammar & S. M. Farrag. 1979.
Rates of infestation by Pectinophora
gossypiella Saunders and Earias insulana Boisd. on flowering sites of the cotton plant
(Lep.). Deutsche
Entomologische Z. 26: 165-72. Afify, A. M. & A. I. Merdan. 1969. On tracing the
response of some Egyptian cotton worms in different larval ages to Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner.
Z. angew. Ent. 63: 263-7. Agarwal, R. A. & G. P. Gupta. 1986. Recent advances
in cotton pest management. Plant
Prot. Bull. 38(1-4): 51-4. Agarwal, R. A. & K. N. Katiyar. 1979. An estimate of
losses of seed kapas and seed due to bollworms on cotton in India. Indian J. Ent. 41: 143-8. Agarwal, R. A. & K. N. Katiyar. 1974. Ovipositional preference
and damage by spotted bollworm (Earias
fabia Stoll) in cotton. Cotton Development 4: 28-30. Ahmad, T. & G. Ullah.
1939. Ecological studies on
the spotted bollworms of cotton and their parasites. I. The preimaginal
development and viability of Earias
fabia and Microbracon lefroyi under different
conditions of temperature and humidity.
Indian J. Ent. 1: 17-47. Ahmed, M. 1943. The morphology and biology of Rhogas testaceous (Spin.) a braconid internal parasite of spotted
bollworms of cotton. Indian J. Ent.
5: 189-205. Ahmed, T. & G. Ullah.
1939. Ecological studies on
the spotted bollworms of cotton and their parasites II. The fecundity and longevity of Earias fabia and Microbracon
lefroyi under different
conditions of temperature and humidity.
Indian J. Ent. 1: 17-47. Al-Azawi, A. F. 1964. Studies on the effect of Bacillus thuringiensis Berl. on the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana Boisd. and other lepidopterous insects. Entomophaga 9: 137-45. Allah Noor. 1984. Integration of biological and chemical
control methods in management of cotton bollworms in India. Pap. Nat. Seminar on Integr. Pest
Management, Nagpur, 5-7 Jan. 1984. Arsahd, M. & M. A. Quayyoom.
1984. Distinguishing larval
features in Earias insulana (Boisd.) and E. vitella (Fab.).
Pak. J. Zool 16: 171-3. Awate, B. G. & L. M. Naik.
1981 Efficacy of synthetic
pyrethroid insecticides against bollworms (Earias spp and Pectinophora
gossypiella S.) on cotton in
Maharashtra State. Cotton Development
11: 65-6. Awate, B. G., L. M. Naik & G. Y. Parlekar. 1977.
Possibility of introducing exotic parasite Trichogramma brasiliensis
Ashmead in the integrated control of cotton bollworms. Cotton Development 7: 21-2. Balasubramanian, G., M. Biasubramanian & R.
Kulandeivelu. 1981. Prediction of bollworms' damage in cotton
in relation to weather factors. Madras Agr.
J. 68: 657-9. Barbandy, A. R.
1973. Cotton insects in the
Deir-ez-Zor province. Min. Agr.
Agrar. Ref.
S.A.R., Rept. 40. 32 p. [in Arabic]. Beeden, P. 1974. Bollworm oviposition on cotton in
Malawi. Cotton Grow. Rev. 51: 52-61. Beingolea, O. G.
1980. Cotton protection
through integrated pest control.
Sonsultancy Rept., TCP/SYR/001, FAO, Rome. 30 p. Bilapate, G. G.
1983. Spotted bollworm, Earias spp. on cotton in
India-- A review. Agr. Rev. 4: 95-107. Blood, P. R. B., J. W. Longworth & J. P. Evenson. 1975.
Management of the cotton agroecosystem in southern Queensland: a
preliminary modelling framework. Proc. Ecol.
Soc. Aust. 9: 230-49. Borker, S. G., J. P. Verma & R. P.
Singh. 1980.
Transmission of Xanthomonas
malvacearum (Smith) Dowson
the incitant of bacterial blight of cotton through spotted bollworms. Indian J. Ent. 42: 390-7. Bottrell, D. G. & P. L. Adkisson. 1977. Cotton insect
pest management. Annu. Rev. Ent.
22: 451-81. Broodryk, S. W.
1971. Some ecological
observations on Earias spp.
[Lepidoptera: Noctuidae]. Rhod. J.
Agr. Res. 9: 41-3. (Rev. Appl. Ent. A-63 No. 3082). Brown, G. G. 1984. Field experience in cotton pest control:
recent advances and future prospects.
Proc. 4th Aust. Appl. Ent. Res. Conf., Adelaide 24-28 Sep, 1984. p. 138-34. Brown, G. S., P. Bailey & D. Swincer. 1984.
Field experience in cotton pest management in north western New South
Wales. Proc. 4th Aust. Appl. Ent.
Res. Conf., Adelaide 24-8 Sep. 1984.
p. 128-34. Broza, M., G. D. Butler, A. Venetzian & A. Shavit. 1990.
Bacillus thuringiensis on cotton seed
oil as control agents in an integrated pest management program for cotton in
Israel. Isr. J. Ent.
23: 149-56. Butani, D. K. 1976. Spotted bollworms of cotton, Earias spp. (Noctuidae:
Lepidoptera). Cotton Development
6: 17-22. Cabello-Gardia, T., P. Vargas-Piqueras,
T. & P. Piqueras-Vargas.
1985. Estudio con olfactometro
de la influencia de la planta y del insecto huésped en la actividad de bçsqueda de Trichogramma cordubensis
Vargas y Cabello, T. sp. nr.
bues (Hym.:
Trichogrammatidae). Bol. Serv. Def. Contr. Plagas Insp. Fitopatol. 11: 237-41. Campion, D. G. & M. M. Hosny. 1987a. Biological,
cultural and selective methods for control of cotton pests in Egypt. Ins. Sci. & Applic. 8: 803-5. Chakravarthy, A. K.
1982. Bollworms infestation in
relation to the phenology of Arboreum
cotton. Ph.D. Thesis, Punjab Agr. Univ.,
Ludhiana. 165 p. Chakravarthy, A. K.
1985. Distribution patterns,
sample-size and samping Earias
spp. on cotton in Ludhiana (Punjab).
Insect Sci. Applic 6(4):
517-20. Chakravarthy, A. K., A. S. Sidhu Joginder-Singh & J.
Singh. 1985. Effect of plant phenology and related
factors on insect pest infestations in arboreum and hirsutum cotton
varieties. Ins. Sci.
& Appl 6: 521-32. Chang, G. S., H. L. Meng & J. S. Bao. 1963.
The status of the spotted bollworms, Earias labia
(Stoll) and E. insulana (Boisd.) after the
changes of the cultural cystem in Au Kian Posshan District, Yannan
Province. Acta Ent.
Sin. 2: 21-8. Chatterjee, P. N. 1941. Note on some parasites of Shisham
defoliators at Allahabad and Dehradun, India. Indian J. Ent. 3:
157-70. Cherian, M. C. & H. S. Kylasam. 1941. Preliminary notes
on the parasites of the spotted and pink bollworms of cotton in
Coimbatore. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci
B-14: 517-28. Cherian, M. C. & V. Margabnadu. 1943. Preliminary trials
with Trichogramma parasites
for the control of cotton boll worms.
Madras Agr. J. 31: 107-11. Cork, A., P. S. Beevor, D. R. Hall, B. F. Nesbitt & D. G.
Campion. 1985. A sex attractant for the spotted bollworm,
Earias vittella. Trop.
Pest Manage. 31: 2, 158. Couilloud, R. 1983. Les Earias du cotonnier en Cote
d'Ivoire: Earias insulana (Boisd.); Earias biplaga (Wlk.) (Lep. Noctuidae Westermanniinae). Variation de l'importance relative de
chacune des especes et variations morphologiques intraspecifiques (suite et
fin). Cot. Fibr. Trop. 38:
253-64. Croizier, G., A. Amargier, P. Jacquemard, R. Couilloud & L.
Croizier. 1981. Polyédrose cytoplasmique d'Earias biplaga Wlk. (Lépidoptère, Noctuidae) due à un Recovirus à
tropisme tissulaire large. Cot. Fib.
Trop. 36: 127-35. Croizier, G., P. Jacquemard, A. Amargier, L. Croizier & R.
Couilloud. 1983. Une polyédrose cytoplasmique d'Earias insulana Boisduval, nouvelle affection à Reovirus chez les
lépidoptères Noctuidae du genre Earias. Cot. Fib. Trop. 38: 280-5. Das, B. B. & A. K. Basu. 1977. Studies on natural
enemies of cotton bollworms (Pectinophora
gossypiella, Earias insulana, Earias
vittella, biological
control). Sci. Cult. 43: 129-31. David, B. V., P. M. Srinivasan & A. Janagrajan. 1967.
The control of major pests of irrigated cotton in the southern
districts of Madras State. Madras Agr.
J. 54: 343-52. Delattre, R. 1947. Insectes du
cotonnier nouveaux ou peu connus en Côte d'Ivoire (II). Coton Fibr. Trop. 2:
97-100 (Rev. Allpl Ent. A-38: 461.). Deshpande, B. P. & N. T.
Nadkarny. 1936.
The spotted bollworm of cotton, Earias
fabia Stoll and Earias insulana Boisd., in south Gujarat, Bombay Presidency. Indian Coun. Agr. Res. Sci. Monogr
10: 1-208. Dhawan, A. K. & A. S. Sidhu.
1984. Incidence and relative
abundance of different species of spotted bollworms on okra at Ludhiana,
Punjab. J. Res.,
Punjab Agr. Univ. 21: 533-42. Dhawan, A. K., A. S. Sidhu & G. S.
Simwat. 1988.
Assessment of avoidable loss in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum
and G. arboreum) due to sucking pesta and bollworms. Ind. J. Agr. Sci. 58: 290-2. Dhurve, S. B., Y. M. Taley & K. R. Thakare. 1980.
Effect of insecticides on the control of cotton bollworms and their
natural enemies. Punjabrao Krishi
Vidyapeeth J. Res. 4: 41-5. Dimetry, N. Z. & M. H. Mansour. 1971. Effect of some
inorganic salts as a deterrent agent against the greasy cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon Hfn. and spiny bollworm, Earias insulana
Boisd. Z. angew. Ent.
69: 315-7. Dongre, T. K. & G. W. Rahalkar. 1980. Growth and
development of spotted bollworm, Earias
vitella on glanded and
glandless cotton and on diet containing gossypol. Ent. Exptal. et Appl. 27:
6-10. Duhoon, S. S. & M. Singh.
1980. Resistance to spotted bollworm
Earias spp. in cotton, Gossypium arboreum Linn.
Indian J. Ent. 42: 116-21. Huhoon, S. S., M. Singh & A. K. Basu. 1981.
Preferential behaviour of the spotted bollworm (Earias spp.) to two varieties of desi cotton (Gossypium
arboreum L.). Cotton Development 11: 71. Dunkelblum, E., M. Kehat, J. T. Klug & S. Shani. 1984.
Trimerization of Earias
insulana sex pheromone
(E,E)-10,12-hexadecadienal, a phenomenon affecting trapping efficiency. J. Chem. Ecol. 10: 421-8. Dutt, G. R. & M. S. Patel. 1943. The cotton
bollworms (Earias fabia Stoll, Platyedra gossypiella Saund. and Heliothis
obsoleta Fabr.) in the
central provinces and Berar. Indian
J. Agr. Sci. 13: 1-17. El-Husseini, M. M. & A. I.
Afifi. Effect of Entobakterin-3 on the spiny bollworm,
Earias insulana. Bull.
Ent. Soc. Egypt Econ. Ser. O(12): 59-70. El-Husseini, M. M., A. I. Afify & M.
M. El-Husseini. 1980.
Effect of Entobakterin-3 on the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana
(Boisd.). Bull. Ent. Soc. Egypt
12: 59-70. El-Husseini, M. M., A. I. Afify & M.
M. El-Husseini. 1981. Increasing the efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner against the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana Boisd., by adding a feeding stimulant. Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypte
63: 37-41. El-Mosa, H. & H. El-Mosa. 1986. Prospects of using
sex pheromone for the control of spiny bollworm in cotton growing in
Syria. Cot. & Trop. Fib. Abstr.
012-0019. El-Nawawy, A. S., O. Lamie, E. A. Kadous,
A. A. Ayasha, S. El-Deeb, A. Salama, M. Abbessy & A. Hossny. 1978. Control of spiny
and pink bollworms in A. R. Egypt.
Rept. Fac. Agr., Tant Univ., Egypt.
p. 667-76. (RAE,A 68: 222). El-Saadany, G., M. P. El-Shaarawy &
S. A. El-Rafaee. 1976.
Determination of the loss in cotton yield as being affected by the
pink bollworm P. gossypiella (Saund.) and the
spiny bollworm, Earias insulana (Boisd.). Z. angew. Ent. 79: 276-81. Entwistle, P. F. 1968. The biology of Earias biplaga
Wlk. (Lep. Noctuidae), on Theobroma
cacae in western
Nigeria. Bull. Ent. Res. 58: 521-35. Evans, R. B. 1978. Cotton in Syria. Foreign Agricultural Service, U. S. Dept. Agr. 27 p. Faseli, M. D. 1977. Investigations on the biology and control
of Earias insulana Boisd.
(Noctuidae). Ent. et Phytopath.
Appliq. 43: 39-54. Fletcher, T. B. & C. S. Misra. 1919/1920. Cotton
bollworms in India. Rep. Proc. 3rd
Ent. Meet. Pusa. p. 433-72. Frisbie, R. E. 19__. Guidelines for integrated control of
cotton pests. Tech. Rept., Texas
A&M. Univ., College Sta., TX. Ghobrial, A. & V. Dittrich.
1980. Early and late pest
complexes on cotton, their control by aerial and ground application of
insecticides and side effects on the predator fauna. Z. angew. Ent. 90: 306-13. Glazer, I., A. Navon & M. Klein. 1990. Use of entomopathogenic
nematodes against foliage insect pests.
Nematologica 36: 353. Gothilf, S., M. Kehat, M. Jacobson & R. Gatun. 1978.
Screening pheromone analogues by EAG technique for biological activity
of males of Earias insulana, Heliothis armigera,
and Spodoptera litteralis. Environ. Ent. 7: 31-5. Hanna, H. M. & N. E. F. Hamad. 1976. Lunar periodicity
and flight activity of nocturnal Lepidoptera at different levels. Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypte 59: 17-27. Hargreaves, H. 1948. List of recorded cotton insects of the
world. Commonw. Inst. Ent., London.
Rept. p. 1-50 Haroon-Khan, M. & P. M. Varma. 1946. Studies on Earias species (the spotted
bollworms of cotton) in the Punjab. III.
The biology of the common parasites of E. fabia
Stoll, E. insulana Boisd. and E. cupreoviridis Wlk.
Indian J. Ent. 7: 41-62. Haroon-Khan, M., L. R. Mohindra, G. R. Sharma & M. A.
Ghani. 1946. Studies on Earias spp. (the spotted bollworms of cotton) in the
Punjab. IV. The host and host
preference of Earias cupreoviridis Wlk, E. fabia Stoll and E.
insunala Boisd. Indian J. Agr. Sci. 15: 275-80. Hassanein, M. H., H. Hafez & G. A. M.
Rizk. 1970. The susceptibility
of certain cotton varieties to bollworm infestation. Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypte 53: 261-9. Hearn, A. B., P. M. Ives, P. M. Room, N. J. Thomson & L. T.
Wilson. 1981. Comptuter-based cotton pest management in
Australia. Field Crops Res. 4: 321-32. Hill, D. A. 1975. Agricultural Insect Pests of the Tropics
and Their Control. Cambridge Univ.
Press, Cambridge. 516 p. Hosny, M. M., G. Saadany, R. Iss-Hak, E. A. Nasr, G. Moawad, M.
Naguib, A. A. Khidr, S. H. Elnagar, D. G. Campion, B. R. Critchley, K. Jones,
D. J. McKinley, L. J. McVeigh, C. P. Topper & R. Iss-Hak. 1983.
Techniques for the control of cotton pests in Egypt to reduce the
reliance on chemical pesticides.
Proc. 10th Intrnatl Cong. Plant Protect., Brighton Eng., 20-25 Nov.
1983. 1: 270. Hussain, M. A. 1925. Annual report of the entomologist. Rept. Dept. Agr. Punjab 1923-24, I. p. 55-90.
[Rev. Appl. Ent. A-14: 89. Hussain, M. & A. Askari.
1975. Field test of Bacillus thuringiensis and chemical insecticides for control of Earias insulana in cotton.
J. Econ. Ent. 69: 343-44. Hussain, M. A. & C. B. Mathur. 1923/1924. Some
parasites of the cotton bollworm (Earias
insulana and E. fabia) in the Punjab.
Pusa, 5th Ent. Meeting Rept. Proc.:
34-52. Hussain, M., A. Askari & G. Asadi. 1976. A study of Bracon lefroyi [Hymenoptera: Braconidae] from Iran. Ent. News 87: 299-302. Ibrahim, A. M. 1963. An indication of the effect of widespread
use of pesticides on the population of some predators in cotton fields. Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypt 46. Ingram, W. R. & S. M. Green.
1972. Sequential samping for
bollworms on raingrown cotton in Botswana.
Cotton Grow. Rev. 49: 265-75. Jutsum, A. R., G. J. Marrs, R. F. S. Gordon, d. G. Campion, B. R.
Critchley, L. J. McVeigh, A. Cork, D. R. Hall, B. F. Nesbitt, M. M. Hosny
& E. A. Nasr. 1983. Control of crop pests with
microencapsulated insect pheromones.
Proc. 10th Internatl. Cong. Plant Prot., Brighton, Eng., 20-25 Nov,
1983. 1: 266-7. Kashyap, R. K. & A. N. Verma. 1982. Seasonal incidence
of spotted bollworm, Earias
spp. on okra at Hisar, India. Indian. J.
Ecol. 9: 158-9. Kashyap, R. K. & A. N. Verma. 1987. Management of
spotted bollworms (Earias
spp.) in cotton-- a review. Internatl. J.
Trop. Agr. 5: 1-27. Katiyar, K. N. 1977. Impact of flowering sequence on the
incidence of bollworms in some varieties of cotton. Indian J. Ent. 39:
324-32. Katiyar, K. N. 1977. Impact of flowering sequence on the
incidence of bollworms in different varieties of cotton. Entomologists Newsl. 7: 31. Katiyar, K. N. 1982. Relationship between time of flowering and
bollworm infestation in cotton. Indian
J. Ent. 44: 373-92. Katiyar, K. N. & D. K. Butani. 1978. Incidence of
bollworms vis-a-vis development of cotton bolls. Indian J. Ent. 40:
245-53. Kaushik, U. K., V. S. Rathore & N. K. Nood. 1969.
Incidence of bollworms and losses caused to cotton in Madhya
Pradesh. Indian J. Ent. 31: 175-7. Kehat, M. & D. Bar.
1975. The use of traps baited
with live females as a tool for improving control programs of the spiny
bollworm Earias insulana in cotton fields. Phytoparasitica 3: 129-31. Kehat, M. & D. Gordon.
1977. Mating ability,
longevity and fecundity of the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana
(Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Entomologia
Expt. Appl. 22: 267-73. Kehat, M., S. Gothilf, E. Dunkelblum & S. Greenberg. 1979.
Field evaluation of (E, E),10, 12-hexadecadienal, a component of the
female sex pheromone of the spiny bollworm Earias insulana
(Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Phytoparasitica 7: 99-100. Khalifa, A. 1979. Breeding for bollworm resistance in cotton
Gossypium hirsutum L. Cotton et Fibres Tropicales 34: 309-14. Khalil, F. M., A. A. Naher, F. Abdul-Kawi & H. Mostafa. 1976.
Effect of pesticides on population densities of predators of cotton
pests. Agr. Res. Rev. 54: 63-70. Khan, M. H. 1944. Studies on Earias species (the spotted bollworms of cotton) in the
Punjab-1. The relative abundance of E. fabia Stoll and E.
insulana Boisd. in various
parts in relation to environmental conditions. Indian J. Ent. 6:
15-25. Khan, M. H. & P. M. Verma.
1945. Studies on Earias species (the spotted
bollworms of cotton) in the Punjab.
Part III. The biology of the
common parasites of E. fabia Stoll, E. insulana Boisd. and E.
cupreoviridis Walker. Indian J. Ent. 7: 41-63. Khan, Q. & V. P. Rao.
1968. Insects and mites pests,
p. 217-301. In: Cotton In
India, a Monograph 2. Ind. Cent. Cot.
Comm., Bombay. Khandage, V. S., K. M. Pokharkar & L. M. Naik. 1980.
Studies on the efficacy of Trichogramma
brasiliensis A., egg
parasite and Apanteles angaleti M. larval parasite in
controlling cotton bollworms. Andhra Agr. J.
27: 41-2. Klein, M., M. Zur, J. Meisner, E. Ban-Moshe,
S. Levaski & Z. Der. 1982.
Studies of the respons of the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana
to rearing on leaves, flowerbuds and bolls of high-terpenoid aldehyde cotton
genotypes in the laboratory. Phytoparasitica
10: 157-67. Klein, M., S. Yathom, S. Keren, S. Levski
& S. Tal. 1983a.
The effects of population density and sex ratio on mating frequency of
Earias insulana males and females in laboratory cultures. Phytoparasitica 11: 145-9. Klein, M., S. Levski & S. Keren. 1983b. Development of
artificial diets for laboratory rearing of larvae of the spiny bollworm, Earais insulana. Ent.
Expt. Appl. 34: 121-2. Kulkarni, S. N. & A. K. Raodeo. 1979. New record of two
larval pupal endoparasites of spotted bollworm Earias fabia
Stoll. from India. Cotton Development
9: 31-2. Lal, M. M. 1913. Preliminary report on cotton bollworms in
the Punjab. Rep. Dept. Agr.
Punjab. 6 p. (Rev. Appl. Ent. a-6: 334). Lefroy, H. M. 1906. An outbreak of cotton pests in the
Punjab. Bull. Agr. Res. Inst. Pusa
No. 2: 1-18. Li, T. S., C. Z. Li & J. G. Wei. 1984. Biology of Polistes antennalis Perez and its use in the control of lepidopterous
insects in cotton fields. Nat. Enem.
Ins. Kunchong-Tiandi
6(2): 101-3, 70. [in Chinese]. Mahalle, V. P., R. D. Ghodka & J. S. Saxena. 1976.
Economic injury level of cotton bollworms. Indian J. Ent. 38:
27-32. Maheswariah, B. M. & M. Puttarudriah. 1956.
Insect pests of cotton in Mysore.
Mysore Agr. J. 31: 220-6. Mani, M., R. Nagarajan, N. S. Dognathan & V. D.
Gurusway-Raja. 1976. Varietal susceptibility to cotton mite and
bollworms. Cotton Development 6: 16.
Manoharan, V. & M. Balasubramanian. 1982. Relative toxicity
of some insecticides to adults of Chelonus
blackburni Gam. Entomol. 7: 227-28. Megahed, M. M. & A. K. M.
El-Nahal. 1958.
The spiny bollworm, Earias
insulana infesting maize
ears in Egypt. Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypte
42: 7. Mehta, R. C. 1979. Inhibition of embryonic development in Earias vittella by terpenoids.
Naturwiss. 66: 56-7. Mehta, R. C. & K. N. Saxena.
1973. Growth of the cotton
spotted bollworm, Earias fabia (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
in relation to consumption, nutritive value and utilization of food from
various plants. Ent. Expta. et Appl.
16: 20-30. Meisner, J. & M. Kehat. 1980. The response of Earias insulana Boisd. larvae to phagodeterrent (-) carvone incorporated
in an artificial diet. Z. angew. Ent.
90: 80-2. Meisner, J., M. Kehat, M. Zur & K. R. S.
Ascher. 1977.
The effect of gossypol on the larvae of the spiny bollworm, Earias insulana. Entomologia
Expt. Appl. 22: 301-3. Meisner, J., M. Kehat, M. Zur & C.
Eizick. 1978.
Response of Earias insulana Boisd. larvae to Neem
(Azadirachta indica A. Juss) kernel
extract. Phytoparasitica
6: 85-8. Meisner, J., M. Klein & K. R. S.
Ascher. 1986.
The effect of some benzoyl phenylureas on the larvae of Earias insulana. Phytoparasitica
14: 1, 3-9. Mesbah, H. A. 1985. Evaluation of the potency of the
biological compound Dipel against the spiny bollworm Earias insulana. J. Agr. Sci. 105: 587-90. Moawad, G. M., F. F. Shalaby, A. G. Metwally & M. M.
El-Gemeily. 1982-83. Comparative damage caused by bollworms and
yield of seed-cotton during a laboratory pathogenicity test with two
commerical preparations of Bacillus
thuringiensis on the first
instar larvae of the spiny bollworm, Earias
insulana. Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypte 0(64): 137-44. Mohammad, A. & Y. Mohammad.
1972. Parasites of pink
bollworm Pectinophora gossypiella Saund. and spotted
bollworm, Earias spp. of
cotton at Lyallpur. Pakist. J. Agr.
Sci. 9: 70-5. Mohan-Lal, L. M. 1913. Preliminary report
on cotton bollworms in the Punjab.
Rept. Dept. Agr., Punjab.
(RAE, A 6: 334). Monim, A. & S. Talhouk.
1969. Insects and mites
injurious to crops in Middle Eastern countries. Paul Parey, Hamburg & Berlin. Mulchandani, L. H., A. H. Shah & N. P. Mehta. 1980.
Preliminary observations on economic threshold for cotton bollworms in
IAN/579/188 cotton *irrigated). Cotton
Development 10: 11-12. Murugesan, S. & S. Parameswaran. 1978. Comparative
efficacy of Bacillus thuringiensis and certain
insecticides on cotton bollworms infestation. Cotton Development 8:
27-9. Nagaraja, H. & S. Nagarkatti. 1970. Three new species
of Trichogramma
[Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae] from India.
Entomophaga 14: 393-400. Narasimha-Rao, B., D. Mallikarjuna-Rao, B. Nagalingam, B.
Rossiah, K. L. Narayana, B. H. Krishnamurthy-Rao, R. A. Satyanarayana &
P. Apprao. 1969. Estimation of economic thresholds of
cotton spotted bollworm Earias
vitella (Fab.) and its scope
in integrated pest control programme.
J. Indian Soc. Cott. Improve. (Special issue)3: 24-8. Narayanan, E. S. 1962. Bionomics, biology
and method of control of some important insect pests of cotton in India. Rept. Indian Cent. Cotton Comm.,
Bombay. 44 p. Narayanan, E. S., B. R. Subha Rao &
G. A. Gangrade. 1956.
The biology and rate of reproduction and morphology of the immature
stages of Apanteles angaleti Muesebeck. [Hymenoptera: Braconidae]. Beitr. Ent. 6: 296-320. Narayanan, E. S., B. R. Subha Rao &
T. S. Thontadarya. 1962. Effect
of temperature and humidity on the rate of development of the immature stages
of apanteles angaleti Muesebeck [Braconidae:
Hymenoptera]. Proc. Nantn. Inst. Sci.
India B-28: 150-63. Naser, E. S. A., N. A. Badr, M. A. Hammed & M. A. Ahmed. 1980.
Population density and flight activity of the adult stage of the spiny
bollworm, Earias insulana Boisd. Agr. Res. REv. 58: 167-79. Nasr, E. A. & A. K. Azab. 1970. Susceptibility of
different cotton varieties to bollworms infestations. Bull. Soc. Ent. Egypte
53: 459-74. Natarajan, N., T. Kumaraswami & M.
Balasubramanian. 1985.
Efficacy of moult inhibitors on cotton pests under field conditions,
p. 167-70. In: A. Regupathy
& S. J. Jayaraj (eds.),
Behavioural & Physiol. Appr. Pest Managem., Coimbatore, Tamil
Nadu, India. Tamil Nadu
Agr. Univ. Navon, A. & M. Klein. 1990. Bacillus thuringiensis potency bioassays against Heliothis armigera, Earias
insulana, and Spodoptera littoralis larvae based on standardized diets. J. Invert. Pathol. 55: 387-93. Navon, A., M. Klein & S. Braun. 1990. Bacillus thuringiensis potency bioassays against Heliothis armigera, Earias
insulana and Spodoptera littoralis larvae based on standardized diets. J. Invert. Path. 55: 387-93. Niles, G. A. 1980. Breeding cotton for resistance to insect
pests, p. 337-70. In: F. G. Maxwell & P. R. Jennings (eds.), Breeding Plants
Resistant to Insects. John Wiley, New
York. Nyiira, Z. M. 1970. A note on the natural enemies of
lepidopterous larvae in cotton-d bolls in Uganda. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 63: 1461-2. Patel, R. C. 1980. Role and feasibility of natural enemies in
integrated pest management of cotton.
Andhra Agr. J. 27: 35-40. Patel, R. C. & D. N. Yadav. 1980. Biological control
of cotton pests. Proc. 3rd All India
Coord. Res. Proj. on Biol. Contr. of Crop Pests and Weeds. PAU, Ludhiana, India. 6 p. Patel, R. M. 1949. Control of cotton spotted bollworm (Earias fabia S.) in Baroda.
Indian Cotton Growing Rev. 3:
135-44. Pawar, A. D. & J. Prasad. 1985. Evaluation of some
exotic parasites in biocontrol of cotton bollworms in Haryana. Ind. J. Plant Prot. 13: 21-4. Pawar, D. B. & D. S. Ajri.
1982. Field screening of some
cotton varieties against spotted bollworm Earias
vitella (Fab.). Cotton Development 12: 23-5. Pearson, E. O. 1958. Bollworms. In: The insect pests of cotton in tropical
Africa. Commonw. Inst. Ent. Tech.
Rept. Peyrelongue, J. & J. P. Bournier. 1974. Earias insulana Boisd. (Lep.: Noctuidae) and its parasites on Abutilon asaiticum
L. (Malvaceae) in the South-West region of Madagascar. Cotton et Fibres Tropicales 29: 241-5. Prasad, J., A. D. Pawar & P. Singh. 1986. Role of exotic
and indigenous parasites Trichogramma
brasiliensis Ashmead, Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, Trichogramma acheae Nagaraja &
Nagarakati, Chelonus blackburni Cameron and Bracon kirkpatricki (Willinson), for the control of cotton
bollworms in Hissar (Haryana) India, p. 190-94. In: S. C. Goel (ed.), Pest. Res. & Environ. Poll.,
Muzaffarnagar, India: Sanatan Dharm College. Rajashekhargouda, R., M. C. Devaiah & S. Yelshetty. 1984.
New records of insect pests infesting kasturi bhendi, Hibiscus abelomoschus Linnaeus, a medicinal plant. J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.
81: 212-3. Rangarajan, M., R. P. Srivastava & B.
P. Chakaravarti. 1968. A
note on the different insect hosts of Serratia
marcescens Bizio. Labdev. J. Sci. Tech. 6B: 159-60. Rao, K. J., T. S. Thontadarya & K. Rangadhamaiah. 1979.
A note on the survival and parasitism of the egg-larval parasite, Chelonus blackburni Cameron (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) on some
lepidopterous hosts. Curr. Res.
8: 48-50. Rao, V. P., M. A. Ghani, T. Sankaran & K. C. Mathur. 1971.
A review of the biological control of insects and other pests in south
east Asia and the Pacific region.
Tech. Bull. Commonw. Inst. Biol. Contr. 6. 149 p. Raodeo, A. K., M. B. Sarkate, A. D. Deshpande, U. T. Thombre, N.
R. Seera, D. S. Tayade & B. B. Gaikwad.
1978. Studies on the mass
multiplication field release and recovery of Trichogramma brasiliensis
Ashm. an egg parasite of cotton bollworms at Parbhani. J. Res. Maharashtra Agr. Univ. 3:
103-8. Raodeo, A. K., P. P. Kausale & M. B. Sarkate. 1980.
Possibilities of biological control of cotton bollworms. Proc. 3rd All
India Coord. Res. Proj. on Biol. Contr. of Crop Pests & Weeds. PAU, Ludhiana, India. p. 69-74. Raodeo, A. K., M. B. Sarkate, P. K.
Kaunsale, G. G. Bilapate & K. S. Shinde.
1983. Possibilities of
biological control of cotton bollworms [Earias
vittella, Earias insulana, Pectinophora
gossypiella, Heliothis armigera, Chelonus
blackburni, w/ Bracon kirkpatricki]. Cotton-Dev. Bombay: Dir. Cot. Dev., July 1983,
Vol. 13: 31-4. Raodeo, A. K., M. B. Sarkate, D. S. Tayade & G. G.
Bilapate. 1983. Population dynamics of cotton bollworms in
Marathawada. Cotton Development
13: 10-23. Room, P. M. 1979. A prototype on-line system for management
of cotton pests in the Namoi Valley, New South Wales, Australia. Prot. Ecol. 1: 245-64. Room, P. M. & K. G. Wardhaugh. 1977. Temporal
distribution of insects other than Heliothis
spp. feeding on cotton in the Namoi Valley of New South Wales,
Australia. J. Aust. Ent. Soc.
16: 165-74. Salama, H. S. & M. S. Foda.
1984. Studies on the
susceptibility of some cotton pests to various strains of Bacillus thuringiensis. Z. angew.
Pflanzenk. Pflanzens. 91:
65-70. Salama, H. S., M. S. Foda & A. M.
El-Sharaby. 1981.
Potency of spore-endotoxin complexes of Bacillus thuringiensis
against some cotton pests. Z. angew. Ent.
91: 388-98. Salim, M., S. A. Masud & A. M.
Khan. 1987. Orius albidipennis (Reut.) [Hemiptera: Anthocoridae]-- a
predator of cotton pests. Philipp. Ent.
7(1): 37-42. Sangwan, H. S., S. N. Verma, A. K. Sharma
& R. P. Singh. 1972.
Establishment of Trichogramma
brasiliensis Ashmead at the
seed research station, Karnal (Haryana).
Entomologist's Newsletter 2:
69-70. Sandhu, S. S. 1974. Damage simulation studies on spotted
bollworms infesting cotton. M.S.
Thesis, Punjab Agr. Univ., Ludhiana.
67 p. Sangwan, H. S., S. N. Varma & V. K.
Sharma. 1972.
Possibility of integration of exotic parasites Trichogramma brasiliensis
(Ashmead) for the control of cotton bollworms. Indian J. Ent. 34:
360-1. Sarkate, M. B., A. K. Raodeo, N. R. Seeras & M. D.
Jawale. 1978a. Field release and recovery of Chelonus blackburni Cameron an exotic egg larval parasite of cotton
bollworms. Res. Bull. Marathwada
Agric. Univ. 2: 15-16. Sarkate, M. B., A. K. Raodeo, N. R. Seeras & M. D.
Jawale 1978b. Note on the recovery of Chelonus blackburni Cameron (Braconidae; Hymenoptera), an exotic
egg-larval parasite of cotton bollworms.
Curr. Sci. 47: 473. Sawhney, K. & N. T. Nadkarny. 1942. REsults of an
experiment to control cotton bollworms in Hyderabad State, 1937-40. Dept. Agr. Hyderabad Div, Bull. No.
2: 40. Sekhon, B. S. & G. C. Varma.
1983. Parasitoids of Pectinophora gossypiella [Lep.: Gelechiidae]
and Earias spp. [Lep.:
Noctuidae] in the Punjab. Entomophaga
28: 45-54. Senapati, B., J. M. Satpathy & S. P. Khan. 1978.
Comparative growth and development of Earias vittella
Fabricius on cotton and okra. Indian.
J. Agr. Sci. 48: 666-9. Sengonca, C. 1982. The principal cotton pests and their
economic thresholds in the Kilikien Plain in southern Turkey. Entomophaga 27: 51-6. Shah, A. H., M. P. Mehta & N. B.
Rote. 1980. Evaluation of
economic threshold fo spotted bollworms (Earias
spp.). Paper Symp. Econ. Thres. Key
Pests and Use of Synth. Pyrethroids on Cotton, Nagpur, Sept., 1980. Sharma, H. C. & R. A. Agarwal. 1983. Factors affecting
genotypic susceptibility to spotted bollworm Earias vittella
Fab. in cotton. Insect Sci. Applic.
4: 363-72. Sharma, S. K., S. D. Mathur, R. M. Khan & B. N. Mathur. 1971.
Evaluation of some modern insecticides for the control of insect pests
of cotton by means of aerial spraying and their effect on parasites and
predators. Z. für
Pflanzenkrankheiten, Pflanzenpathologie u. Pflanzenschutz 78: 286-95. Sharma, H. C., R. A. Agarwal & M. Singh. 1982.
Effect of some antibiotic compounds in cotton on post embryonic
development of spotted bollworm (Earias
vittella F.) and the
mechanism of resistance in Gossypium
arborium. Proc. Indian Acad. Sci. (Anim. Sci.)
19: 67-77. Sidhu, A. S. & S. S. Sandhu. 1977. Damage due to the
spotted bollworm (Earias vittella Fab.) in relation to
the age of bolls of hirsutum
variety J-34. J. Res.
Punjab Agr. Univ.
14: 184-7. Singh, D., M. K. K. Pillai, A. B. Borkovec & P. H.
Terry. 1978. Chemosterilization of Earias fabia. J. Econ. Ent. 71: 9-12. Singh, H. 1978. Studies on the insect pest infestation in
relation to phenology of arboreum cotton.
M.S. Thesis, Punjab Agr. Univ., Ludhiana. 54 p. Singh, J., T. H. Singh, H. S. Kaley & K. Singh. 1974.
Influence of cotton plant morphology on bollworms incidence. Cotton Development 4: 15-19. Singh, J., R. Arora & A. S. Sidhu. 1987/1988. First
records of predators of cotton pests in the Punjab India. J. Bombay Nat. Hist Soc. 84: 456. Sohi, G. S. 1964. Pests of cotton. Entomology in India.
Ent. Soc. India, New Delhi. p.
111-14. Srinivasan, P. M., M. M. Basheer, P. A. Ibrahim & A.
Janagarajan. 1965. Control of bollworms in rain-fed and
irrigated cotton. Madras Agr.
J. 52: 487. Stam, P. A. 1983. Cotton pest management in the Syrian Arab
Republic. Tech. Rept.,
FAO/UNEP/0108/76/03. FAO, Rome. 135 p. Stam, P. A. 1987. Integrated pest control on cotton in
Pakistan. End of Assignment Rept.,
FAO/UNDP, PAK/83/003, FAO, Rome. 87 p. Stam, P. A. & H. Elmosa. 1990. The role of
predators and parasites in controlling populations of Earias insulana,
Heliothis armigera and Bemisia tabaci on cotton in the Syrian Arab Republic. Entomophaga 35: 315-29. Stam, P. A. & A. Tunc.
1983. Prospects of integrated
pest management on cotton int he Cukarova region in Turkey. Tech. Rept., FAO/TUR/83/003, FAO,
Rome. 44 p. Sterling, W. L. 1976. Sequential sampling plans for the
management of cotton arthropod in south-eastern Queensland. Aust. J. Ecol. 1: 265-74. Sukhoruchenko, G. I., O. D. Niyasov & A. Alekseev. 1977.
The effect of modern pesticides on the beneficial and injurious insect
pests of cotton. Ent. Obozr. 46: 3-4. Sundaram, N. & K. Natarajan.
1977. Relative susceptibility
of cotton varieties for jassic, thrips and bollworms. Cotton Development 7: 34-6. Surulivelu, T. 1980. Investigations on the utility of certain
exotic parasites for the pest management of cotton bollworms. Proc. 3rd All India Coord. Res. Proj. on
Biol. Contr. of Crop Pests and Weeds, PAU, Ludhiana, India. Swamiappan, M. & M. Balasubramanian. 1980.
Studies on mass multiplication and potentiality of Chelonus blackburni Cam. a braconid parasite of cotton
bollworms. Entomol. 5: 73-5. Taher, S. H. & A. M. Rashad.
1990. Effect of photoperiod on
different stages of the spiny bollworm Earias
insulana Boisd. (Lepidoptera,
Noctuidae). Ann. Agr. Sci. (CAIRO)
35: 993-1000. Talhouk, A. S. 1969. Insects and mites injurious to crops in
Middle Eastern countries. Z. angew. Ent.
21: 239 p. Thangavelu, K. 1982. Some observations on light trap cateches
of cotton bollworm moths. Cotton
Development 12: 55-7. Thimmaiah, G. 1979. Evaluation of cotton varieties for
bollworms infestation. Curr. Res. of
Univ. (Agric. Sci.) 8: 86-8. Thontadarya, T. S. & K. Jai Rao. 1984. Integrated
management of cotton pests with parasitoids as one of the components. Pap. Nat. Seminar Integr. Pest Manage.,
Nagpur 5-7 Jan, 1984. Thontadarya, T. S., S. N. Holihosur & I G. Hiremath. 1970.
A new record of Bacillus
cereus on the spotted
bollworm, Earias vittella (F.). Curr. Sci. 44: 488-9. Thontadarya, T. S., M. Hanumanna & B. V. Patel. 1982.
Preliminary studies on the virgin female traps of the cotton spotted
bollworm, Earias vittella (Fab.). Curr. Res. 10: 116-17. Tuhan, N. C., A. D. Pawar & R. S. Arora. 1987.
Use of Trichogramma brasiliensis Ashmead against
cotton bollworms in Srigangangar, Rajasthan, India. J. Adv. Zool. 8(2):
131-4. Faissayre, M. 1977. Contribution to knowledge of the
entomolophagous complex on cotton crops in south-western Madagascar. Cotton et Fibres Tropicales 32: 35-8. Varma, G. C. 1978/1979. A new record of Trichogrammatoidea sp. near guamensis Nagaraja (MS)
[Trichogrammatidae: Hymenoptera] an egg parasitoid of Earias species. Cott. Dev. 8: 43. Varma, G. C., S. Bindra & S. Singh. 1976. A preliminary study
on the control of cotton bollworms with Trichogramma
brasiliensis. Cotton Dev. 6: 16-18. Varma, G. C., B. Maninder
& B. S. Sekhon. 1980. Biological control of cotton bollworms in
the Punjab, p. 59-66. In: Proc. 3rd Workshop of All India Coord. Res. Proj. Biol. Contr.
of Crop Pests and Weeds, PAU, Ludhiana, India. Walker, R. L. 1953. The control of the spiny bollworm. Report to the Govt. of Iraq, FAO, No. 135. Willcocks, F. A. & S. Bahgat. 1937. The insects and
related pests of Egypt. Insects and
mites injurious to the cotton plant.
Sultanic. Agric. Soc., Cairo 1(2).
791 p. Wilson, A. G. L. & L. R. Greenup. The relative injuriousness of insect pests of cotton in the
Namoi Valley, New South Wales. Aust.
J. Ecol. 2: 319-28. Wilson, A. G. L., R. D. Hughes & N. Gilbert. 1972.
The response of cotton to pest attack. Bull. Ent. REs. 61:
405-14. Wright, W. E. & M. I. Nikitin. 1964. A survey of
insects in cotton in New South Wales.
Aust. J. Sci. 27: 178-9. Zaki, F. N.
1985. Reactions of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens Westw. to certain
insect sex pheromones. Zeit. angew.
Ent. 99: 448-53. Zur, M., J. Meisner, E. Kabonci & K. R.
S. Ascher. 1980.
Field evaluation of the response of Spodoptera litteralis
and Earias insulana to cotton strains differing
in gossypol content. Phytoparasitica
8: 189-94. |
