FILE:  <bc-71.ref.htm>                                                                                                                                         Pooled References                              GENERAL INDEX                  [Navigate to   MAIN MENU ]
 
 
 
| POPULATIONS OF ANIMALS
  (References)(Contacts)     REFERENCES: (to Populations)     [Additional references may be found at  MELVYL Library ]      Anonymous.  1980. 
  Biological control Service.  25
  years of achievement.  Commonwealth
  Agric. Bureaux, Slough, England.   Allee, W. C. & T.
  Park.  1939.  Concerning ecological principles.  Science 89:  166-68.   Anderson, R. M.  1982. 
  Theoretical basis for the use of pathogens as biological control of
  pest species.  Parasitology 84:  3-33.   Anderson, R. M. & R. M.
  May.  1980.  Infectious diseases and population cycles of forest
  insects.  Science, Wash. 210:  658-61.   Anderson, R. M. & R. M.
  May.  1981.  The population dynamics of microparasites and their
  invertebrate hosts.  Phil. Trans. Roy.
  Soc. London (B)291: 451-524.   Anderson, R. M. & R. M.
  May.  1986.  The invasion, persistence and spread of infectious diseases
  within animal and plant communities. 
  Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. London (B) 314:  533-70.   Andrewartha, H. G. & L.
  C. Birch.  1954.  The Distribution and Abundance of
  Animals.  Univ. Chicago Press.  782 p.   Andrewartha, H. G. & L.
  C. Birch.  1960.  Some recent contributions to the study of
  the distribution and abundance of insects. 
  Ann. Rev. Ent. 5:  219-42.   Arx, R. von., J. Baumgaertner & V. Delucchi.  1983.  A
  model to simulate the population dynamics of Bemisia tabaci
  (Genn.) on cotton in the Sudan Gezira. Z. angew. Entomol. 96:  341-63.   Askew, R. R.  1980. 
  The diversity of insect communities in leaf-mines and plant
  galls.  J. Anim. Ecol. 49: 
  817-29.   Askew, R. R. & M. R.
  Shaw.  1986.  Parasitoid communities: 
  Their size, structure and development. p. 225-64.  In:  J. Waage & D. Greathead (eds), Insect
  Parasitoids.  Academic Press, London.   Atkinson, W. D. & B.
  Shorrocks.  1977.  Breeding site specificity in the domestic
  species of Drosophila.  Oecologia (Berlin) 29:  223-32.   Atkinson, W. D. & B.
  Shorrocks.  1981.  Competition on a divided and ephemeral
  resource:  A simulation model.  J. Anim. Ecol. 50:  461-71.   Auerbach, M. J. 
  1979.  Some real
  communities are unstable.  Nature 279: 
  821-22.   Auslander, D. M., G. F. Oster & C. B.
  Huffaker.  1974.  Dynamics of interacting populations.  J. Franklin
  Inst. 297:  345-76.   Ayala, F. J., M. E. Gilpin
  & J. G. Ehrenfield.  1974.  Competition between species:  theoretical models and experimental tests.  Theor. Popul. Biol. 4:  311-56.   Bailey, V. A.  1931. 
  The interaction between hosts and parasites.  Quart. J. Mat. 2:  68-77.   Banerjee, B.  1979. 
  A key-factor analysis of population fluctuation in Andraca bipunctata (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae).  Bull. Ent. Res. 69:  195-201.   Barbosa, P., V. Krischick & D. Lance.  1989. 
  Life history traits of forest-inhabiting flightless Lepidoptera.  Amer. Midl.
  Natur. 122:  262-74.   Barclay, H. J., I. S. Otvos
  & A. J. Thomson.  1985.  Models of periodic inundation of
  parasitoids for pest control.  Canad.
  Ent. 117:  705-16.   Bartlett, M. S.  1957. 
  On theoretical models for competitive and predatory biological
  systems.  Biometrika 44: 
  27-42.   Baumgaertner, J. U. 
  1985.  Ubersicht über die
  Analyse des Apfelbaumoekosystems in der Schweiz.  Schwiez. Landw. Fo. 24: 
  27-44.   Baumgaertner, J. & V. Delucchi.  1981. 
  Die Anwendung systemanalytischer Methoden im Pflanzenschutz.  Schweiz. Landw. Fo. 20:  139-44.   Baumgaertner, J., V. Delucchi, R. von Arx & D.
  Rubli.  1986.  Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci
  Genn., Stern.:  Aleyrodidae)
  infestation patterns as influenced by cotton, weather and Heliothis:  Hypotheses testing by using simulation
  models.  Agric. Ecosyst. &
  Environ. 17:  49-59.   Baumgaertner, J. U., A. P.
  Gutierrez & A. Klay.  1987.  Dynamics of tritrophic population
  interactions.  Symp. Popul. Dynamics
  Spider Mites & Predatory Mites, Amsterdam, 5-10 July, 1987.   Bazzaz, F. A. 
  1979.  The physiological
  ecology of plant succession.  Ann.
  Rev. Ecol. Syst. 10:  351-71.   Beddington, J. R.  1974.  Age distribution and the stability of simple discrete time
  population models.  J. Theor. Biol.
  47:  65-74.   Beddington, J. R., C. A.
  Free & J. H. Lawton.  1975.  Dynamic complexity in predator-prey models
  framed in difference equations.  Nature,
  London 255:  58-60.   Beddington, J. R., M. P.
  Hassell & J. H. Lawton. 
  1976.  The components of
  arthropod predation.  II.  The predator rate of increase.  J. Anim. Ecol. 45:  165-85.   Beddington, J. R., C. A.
  Free & J. H. Lawton.  1978.
  Characteristics of successful natural enemies in models of biological control
  of insect pests.  Nature 273:  513-19.   Bellows, T. S., Jr.  1981. 
  The descriptive properties of some models for density dependence.  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 50:  139-56.   Bellows, T. S., Jr.  1982a. 
  Analytical models for laboratory populations of Callosobruchus chinensis
  and C. maculatus (Coleoptera, Bruchidae).  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 51:  263-87.   Bellows, T. S., Jr.  1982b. 
  Simulation models for laboratory populations of Callosobruchus chinensis
  and C. maculatus.  J. Anim. Ecol. 51: 
  597-623.   Bellows, T. S., Jr. & M. P. Hassell. 
  1984.  Models for
  interspecific competition in laboratory populations of Callosobruchus spp. 
  J. Anim. Ecol. 53:  831-48.   Bellows, T. S., Jr. & M. P. Hassell. 
  1988.  The dynamics of
  age-structured host-parasitoid interactions. 
  J. Anim. Ecol. 57:  259-68.   Bellows, T. S. & M. P.
  Hassell.  1999.  Theories and mechanisms of natural
  population regulation.  In: Fisher, T.
  W. & T. S. Bellows, Jr. (eds) 
  1999. Handbook of Biological Control:  Principles and Applications.  Academic Press, San Diego, CA   Bellows, T. S. & R. Van
  Driesche.  1999.  Construction and analysis of life tables
  in the evaluation of biological control agents.  In: Fisher, T. W. & T. S. Bellows, Jr. (eds)  1999. Handbook
  of Biological Control:  Principles and
  Applications.  Academic Press, San
  Diego, CA  1046 p.   Bellows, T. S., Jr., J. C.
  Owens & E. W. Huddleston. 
  1983.  Model for simulating
  consumption and economic injury level for the range caterpillar (Lepidoptera:
  Saturniidae).  J. Econ. Ent. 76: 
  1231-38.   Bigger, M.  1976. 
  Oscillation of tropical insect populations.  Nature 259:  207-209.   Birch, L. C.  1953. 
  Experimental background to the study of the distribution and abundance
  of insects.  III.  The relation between innate capacity for
  increase and survival of different species of beetles living together on the
  same food.  Evolution 7:  136-44.   Blythe, S. P., R. M. Nisbet,
  W. S. C. Gurney & N. McDonald. 
  1985.  Stability switches in
  distributed delay models.  J. Math.
  Anal. Appl. 109: 
  388-96.   Bodenheimer, F. S. 
  1930.  Uber die Grundlagen
  einer allgemeinen Epidemiologie der Insektenkalamitäten.  Z. Angew. Ent. 16:  433-50.   Bodenheimer, F. S. 
  1931.  Der Massenwechsel in der
  Tierwelt.  Grundriss einer allgemeinen
  tierischen Bevölkerungslehre.  Arch. Zool. (Ital.), Napoli
  16:  98-111.   Bodenheimer, F. S. 
  1938.  Problems of Animal
  Ecology, London.   Bodenheimer, F. S. 
  1951.  Citrus
  Entomology.  Dr. W. Junk, The Hague,
  Netherlands.   Brown, G. C., A. A. Berryman
  & T. P. Bogyo.  1978.  Simulating codling moth population
  dynamics:  Moth development,
  validation and sensitivity.  Environ.
  Ent. 7:  219-27.   Brown, M. W. & E. A.
  Cameron.  1979.  Effects of dispalure and egg mass suze on
  parasitism by the gypsy moth egg parasite, Ooencyrtus kuwanai.  Environ. Ent. 8:  77-80.   Brown, V. K. & T. R. E.
  Southwood.  1983.  Trophic diversity, niche breadth and
  generation times of exopterygote insects in a secondary succession.  Oecologia 56:  220-25.   Brown, V. K.  1984. 
  Secondary succession: 
  Insect-plant relationships. 
  BioScience 34:  710-16.   Burnett, T.  1954. 
  Influences of natural temperatures and controlled host densities on
  oviposition of an insect parasite. 
  Physiol. Zool. 27:  239-48.   Burnett, T.  1956. 
  Effect of natural temperatures on oviposition of various numbers of an
  insect parasite (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidae, Tenthredinidae).  Ann. Ent. Soc.
  Amer.
  49:  55-9.   Burnett, T.  1958. 
  A model of host-parasite interaction. 
  Proc. 10th Intern. Cong. Ent. 2: 
  679-86.   Burnett, T.  1979. 
  An acarine predator-prey population infesting roses.  Res. Popul.
  Ecol. 20:  227-34.   Campbell, A., B. D. Frazier, N. Gilbert, A. P.
  Gutierrez & M. Mackauer.  1974.  The temperature requirements of some aphids
  and their parasites.  Canad. Ent.
  107:  419-23.   Candolle, A. P. de.  1855. 
  Geographique Botanique.  Paris:
  Raisonee.   Carpenter, S. R.  1981. 
  Effect of control measures on pest populations subject to regulation
  by parasites and pathogens.  J. Theor. Biol. 92: 
  181-84.   Chant, D. A.  1961. 
  An experiment in biological control of Tetranychus telarius
  (L.) (Acarina: Tetranychidae) in a greenhouse using the predaceous mite Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot
  (Phytoseiidae).  Canad. Ent. 93:  437-43.   Chapman, R. N.  1928. 
  The quantitative analysis of environmental factors.  Ecology 9:  111-22   Chapman, R. N.  1931. 
  Animal Ecology, With Especial Reference to Insects.  McGraw-Hill, New York.  464 p.   Chesson, J.  1983. 
  The estimation and analysis of preference and its relationship to
  foraging models. Ecology 64: 
  1297-1304.   Chesson, P. L.  1981. 
  Models of spatially distributed populations:  the effect of within-patch variability.  Theor. Popul. Biol. 19:  288-325.   Chesson, P. L. & W. W.
  Murdoch.  1986.  Relationships among host- parasitoid
  models.  Am. Nat. 127:  696-715.   Chitty, D.  1958. 
  Self-regulation of numbers through changes in viability.  Cold Spring Harbor Symposia Quant. Biol.
  22:  277-80.   Chitty, D.  1960. 
  Population processes in the vole and their relevance to general
  theory.  Canad. J. Zool. 38:  99-113   Chitty, D., D. Pimentel
  & C. J. Krebs.  1967.  Food supply of overwintered voles.  J. Anim. Ecol.
  37:  113-20.   Clarke, C. H. D.  1936. 
  Fluctuations in numbers of ruffed grouse, Bonasa umbellus
  (Linne).  Univ. Toronto Stud. Biol. Ser. No. 41: 118 p.   Clements, F. E.  1916. 
  Plant succession.  Carnegie
  Inst. Wash. Publ. 242.   Cole, L. C.  1950. 
  Principles of animal ecology--an appraisal.  Ecology 31:  153-55.   Cole, L. C.  1955. 
  The distribution and abundance of animals--a review.  Ecology 36:  538-39.   Comins, H. N. & M. P.
  Hassell.  1976.  Predation in multi-prey communities.  J. Theor.
  Biol. 62:  93-114.   Comins, H. N. & M. P.
  Hassell.  1987.  The dynamics of predation and competition
  in patchy environments.  Theor. Popul.
  Biol. 31:  393-421.   Comins, H. N. & P. W.
  Wellings.  1985.  Density-related parasitoid sex
  ratios:  influence on host-parasitoid
  dynamics.  J. Anim. Ecol. 54: 
  583-95.   Connell, J. H.  1975. 
  Some mechanisms producing structure in natural communities:  a model and evidence from field
  experiments. p. 460-90.  In:  M. L. Cody & J. M. Diamond (eds.), Ecology and Evolution of
  Communities.  Harvard Univ. Press,
  Cambridge, Mass.   Connell, J. H.  1983. 
  On the prevalence and relative importance of interspecific
  competition:  evidence from field
  experiments.  Amer. Nat. 122:  661-96.   Conway, G. R.  1977. 
  Mathematical models in applied ecology.  Nature 269:  291-97.   Conway, G. R.  1984. 
  Pest and Pathogen Control: 
  Strategic, Tactical and Policy Models.  John Wiley & Sons, New York.  488 p.   Cramer, N. F. & R. M.
  May.  1972.  Interspecific competition, predation and species
  diversity:  a comment.  J. Theor.
  Biol. 34:  289-90.   Crawley, M. J.  1989. 
  Insect herbivores and plant population dynamics.  Ann. Rev. Ent. 34:  531-64.   Crowley, P. H.  1977. 
  Spatially distributed stochasticity and the constancy of
  ecosystems.  Bull. Math. Biol. 39:  157-66.   Crowley, P. H.  1978. 
  Effective size and the persistence of ecosystems.  Oecologia
  35:  185-95.   Crowley, P. H. 
  1981.  Dispersal and the
  stability of predator-prey interactions. 
  Amer. Natur. 118:  673-701.   Crombie, A. D.  1945. 
  On competition between different species of graminivorous
  insects.  Proc. Roy. Soc. Ser. B, 132: 
  362-95.   Cuff, W. R. & J. M.
  Hardman.  1980.  A development of the Leslie matrix
  formulation for restructuring and extending an ecosystem model:  The infestation of stored wheat by Sitophilus oryzae.  Ecological
  Modelling 9:  281-305.   Curry, G. L. & J. R.
  Gate.  1984.  Strategies for cotton-boll weevil management in Texas.  In Conway, G. R. (ed.) Pest and Pathogen Control:  Strategic, Tactical & Policy
  Models.  John Wiley & Sons, New
  York. p. 159-83. Curry, G. L. & R. M.
  Feldman.  1987.  Mathematical Foundations of Population
  Dynamics.  TEES Monograph Series No.
  3.   Darwin, C.  1859. 
  The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the
  Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle For Life.  Murray Publ., London.   Darwin, C.  1909. 
  On the Origin of Species (1859). 
  (Reprinted by Cassell & Co., Ltd., London.)  430 p.   De Jong, G.  1979.  The influence of the distribution of
  juveniles over patches of food on the dynamics of a population.  Neth. J. Zool. 29:  33-51.   de Jong, G.  1981.  The influence of dispersal pattern on the
  evolution of fecundity.  Neth. J.
  Zool. 32:  1-30.   DeBach, P.  1966. 
  The competitive displacement and coexistence principles.  Ann. Rev. Ent.
  11:  183-212   DeBach, P. & H. S. Smith.  1941. 
  The effect of host density on the rate of reproduction of
  entomophagous parasites.  J. Econ. Ent. 34: 
  741-45.   Den Boer, P. J. 
  1968.  Spreading of risk
  and stabilization of animal numbers. 
  Acta Biotheoretica 18:  165-94.   Dover, M. J., B. A. Croft,
  S. M. Welch & R. L. Tummala. 
  1979.  Biological control of Panonychus ulmi (Acarina: 
  Tetranychidae) by Amblyseius
  fallacis (Acarina:
  Phytoseiidae) on apple:  a
  prey-predator model.  Environ. Ent.
  8:  282-92.   Ehler, L. E.  1976. 
  The relationship between theory and practice in biological
  control.  Bull. Ent. Soc. Amer. 22: 
  319-21.     Ehler, L. E.  1986.  Distribution of progeny in two effective
  parasites of a gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae).  Environ. Ent. 15:  1268-71.   Ehler, L. E. & R. W. Hall.  1982. 
  Evidence for competitive exclusion of introduced natural enemies in
  biological control.  Environ. Ent. 11: 
  1-4.   Ehrlich, P. R. & L. C. Birch.  1967. 
  The "balance of nature" and "population
  control."  Amer. Natur. 101:  97-107.   Elton, C.  1927. 
  Animal Ecology.  Sedgwick &
  Jackson, Ltd., London Press.  107 p.   Elton, C.  1930.  Animal Ecology and Evolution.  Oxford Press.   Elton. C.  1932. 
  Territory among wood ants (Formica
  rufa L.) at Picket
  Hill.  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 1: 69-76.   Elton, C.  1946. 
  Competition and the structure of animal communities.  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 15:  54-68.   Embree, D. G. 
  1971.  The biological
  control of the winter moth in eastern Canada by introduced parasites (p.
  217-26).  In: Biological Control, C. B. Huffaker (ed.).  Plenum Press, New York.  511 p.   Errington, P. L.  1946. 
  Predation and vertebrate populations. 
  Quart. Rev. Biol. 21:  144-77,
  221-45.   Ewald, P. W.  1987.  Pathogen induced cycling of outbread
  insect populations, p. 269-86.  In:  P. Barbosa & J. C. Schultz (eds.), Insect Outbreaks.  Acad. Press, San Diego.   Falcon, L. A.  1982. 
  Use of pathogenic viruses as agents for the biological control of
  insect pests.  In:  Population
  Biology of Infectious Diseases, R. M. Anderson & R. M. May (eds.).  p 191-210.  Springer-Verlag, New York.   Feeny, P.  1976. 
  Plant apparency and chemical defense. p. 1-40.  In:  J. W. Wallcae & R. L. Mansell (eds.),
  Biochemical Interaction Between Plants and Insects.  Plenum Press, New York.   Fisher, R. A.  1930. 
  The genetical theory of natural selection.  Oxford Press.   Flueckiger, G. R. & G.
  Benz.  1982.  A temperature-driven model to simulate the population
  development of the summerfruit tortrix Adoxophyes
  orana.  Ent. Exp. & Appl.
  32:  161-72.   Foerster, H. von. 
  1959.  Some remarks on
  changing populations.  In:  F. Stahlman, Jr. (ed.), The Kinetics of
  Cellular Proliferation.  Grune &
  Stratton, New York. p. 382-407.   Force, D. C.  1972. 
  r and K-strategists in endemic host-parasitoid communities.  Bull. Ent. Soc. Amer. 18: 
  135-37.   Frazer, B. D. & N. Gilbert.  1976. 
  Coccinellids and aphids:  a
  quantitative study of the impact of adult ladybirds (Coleoptera:
  Coccinellidae) preying on field populations of pea aphids (Homoptera: Aphididae).  J. Ent. Soc. Brit. Columbia 73:  33-56.   Frazer, B. D., N. Gilbert,
  P. M. Ives & D. A. Raworth. 
  1981.  Predator reproduction
  and the overall predator-prey relationship. 
  Canad. Ent. 113:  1015-24.   Free, G. A., J. R.
  Beddington & J. H. Lawton. 
  1977.  On the inadequacy of
  simple models of mutual interference for parasitism and predation.  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 46:  543-54.   Fujii, K.  1968. 
  Studies on interspecies competition between the azuki bean weevil and
  the southern cowpea weevil.  III.  Some characteristics of strains of two
  species.  Res. Popul. Biol. 10:  87-98.   Fujii, K.  1969. 
  Studies on interspecies competition between the azuki bean weevil and
  the southern cowpea weevil.  IV.  Competition between strains.  Res. Popul.
  Ecol. 11:  84-91.   Fujii, K.  1970. 
  Studies on interspecies ompetition between the azuki bean weevil and
  the southern cowpea weevil. V.  The
  role of adult behavior in competition. 
  Res. Popul. Ecol. 12:  233-42.   Fujii, K.  1977. 
  Complexity-stability relationships of two-prey--one-predator species
  systems model:  local and global
  stability.  J. Theor. Biol. 69: 
  613-23.   Futuyma, D. J. 
  1976.  Food plant
  specialization and environmental predictability in Lepidoptera.  Amer. Natur.
  110:  285-92.   Gause, G. F.  1934.  The Struggle For Existence.  Williams & Wilkins Co.,
  Baltimore.  163 p.   Gause, G. F.  1936. 
  The principles of biocoenology. 
  Quart. Rev. Biol. 11:  320-36.   Gause, G. F. & A. A.
  Witt.  1935.  Behavior of mixed populations and the problem of natural
  selection.  Amer. Nat. 69: 
  596-609.   Getz, W. M. & A. P. Gutierrez.  1982.  A
  perspective on systems analysis in crop production and insect pest
  management.  Ann. Rev. Ent. 27: 
  447-66   Gilbert, N.  1980a.  Comparative dynamics of a single-host
  aphid.  I. The evidence.  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 49:  351-69.   Gilbert, N. 
  1980b.  Comparative dynamics of a
  single-host aphid.  II.  Theoretical consequences.  J. Anim. Ecol. 49:  371-80.   Gilbert, N.  1984. 
  What they didn't tell you about limit cycles.  Oecologia 65:  112-13   Gilbert, N. & A. P.
  Gutierrez.  1973.  A plant-aphid-parasite relationship.  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 42:  323-40.   Gilbert, N., A. P. Gutierrez, B. D. Frazer & R. E.
  Jones.  1976.  Ecological Relationships.  Freeman & Co., New York   Gleason, H. A.  1926. 
  The individualistic concept of the plant association.  Bull. Torrey Botanical Club 53:  7-26.   Glen, R.  1954. 
  Factors that affect insect abundance. 
  J. Econ. Ent. 47:  398-405.   Godfray, H. C. J. & S.
  P. Blythe.  1990.  Complex dynamics in multispecies
  communities.  Phil. Trans. Toy. Soc.,
  London, Series B, 330:  2221-33.   Godfray, H. C. J. & M.
  P. Hassell.  1987.  Natural enemies may be a cause of discrete
  generation in tropical insects. 
  Nature 327:  144-47.   Godfray, H. C. J. & M.
  P. Hassell.  1989.  Discrete and continuous insect populations
  in tropical environments.  J. Anim. Ecol. 58: 
  153-74.   Goeden, R. D. & L. T. Kok.  1986. 
  Comments on a proposed "new" approach for selecting agents
  for the biological control of weeds. 
  Canad. Ent. 118:  51-58.   Goss-Custard, J. D.  1970. 
  The response of redshank (Tringa
  totanus (L.)) to spatial
  variations in the density of their prey. 
  J. Anim. Ecol. 39:  91-113.   Goudriaan, J.  1975. 
  Dispersion in simulation models of population growth and salt movement
  in the soil.  Neth. J. Agric. Sci.
  21:  269-81.   Grimaldi, D. & J.
  Jaenike.  1984.  Competition in natural populations of
  mycophagous Drosophila.  Ecology 65:  1113-20.   Grinnell, J.  1928. 
  The presence and absence of animals. 
  Univ. Calif. Chron. 30: 
  429-450 (reprinted In:
  Joseph Grinnell's Philosophy of Nature; selected writings of a western
  naturalist.)  Univ of Calif. Press,
  Berkeley 1943.  237 p.   Gross, P. & P. W.
  Price.  1988.  Plant influences on parasitism of two
  leafminers:  A test of enemy-free
  space.  Ecology 69:  1506-16.   Gurney, S. W. C., R. M.
  Nisbet & J. H. Lawton.  1983.  The systematic formulation of tractable
  single-species population models incorporating age structure.  J. Anim. Ecol.
  52:  479-95.   Gutierrez, A. P. 
  1977.  The interaction of
  pink bollworm (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), cotton and weather:  a detailed model.  Canad. Ent. 109:  1457-68.   Gutierrez, A. P. 
  1990.  Supply-demand
  driven models in applied ecology.  J. Anim. Ecol. (in press).   Gutierrez, A. P. 
  1992.  Technical
  Report  on  populations., University of California, Berkeley, CA.   Gutierrez, A. P. & Y. H. Wang.  1976. 
  Applied population ecology: 
  models for crop production and pest management.  In:  G. A. Norton & C. S. Holling (eds.),
  Pest Management, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis Proc.,
  Ser., Pergamon Press, Oxford.   Gutierrez, A. P. & J. U. Baumgaertner.  1984a. 
  Multitrophic level models of predator-prey-energetics:  I. 
  Age specific energetics models-pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum
  (Harris) (Homoptera: Aphididae) as an example.  Canad. Ent. 116:  924-32.   Gutierrez, A. P. & J. U. Baumgaertner.  1984b. 
  Multitrophic level models of predator-prey-energetics:  II. 
  A realistic model of plant-herbivore-parasitoid- predator interactions.
   Canad. Ent.
  116:  933-49.   Gutierrez, A. P., J. U. Baumgaertner & K. S.
  Hagen.  1981.  A conceptual model for growth, development
  and reproduction int he ladybird beetle, Hippodamia
  convergens (Coleoptera:
  Coccinellidae).  Canad. Ent. 113: 
  21-33.   Gutierrez, A. P., J. U. Baumgaertner & C. G.
  Summers.  1984a.  Multitrophic level models of predator-prey
  energetics:  III.  A case study in an alfalfa ecosystem.  Canad. Ent.
  116:  950-63.   Gutierrez, A. P., G. D. Butler, Y Wang & D.
  Westphal.  1977a.  The interaction of pink bollworm
  (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), cotton, and weather:  a detailed model.  Canad. Ent. 109: 
  1457-68.   Gutierrez, A. P., D. W. DeMichele & Y. Wang.  1976. 
  New systems technology for cotton production and pest management.  XV Internatl. Congr. Ent., Washington, D.
  C., Aug. 1976.  p. 553-59.   Gutierrez, A. P., W. H.
  Denton, R. Shade, H. Maltby, T. Burger & G. Moorhead.  1974. 
  The within-field dynamics of the cereal leaf beetle (Oulema melanopus (L.)) in wheat and oats.  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 43:  627-40.   Gutierrez, A. P., L. A. Falcon, W. Loew, P. A. Leipzig
  & R. van den Bosch.  1975.  An analysis of cotton production in
  California:  a model for Acala cotton
  and the effects of defoliators on its yield. 
  Environ. Ent. 4:  125-36.   Gutierrez, A. P., D. E.
  Havenstein, H. A. Nix & P. A. Moore. 
  1974.  The ecology of Aphis craccivora Koch and subterranean clover stunt virus in
  Southeast Australia.  J. Appl. Ecol.
  11:  1-20.   Gutierrez, A. P., T. F. Leigh, Y. Wang & R. D.
  Cave.  1977. 
  An analysis of cotton production in California:  Lygus
  hesperus (Heteroptera:
  Miridae) injury - an evaluation.  Canad. Ent. 109: 
  1375-86.   Gutierrez, A. P., Y. H. Wang & R. Daxi.  1979. 
  The interaction of cotton and boll weevil.  A study of co-adaptation. 
  Canad. Ent. 111:  357-67.   Gutierrez, A. P., P. Neuenschwander, F. Schulthess, B.
  Wermelinger, H. R. Herren, J. U. Baumgaertner & C. K. Ellis.  1988. 
  Analysis of the biological control of cassava pests in West Africa,
  II.  The interaction of cassava and
  cassava mealybug.  J. Appl. Ecol.
  25:  921-40.   Gutierrez, A. P., M. A. Pizzamiglio, W. J. Dos
  Santos, R. Tennyson & A. M. Villacorta. 
  1984b.  A general
  distributed delay time varying life table plant population model:  cotton (Gossypium hirsutum
  L.) growth and development as an example. 
  Ecol. Modelling 26:  231-49.   Gutierrez, A. P., F.
  Schulthess, L. T. Wilson, A. M. Villacorta, C. K. Ellis & J. U.
  Baumgaertner.  1987.  Energy acquisition and allocation in
  plants and insects:  a hypothesis for
  the possible role of hormones in insect feeding patterns.  Canad. Ent.
  119:  109-29.   Gutierrez, A. P., B. Wermelinger, F. Schulthess, C. K.
  Ellis, J. U. Baumgaertner & S. J. Yaninek.  1988.  Analysis of the
  biological control of cassava pests in West Africa.  I.  Simulation of carbon,
  nitrogen and water dynamics in cassave. 
  J. Appl. Ecol. 25:  901-20.   Gutierrez, A. P., S. J. Yaninek, B. Wermelinger, H. R.
  Herren & C. K. Ellis.  1988.  Analysis of the biological control of
  cassava pests in West Africa. 
  III.  The interaction of
  cassava and cassava green mite.  J.
  Appl. Ecol. 25:  941-50.1   Hagen, K. S.  1976.  Role of nutrition in insect
  management.  Proc. Tall Timbers Conf.
  on Ecological Animal Control by Habitat Management, Feb. 28 - March 1, 1984.  Gainesville, FL., p 221-61.   Hairston, N. G., F. E. Smith
  & L. B. Slobdkin.  1960.  Community structure, population control,
  and competition.  Amer. Nat. 94: 
  421-25.   Hamai, J. & C. B. Huffaker.  1978. 
  Potential of predation by Metaseiulus
  occidentalis in compensating
  for increased, nutritionally induced, power of increase of Tetranychus urticae.  Entomophaga
  23:  225-37.   Hanski, I.  1981.  Coexistence of competitors in patchy
  environment with and without predation. 
  Oikos 37:  306-12.   Harcourt, D. G.  1971. 
  Population dynamics of Leptinotarsa
  decemlineata (Say) in
  eastern Ontario.  III.  Ajor population processes.  Canad. Ent. 103:  1049-61.   Hardman, J. M., W. A.
  Charnetski & M. K. Mukerji. 
  1985.  A model simulating
  grasshopper damage to wheat planted in infested stubble.  J. Appl. Ecol. 22:  373-94. Harper, J. L. & J.
  White.  1974.  The demography of plants.  Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 5:  419-63.   Hartstack, A. W. & W. L.
  Sterling.  1986.  Texas cotton fleahopper model users
  guide.  Version 2.  Basic. 
  Tex. Agr. Expt. Sta. Misc. Publ. 1595.  68 p.   Hartstack, A. W. & W. L.
  Sterling.  1988.  TEXCIM23: 
  The Texas cotton-insect model. 
  Texas Agr. Expt. sta. Misc. Publ. MP 1646.  38 p.   Hartstack, A. W. & W. L.
  Sterling.  1989.  TEXCIM30: 
  The Texas cotton-insect model. 
  Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. Misc. Publ. MP 1646, revised.  105 p.   Hartstack, A. W. et al.  1989. 
  TEXCIM40:  The Texas
  cotton-insect model.  Texas Agr. Expt.
  Sta. Misc. Publ. MP 1646, revised.   Hassell, M. P.  1968.  The behavioural response of a tachinid fly
  (Cyzenis albicans (Fallen)) to its host,
  the winter moth (Operophtera
  brumata (L.)).  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 37:  627-39.   Hassell, M. P.  1975.  Density dependence in single-species
  populations.  J. Anim. Ecol. 42: 693-726.   Hassell, M. P.  1978.  The Dynamics of Arthropod Predator-prey
  Systems.  Princeton Univ. Press.   Hassell, M. P.  1979.  The dynamics of predator-prey
  interactions:  Polyphagous predators,
  competing predators and hyperparasitoids. 
  In:  Population dynamics, R. Anderson, B.
  Turner & L. R. Taylor (eds.). 
  Blackwell Scien. Publ., Oxford.   Hassell, M. P.  1980.  Foraging strategies, population models and
  biological control:  a case
  study.  J. Anim. Ecol. 48: 
  603-28.   Hassell, M. P.  1984.  Host-parasitoid models and biological
  control.  In:  G. R. Conway
  (ed.), Pest and Pathogen Control: 
  Strategies, Tactics & Policy Models.  John Wiley & Sons, New York.  p. 73-92.   Hassell, M. P.  1969.  A population model for the interaction
  between Cyzenis albicans (Fall.) (Tachinidae)
  and Operophtera brumata (L.) (Geometridae) at
  Wytham, Berkshire.  J. Anim. Ecol. 38: 
  567-76.   Hassell, M. P.  1986.  Parasitoids and population
  regulation.  In:  J. Waage &
  D. Greathead (eds.), Insect Parasitoids. 
  Academic Press, London.  389 p.   Hassell, M. P. & H. N.
  Comins.  1976.  Discrete time models for two-species
  competition.  Theor. Pop. Biol.
  9:  202-21.   Hassell, M. P. & C. B.
  Huffaker.  1969.  Regulatory processes and population
  cyclicity in laboratory populations of Anagasta
  kuhniella (Zeller)
  (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae).  III.  The development of population models.  Res. Popul.
  Ecol. 11:  186-210.   Hassell, M. P. & R. M.
  May.  1973.  Stability in insect host-parasite models.  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 42:  693-726.   Hassell, M. P. & R. M.
  May.  1974.  Aggregation in predators and insect parasites and its effect on
  stability.  J. Anim. Ecol. 43: 
  567-94.   Hassell, M. P. & R. M.
  May.  1986.  Generalist and specialist natural enemies in insect
  predator-prey interactions.  J. Anim. Ecol. 55: 
  923-40.   Hassell, M. P. & S. Pacala.  1990. 
  Heterogeneity and the dynamics of host-parasitoid interactions.  Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., London, Series B,
  330:  203-20.   Hassell, M. P. & G. C. Varley.  1969. 
  New inductive population model for insect parasites and its bearing on
  biological control.  Nature 223:  1133-37.   Hassell, M. P. & J. K.
  Waage.  1984.  Host parasitoid interactions.  Ann. Rev. Ent. 29:  89-114.   Hassell, M. P., J. H. Lawton
  and J. R. Beddington.  1976.  The components of arthropod
  predation.  I.  The prey death-rate.  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 45:  135-64.   Hassell, M. P., J. H. Lawton
  & J. R. Beddington.  1976.  The components of arthropod
  predation.  I.  The prey death-rate.  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 45:  135-64.   Hassell, M. P., J. H. Lawton
  & J. R. Beddington.  1977.  Sigmoid functional responses by
  invertebrate predators and parasitoids. 
  J. Anim. Ecol. 46:  249-62.   Hassell, M. P., J. H. Lawton
  & R. M. May.  1976.  Patterns of dynamical behavior in single
  species populations.  J. Anim. Ecol. 45: 
  471-86.   Hassell, M. P., J. K. Waage
  & R. M. May.  1983.  Variable parasitoid sex ratios and their
  effect on host-parasitoid dynamics.  J. Anim. Ecol. 52: 
  889-904.   Hassell, M. P., S. Pacala,
  R. M. May & P. L. Chesson. 
  1991.  The persistence of
  host-parasitoid associations in patchy environments.  I. 
  A general criterion.  Amer.
  Nat. (in press).   Hawkins, B. A.  1988. 
  Species diversity in the third and fourth trophic levels:  Patterns and mechanisms.  J. Anim. Ecol. 57:  137-62.   Hawkins, B. A. & J. H.
  Lawton.  1987.  Species richness for parasitoids of
  British phytophagous insects.  Nature
  326:  788-90.   Hawkins, B. A., R. R. Askey
  and M. R. Shaw.  1990.  Influences of host feeding-biology and
  plant arcitecture on generalist and specialist parasitoids.  Ecol. Ent. 15:  275-80.   Hawkins, B. A. & P.
  Gross.  1991.  Species richness and population limitation
  in insect parasitoid-host systems. 
  Amer. Natur. (in press).   Hearn, A. B., P. M. Ives, P.
  M. Room, N. J. Thomson & L. T. Wilson. 
  1981.  Comptuter-based cotton
  pest management in Australia.  Field
  Crops Res. 4:  321-32.   Herren, H. R.  1981.  Biological control of the cassava
  mealybug.  In:  E. R. Terry,
  K. A. Oduro & F. Caveness (eds.), Tropical Root Crops, Research
  Strategies for the 1980's.  Proc.
  First Triennial Root Crops Symp. 8-12 Sept. 1980, Ibadan, Nigeria. p. 79-80.   Herren, H. R. & K. M.
  Lema.  1982.  Mealybug- first successful releases.  CIBC Biological Control News and Info., C.A.B. 3:  186.   Herren, H. R. & K. M.
  Lema.  1983.  Follow up on previous releases of natural enemies.  IITA Ann. Rep. 1982:  94-96.   Herren, H. R., K. M. Lema & P. Neuenschwander.  1983. 
  Biological control of the mealybug Phenacoccus
  manihoti and the green
  spider mite complex Mononchellus
  spp. on cassava Manihot esculenta in Africa.  10th Intern. Cong., Brighton, England,
  20-25 Nov, 1983.   Herren, H. R., P. Neuenschwander, R. D. Hennessey &
  W. N. O. Hammond.  1987.  Introduction and dispersal of Epidinocarsis lopezi (Hym., Encyrtidae), an
  exotic parasitoid of the cassava mealybug Phenacoccus
  manihoti (Hom.,
  Pseudococcidae) in Africa.  In:  Africa Agric. Ecosystems & Environ. 19:  131-44.   Hochberg, M. E.  1989. 
  The potential role of pathogens in biological control.  Nature 337:  262-64.   Hochberg, M., M. P. Hassell
  & R. M. May.  1990.  The dynamics of host-parasitoid-pathogen
  interactions.  Amer. Nat. 94: 
  74-94.   Hokkanen, H. M. T. 
  1985.  Success in
  classical biological control.  Crit.
  Rev. in Plant Sci. 3(1):  35-72.   Hokkanen, H. & D. Pimentel.  1984.  New
  approach for selecting biological control agents.  Canad. Ent. 116: 
  1109-21.   Holdaway, F. G.  1932. 
  An experimental study of the growth of populations of the flour
  beetle, Tribolium confusum Duval, as affected by
  atmospheric moisture.  Ecol. Monog. 2:  262-304.   Holling, C. S.  1959a. 
  The components of predation as revealed by a study of small mammal
  predation of the European pine sawfly. 
  Canad. Ent. 91:  293-320.   Holling, C. S.  1959b. 
  Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism.  Canad. Ent. 91:  385-98.   Holling, C. S.  1965. 
  The functional response of predators to prey density and its role in
  mimicry and population regulation. 
  Mem. Ent. Soc. Canad. 45: 
  1-60.   Holling, C. S.  1966. The functional response of
  invertebrate predators to prey density. 
  Mem. Ent. Soc. Canad. 48:  86
  p.   Horn, H. S. & R. H.
  MacArthur.  1972.  Competition between fugitive species in a
  harlequin environment.  Ecology 53:  749-52.   Howard, H. E.  1920. 
  Territory in Bird Life.  London
  Press.   Howarth, F. G.  1983. 
  Classical biocontrol:  panacea
  or pandora's box.  Hawaiian Ent. Soc.
  24:  239-44.   Huffaker, C. B.  1958. 
  Experimental studies on predation: 
  dispersion factors and predator-prey oscillations.  Hilgardia 27:  343-83.   Huffaker, C. B.  1980. 
  New Technology of Pest Control. 
  John Wiley & Sons, New York. 
  p. 500.   Huffaker, C. B., K. P. Shea
  & S. G. Herman.  1963.  Experimental studies on predation:  complex dispersion and levels of food in
  an acarine predator-prey interaction. 
  Hilgardia 34:  305-30.   Huffaker, C. B., P. S. Messenger & P. DeBach.  1971. 
  The natural enemy component in natural control and the theory of
  biological control.  In:  Biological Control, C. B. Huffaker (ed.) p. 16-67.  Plenum Press, New York.   Hughes, R. D.  1963. 
  Population dynamics of the cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae
  (L.).  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 32:  393-424.   Hughes, R. D. & N.
  Gilbert.  1968.  A model of an aphid population-- a general
  statement.  J. Anim. Ecol. 37: 
  553-63.   Huston, M. D. DeAngelis & W. Post.  1988. 
  New computer model unify ecological theory.  Bioscience 38:  682-91.   Ives, A. R. & R. M.
  May.  1985.  Competition within and between species in a patchy
  environment:  relations between
  microscopic and macroscopic models.  J. Theor. Biol. 115: 
  65-92.   Ives, P. M.  1981a. 
  Estimation of coccinellid numbers and movement in the field.  Canad. Ent. 113:  981-97.   Ives, P. M.  1981b. 
  Feeding and egg production of two species of coccinellids in the
  laboratory.  Canad. Ent. 113:  999-1005.   Jaenike, J.  1978. 
  Resource predictability and niche breadth in the Drosophila quinaria
  species group.  Evolution 32: 
  676-78.   Janisch, E. 
  1938.  Untersuchungen über den
  Massenwechsel von Schadinsekten.  Z.
  Pflkrankh. 48:  435-45.   Janisch, E. 
  1939.  Die Beduetung des
  Optimums für den Massenwechsel forstschädlicher Insekten.  Verh. 7. Int. Kongr. Ent., Berlin 1938,
  3:  1974-89.   Jones, T. H. & M. P. Hassell.  1988. 
  Patterns of parasitism by Trybliographa
  rapae, a cynipid parasitoid of
  the cabbage root fly, under laboratory and field conditions.  Ecol. Ent.
  13:  309-17.   Kakehashi, N., Y. Suzuki & Y. Iwasa.  1984. 
  Niche overlap in parasitoids in host-parasitoid systems:  its consequence to single versus multiple
  introduction controversy in biological control.  J. Appl. Ecol. 21: 
  115-31.   Kareiva, P.  1989. 
  Renewing the dialogue between theory and experiments in population
  ecology. p. 68-88.  In:  J. Roughgarden, R. M. May and S. A. Levin (eds.), Perspectives
  in Ecological Theory.  Princeton Univ.
  Press, Princeton, New Jersey.   Kareiva, P. & G. M. Odell.  1987. 
  Swarms of predators exhibit 'preytaxis' if individual predators use
  area restricted search.  Amer. Nat. 130: 
  233-70.   Kermack, W. O. & A. G. McKendrick.  1927.  A
  contribution to the mathematical theory of epidemics.  Proc. Roy. Soc. London (A) 115:  700-21.   Kowalski, R.  1976. 
  Philonthus decorus (Gr.) (Coleoptera:
  Staphylinidae): its biology in relation to its action as a predator of winter
  moth pupae (Operophtera brumata) (Lepidoptera:
  Geometridae).  Pediobiologia 16:  233-42.   Lack, D.  1954. 
  The Natural Regulation of Animal Numbers.  Clarendon Press, Oxford, England.  343 p.   Lack, D.  1955. 
  The mortality factors affecting adult numbers.  In:  "The Numbers of Man and
  Animals", Institute of Biology, Oliver & Boyd, Edinburgh.   Laing, J. E. & C. B.
  Huffaker.  1969.  Comparative studies of predation by Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot and Metaseiulus occidentalis (Acarina:
  Phytoseiidae) on populations of Tetranychus
  urticae Koch (Acarina:
  Tetranychidae).  Res. Popul. Ecol. 11:  105-26.   Landivar, J. A., B. R.
  Eddleman, J. H. Benedic, D. J. Lawlor, D. Ring & D. T. Gardiner.  1991. 
  ICEMM, an integrated crop ecosystem management model agronomic
  component, p. 1-16.  In:  Proc. Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., Nat. Cotton Council,
  Memphis, TN.   Lawlor, L. R.  1977. 
  A comment on randomly constructed model ecosystems.  Amer. Nat. 111:  445-47.   Lawton, J.  1977. 
  Spokes missing in an ecological wheel.  Nature 265:  768.   Lawton, J. H. & M. P.
  Hassell.  1984.  Interspecific competition in insects, p.
  451-95.  In:  C. B. Huffaker
  & R. L. Rabb (eds.), Ecological Entomology.  John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.   Lawton, J. H. & D. R.
  Strong.  1981.  Community patterns and competition in
  folivorous insects.  Amer. Nat.
  118:  317-38.   Lefkovitch, L. P.  1963. 
  Census studies on unrestricted populations of Lasioderma serricorne
  (F.) (Coleoptera: Anobiidae).  J. Anim. Ecol. 32: 
  221-31.    Legaspie, B. A. C. et
  al.  1989.  Testing the interactions of pest-predator-plant components of
  the TEXCIM Model.  Environ. Ent.
  18(1):  157-63.   1970
   Legner, E. F. & E. C. Bay.  1970. 
  Dynamics of Hippelates eye
  gnat breeding in the Southwest.  Calif.
  Agric. 24(5):  1, 4-6.   1992  Legner,
  E. F. & G. Gordh.  1992.  Lower navel orangeworm (Lepidoptera:
  Phycitidae) population densities following establishment of             Goniozus legneri (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae) in California.  J. Econ.
  Ent. 85(6):  2153-60.   1973   Legner, E. F.
  & R. A. Medved.  1973.  Influence of Tilapia mossambica
  (Peters), T. zillii (Gervais) (Cichlidae) and Mollienesia latipinna             LeSueur
  (Poeciliidae) on pond populations of Culex
  mosquitoes and chironomid midges.  J.
  Amer. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 33(3): 
  354-364.   1983  Legner,
  E. F. & F. W. Pelsue, Jr. 
  1983.  Contemporary appraisal
  of the population dynamics of introduced cichlid fish in south              California. 
  Proc. Calif. Mosq. & Vector Contr. Assoc., Inc. 51:  38-39.   1983  Legner,
  E. F. & R. W. Warkentin. 
  1983.  Questions concerning the
  dynamics of Onthophagus gazella (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
  with             symbovine flies
  in the lower Colorado Desert of California. 
  Proc. Calif. Mosq. & Vector Contr. Assoc., Inc. 51:  99-101.   1975  Legner, E. F., R. A. Medved & G. C.
  McFarland.  1975.  Population density of chironomid midge
  larvae in relation to position             downstream in
  paved channels.  Proc. Calif. Mosq.
  Contr. Assoc., Inc. 43:  107-109.   1980  Legner,
  E. F., D. J. Greathead & I. Moore. 
  1980.  Population density
  fluctuations of predatory and scavenger arthropods in             accumulating
  bovine excrement of three age classes in equatorial East Africa. Bull. Soc.
  Vector Ecol. 5:  23-44.   Leslie, P. H.  1945. 
  On the use of matrices in certain population mathematics.  Biometrika
  33:  183-212.   Leslie, P. H.  1959.  The
  properties of a certain lag type of population growth and the influence of an
  external random factor on a number of such populations.  Physiol. Zool. 32:  151-59.   Leslie, P. H.  1974. 
  Dispersion and population interactions.  Amer. Natur. 108:  207-28.   Leslie, P. H.  & J. C. Gower.  1958. 
  The properties of a stochastic model for two competing species.  Biometrika
  45:  316-30.58   Leslie, P. H. & J. C. Gower.  1960. 
  The properties of a stochastic model for the predator-prey type of
  interaction between two species.  Biometrika 47: 
  219-234. Lessells, C. M. 
  1985.  Parasitoid
  foraging:  should parasitism be
  density dependent?  J. Anim. Ecol. 54: 
  27-41.   Levin, S. A.  1974. 
  Dispersion and population interactions.  Amer. Nat. 108:  207-28.   Levin, S. A.  1976. 
  Population dynamics in heterogeneous environments.  Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 7:  287-310.   Levins, R.  1966. 
  The strategy of model building in population biology.  Amer. Scien. 54:  421-31.   Levins, R. & D.
  Culver.  1971.  Regional coexistence of species and
  competition between rare species. 
  Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 68: 
  1246-48.   Lotka, J. A.  1920. 
  Analytical note on certain rhythmic reactions in organic systems.  Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 6:  410-15.   Lotka, J. A.  1925. 
  Elements of Physical Biology. 
  Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. 
  460 p.   Lotka, A. J.  1932. 
  Growth of mixed populations. 
  J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 22: 
  461-69.   Loehle, C.  1987. 
  Applying artificial intelligence techniques to ecological
  modeling.  Ecol. Modelling 35:  1-20.   Loucks, O. L.  1970. 
  Evolution of diversity, efficiency and community stability.  Amer. Zool. 10:  17-25.   Luck, R. F. & H. Podoler.  1985. 
  Competitive exclusion of Aphytis
  lingnanensis by A. melinus:  Potential
  role of host size.  Ecology 66:  904-13.   Luck, R. F., J. C. van Lenteren, P. H. Twine, L. Kuenen
  & T. Unruh.  1979.  Prey or host searching behavior that leads
  to a sigmoid functional response in invertebrate predators and
  parasitoids.  Res. Pop. Ecol. 10: 
  257-64.   Ludwig, D., D. D. Jones
  & C. S. Holling.  1978.  Qualitative analysis of insect outbreak
  systems:  the spruce budworm and
  forest.  J. Anim. Ecol. 47: 
  315-32.   MacLagan, D. S. & E. Dunn.  1935. 
  Experimental analysis of population growth.  Nature, London 135: 
  33-4.   McNamee, P. J., J. M. McLeod
  & C. S. Holling.  1981.  The structure and behavior of defoliating
  insect/forest systems.  Univ. Brit.
  Columb. Ins. Resour. Ecol. Publ. R-25: 
  1-89.   Malthus, T. R.  On the Principle of Population.  London Press.   Manly, B. F. J.  1973. 
  A linear model for frequency-dependent selection by predators.  Res. Popul.
  Ecol. 14:  137-50.   Mantsch, T. J.  1976.  Time-varying distributed delays and their
  use in aggregative models of large systems. 
  IEEE Trans. Sys., Man & Cyber. 6: 
  547-53.   May, R. M.  1972. 
  Limit cycles in predator-prey communities.  Science 177:  900-02.   May, R. M.  1973. 
  Stability and Complexity in Model Ecosystems.  Princeton Univ. Press.   May, R. M.  1975. 
  Biological population obeying difference equations:  stable points, stable cycles and chaos.  J. Theor.
  Biol. 51:  511-24.   May, R. M.  1978. 
  Host-parasitoid systems in patchy environments: a phenomenological
  model.  J. Anim. Ecol. 47: 
  833-43.   May, R. M. (ed.)  1981. 
  Theoretical Ecology: 
  Principles and Applications.  2nd ed. 
  Sinauer, Sunderland.   May, R. M.  1985. 
  Regulation of population with nonoverlapping generations by
  microparasites:  a purely chaotic
  system.  Amer. Nat. 125:  573-84.   May, R. M. & M. P.
  Hassell.  1981.  The dynamics of multiparasitoid-host
  interactions.  Amer. Nat. 117:  234-61.   May, R. M. & M. P.
  Hassell.  1988.  Population dynamics and biological
  control.  Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc.
  London (B) 318:  129-69.   May, R. M. & G. F.
  Oster.  1976.  Bifurcations and dynamic complexity in
  simple ecological models.  Amer. Nat.
  110:  573-99.   May, R. M., G. R. Conway, M.
  P. Hassell & T. R. E. Southwood. 
  1974.  Time delays, density
  dependence, and single-species oscillations. 
  J. Anim. Ecol. 43:  747-70.   May, R. M., M. P. Hassell,
  R. M. Anderson & D. W. Tonkyn. 
  1981.  Density dependence in
  host-parasitoid models.  J. Anim. Ecol. 50: 
  855-65.   Maynard Smith, J.  1974. 
  Models in Ecology.  Cambridge
  Univ. Press, New York.   Maynard Smith, J. & M.
  Slatkin.  1973.  The stability of predator-prey
  systems.  Ecology 54:  384-91.   McClure, M. S.  1977. 
  Parasitism of the scale insect Fiorinia
  externa (Homoptera:
  Diaspididae) by Aspidiotiphagus
  citrinus (Hymenoptera:
  Eulophidae) in a hemlock forest: 
  density dependence.  Environ.
  Ent. 6:  551-55.   Menge, B. A. & J. P. Sutherland.  1976. 
  Species diversity gradients: 
  synthesis of the roles of predation, competition and temporal
  heterogeneity.  Amer. Nat. 110:  351-69.   Metcalf, J. R.  1971. 
  Observations on the ecology of Saccharosydne
  saccharivora (Westw.) (Hem.,
  Hom., Delphacidae) in Jamaican sugar-cane fields.  Bull. Ent. Res. 60: 
  565-96.   Milne, A.  1943. 
  The comparison of sheep-tick populations (Ixodes ricinus
  L.).  Ann. Appl. Biol. 30:  240-50.   Milne, A.  1957a. 
  The natural control of insect populations.  Canad. Ent. 89: 
  193-213.   Milne, A.  1957b. 
  Theories of natural control of insect populations.  In:  Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on
  Quantitative Biology 22:  253-71.   Milne, A.  1958. 
  Perfect and imperfect density dependence in population dynamics.  Nature 182:  1251.   Mook, L. J.  1963. 
  Birds and the spruce budworm.  In:  The Dynamics of Epidemic Spruce Budworm Populations, R. F.
  Morris (ed.).  Mem. Ent. Soc. Canada
  31:  268-71.   Moran, V. C.  1980. 
  Interactions between phytophagous insects and their Opuntia hosts.  Ecol. Ent. 5:  153-64   Morrison, G. & D. R.
  Strong, Jr.  1980.  Spatial variations in host density and the
  intensity of parasitism:  some
  empirical examples.  Environ. Ent. 9:  149-52.   Morse, J. G. & G. A.
  Simmons.  1979.  Simulations model of gypsy moth introduced
  into Michigan forests.  Environ. Ent.
  8:  293-99.   Mowery, P. D., D. Asquith
  & W. M. Bode.  1975.  Computer simulation for predicting the
  number of Stethorus punctum needed to control the
  European red mite in Pennsylvania apple trees.  J. Econ. Ent. 68:  250-54.   Muenster-Swendson, M. 
  1982.  Interactions within
  a one-host-two-parasitoids system, studied by simulations of spatial
  patterning.  J. Anim. Ecol. 51: 
  97-110.   Muenster-Swendson, M. & G. Nachman.  1978.  A
  synchrony in insect host-parasite interaction and its effect on stability,
  studied by a simulation model.  J. Anim. Ecol. 47: 
  259-71.   Murdie, G. & M. P. Hassell.  1973. 
  Food distribution, searching success and predator-prey models.  In:  The Mathematical Theory of the Dynamics of
  Biological Populations. p 87-101. 
  Academic Press, London   Murdoch, W. W.  1966. 
  Community structure, population control and competition - a
  critique.  Amer. Natur. 100: 
  219-26.   Murdoch, W. W.  1969.  Switching in general predators:  experiments on predator and stability of
  prey populations.  Ecol. Monogr. 39: 
  355.   Murdoch, W. W. 
  1973.  The functional
  response of predators.  J. Appl. Ecol.
  10:  335-42.   Murdoch, W. W. & A. Oaten.  1975. 
  Predation and population stability. 
  Adv. Ecol. Res. 9: 2-131.   Murdoch, W. W., J. D. Reeve, C. B. Huffaker & C. E.
  Kennett.  1984.  Biological control of scale insects and
  ecological theory.  Amer. Nat. 123: 
  l371-92.   Murdoch, W. W., J. Chesson
  & P. L. Chesson.  1985.  Biological control in theory and
  practice.  The Amer. Naturalist 125:  344-66.   Murdoch, W. W., R. M.
  Nisbet, S. P. Blythe, W. S. C. Gurney & J. D. Reeve.  1987. 
  An invulnerable age class and stability in delay-differential
  parasitoid-host models.  Amer. Nat. 129: 
  263-82.   Nachman, G.  1981.  Temporal and spatial dynamics of an acarine
  predatory-prey system.  J. Anim. Ecol. 50: 
  435-51.   Nachman, G. 
  1987a.  Systems analysis of acarine
  predator-prey interactions.  I.  A stochastic simulation model of spatial
  processes.  J. Anim. Ecol. 56: 
  247-65.   Nachman, G. 
  1987b.  Systems analysis of acarine
  predator-prey interactions.  II.  The role of spatial processes in system
  stability.  J. Anim. Ecol. 56: 
  267-81.   Neuenschwander, P., W. N. O. Hammond & R. D.
  Hennessey.  1987.  Changes in the composition of the fauna
  associated with the cassava mealybug, Phenacoccus
  manihoti, following the
  introduction of the parasitoid Epidinocarsis
  lopezi (DeSantis).  In:  Africa-wide Biological Control Project of
  Cassava Pests, P. Neuschwander, J. S. Yaninek & H. R. Herren (eds.).  Insect Sci. Appl. 8:  893-98.   Neyman, J. , T. Park &
  E. L. Scott.  1956.  Struggle for existence:  the Tribolium
  model:  biological and statistical
  aspects.  Proc. Symp. Math. Statistics
  & Probability, Berkeley, CA. 4: 
  41-79.   Nicholson, A. J. 
  1927.  A new theory of
  mimicry in insects.  Australian Zool.
  5: Pt. I.  Sydney.   Nicholson, A. J. 
  1933.  The balance of
  animal populations.  J. Anim. Ecol. 2: 
  131-78.   Nicholson, A. J. 
  1937.  The role of
  competition in determining animal populations.  J. Coun. Sci. Ind. Res. (Australia)
  10:  101-06.   Nicholson, A. J. 
  1947.  Fluctuation of
  animal populations.  Rep. Aust. N.Z.
  Asso. Adv. Sci.  26:  134-48.   Nicholson, A. J. 
  1954a.  An outline of the
  dynamics of animal populations.  Aust. J. Zool. 2: 
  9-65.   Nicholson, A. J. 
  1954b.  Compensatory
  reactions of populations to stresses, and their evolutionary
  significance.  Austral. J. Zool. 2: 
  1-8.   Nicholson, A. J. 
  1954c.  An outline of the
  dynamics of animal populations.  Austral. J. Zool. 2: 
  9-65.   Nicholson, A. J. 
  1957.  The self-adjustment
  of populations to change.  Cold Spring
  Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 22:  153-72.   Nicholson, A. J. & V. A.
  Bailey.  1935.  The balance of animal populations.  Part I. 
  Proc. Zool. Soc. London 3: 
  551-98.   Nisbet, R. M. & W. S. C.
  Gurney.  1982.  Modelling Fluctuating Populations.  John Wiley & Sons, New York.   Notley, F. B. 
  1955.  Bull. Ent. Res.
  46:  899.   Nunney, L.  1980. 
  The influence of the type 3 (sigmoid) functional response upon the
  stability of predator-prey difference models.  Theor. Popul. Biol. 18: 
  257-78.   Odum, E. P.  1971. 
  Fundamentals of Ecology, 35d Ed., W. B. Saunders & Co., Toronto.   Oster, G.  1981. 
  Predicting populations.  Amer. Zool. 21: 
  831-44.   Pacala, S. & M. P. Hassell.  1991. 
  The persistence of host-parasitoid associations in patchy
  environments.  II.  Evaluation of field data.  Amer. Nat. (in press).   Pacala, S., M. P. Hassell
  & R. M. May.  1990.  Host-parasitoid associations in patchy
  environments.  Nature 344:  150-53.   Paine, R. T.  1966. 
  Food web complexity and species diversity.  Amer. Natur. 100: 
  65-75.   Paine, R. T.  1974. 
  Intertidal community structure. 
  Oecologia 15:  93-120.   Park, T.  1948.  Experimental studies of interspecies
  competition.  I.  Competition between populations of the
  flour beetles, Tribolium confusum Duval and Tribolium castaneum Herbst. 
  Ecol. Monog. 18:  265-307.   Park, T.  1954. 
  Experimental studies of interspecies competition.  II. 
  Temperature, humidity and competition in two species of Tribolium.  Physiol. Zool. 27:  177-238.   Park, T.  1955a. 
  Experimental competition in beetles, with some general
  implications.  In:  The Numbers of
  Man and Animals, p. 69-82.  Oliver
  & Boyd, Ltd., London.   Park, T.  1955. 
  Ecological experimentation with animal populations.  Sci. Monthly 81:  271-75.   Park, T.  1957. 
  Experimental studies of interspecies competition.  III. 
  Relation of initial species proportion to competitive outcome in
  populations of Tribolium.  Physiol. Zool. 30:  22-40.   Park, T.  1962. 
  Beetles, competition and populations.  Science 138:  1369-75.   Parrish, J. D. & S. B.
  Saila.  1970.  Interspecific competition, predation and
  species diversity.  J. Theor. Biol.
  27:  207-20.   Pearl, R.  1926. 
  The Biology of Population Growth. 
  London Press.   Perry, J. N. & L. R.
  Taylor.  1986.  Stability of real interacting population
  in space and time:  implications,
  alternatives and the negative binomial kc. 
  J. Anim. Ecol. 55:  1053-68.   Phillipson, J.  1966. 
  Ecological energetics.  Edward
  Arnold Publ., London.   Pianka, E. R.  1974. 
  Evolutionary Ecology.  Harper
  & Row, New York.  356 p.   Pimentel, D. 
  1959.  Animal populations
  in single and mixed species stands of plants.  Anatom. Rec. 134:  625.   Pimentel, D.  1961a. 
  Animal population regulation by the genetic feed-back mechanism. On a
  genetic feed-back mechanism regulating populations of herbivores, parasites
  and predators.  Amer. Naturalist
  95:  65-79.   Pimentel, D.  1961b. 
  The influence of plant spacial patterns on insect populations.  Ann. Ent. Soc.
  Amer.
  54:  61-9.   Pimentel, D.  1961c. 
  Species diversity and insect population outbreaks.  Ann. Ent. Soc.
  Amer.
  54:  76-86.   Pimentel, D.  1961d. 
  Competition and the species-per-genus structure of communities.  Ann. Ent. Soc.
  Amer.
  54:  323-33.   Pimentel, D.  1963a. 
  Natural population regulation and interspecies evolution.  Proc. 16th Intern. Congr. Zool., Wash.,
  D.C. 3:  329-36.   Pimentel, D. 
  1963b.  Natural population
  regulation and interspecies evolution. 
  16th Internatl. Cong. Zool. 3: 
  329-36.   Pimentel, D.  1964. 
  Population ecology and the genetic feed-back mechanism, p.
  483-88.  In:  S. J. Geerts
  (ed.), Genetics Today, Vol. 2. 
  Pergamon Press, New York.   Pimentel, D. 
  1965a.  Population ecology and the
  genetic feedback mechanism.  11th
  Internatl. Cong. Genet.  Genetics
  Today.  p. 483-8.   Pimentel, D. 
  1965b.  Competition
  between carpet beetles.  Research
  Problems in Biology 4:  137-8.   Pimentel, D. 
  1965c.  Population ecology and
  genetic evolution.  Proc. 12th
  Internatl. Cong. Ent., London 1964.  p. 387.   Pimentel, D. 
  1965d.  Environment,
  natural selection, and balance in pathogen-host systems.  Proc. 12th Internatl. Cong. Ent., London
  1964.  p. 720-1.   Pimentel, D. 
  1966a.  Complexity of
  ecological systems and problems in their study and management, p. 15-33.  In:  K. E. F. Watt (ed.), Systems Analysis in
  Ecology.  Academic Press, New
  York.  276 p.   Pimentel, D. 
  1966b.  Population ecology
  of insect invaders of the Maritime Provinces.  Canad. Ent. 98:  887-94.   Pimentel, D.  1966c. 
  Population ecology of insect invaders of the Maritime Provinces.  Canad. Ent. 98:  887-94.   Pimentel, D.  1967. 
  Population regulation in cultured communities.  Proc. North Cent. Br. Ent. Soc. Amer. 22:  67-9.   Pimentel, D.  1968. 
  Population regulation and genetic feedback.  Science 159:  1432-37.   Pimentel, D.  1986a. 
  Population dynamics and the importance of evolution in successful
  biological control, p. 3-18.  In:  J. M. Franz (ed.), Biological Plant and Health Protection.  Gustav Fischer
  Verlag, Stuttgart.   Pimentel, D. 
  1986b.  9. Biological invasions of
  plants and animals in agriculture and forestry, p. 149-62.  In:  H. A. Mooney & J. A. Drake (eds.),
  Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii.  Springer-Verlag,
  N.Y.   Pimentel, D.  1988. 
  Herbivore population feeding pressure on plant hosts:  feedback evolution and host
  conservation.  Oikos 53: 
  289-302.   Pimentel, D. 
  1989a.  Ecological aspects
  of the human food chain.  Internatl.
  J. Unity Sci. 2(1):  59-82.   Pimentel, D. 
  1989b.  Ecology of insects feeding on
  vegetation.  New York Food Life Sci.,
  Quart. 19(2):  36-8.   Pimentel, D. & M. N.
  Burgess.  1981.  Predator-prey population stability in an
  experimental microcosm.  Environ. Biol. Rept. 81-2.  Cornell Univ., Ithaca, N.Y.   Pimentel, D. & A. B.
  Soans.  1971.  Animal populations regulated to carrying
  capacity of plant host by genetic feedback, p. 313-26.  In:  P. J. den Boer & G. R. Gradwell
  (eds.), Proc. Adv. Study Inst., Dynamics of Numbers of Populations
  (Oosterbeek, 1970).  Center Agr. Publ.
  Doc., Wageningen.   Pimentel, D., R. Al-Hafidh,
  E. H. Feinberg, J. L. Madden, W. P. Nagel, N. J. Parker & F. A.
  Streams.  1961/1962.  Self-regulation in natural communities.  Cornell Plantations, Ithaca, NY. 17:  51-5.   Pimentel, D., W. P. Nagel
  & J. L. Madden.  1963.  Space-time structure of the environment and
  the survival of parasite-host systems. 
  Amer. Nat. 97:  141-67.   Pimentel, D., E. H. Feinberg, P. W. Wood & J. T.
  Hayes.  1965.  Selection, spatial distribution, and the
  coexistence of competing fly species. 
  Amer. Nat. 99:  97-109.   Pimentel, D., G. Smith &
  J. Soans.  1967.  Population model of sympatric
  speciation.  Amer. Nat. 101:  493-504.   Pimentel, D., S. A. Levin
  & D. Olson.  1978.  Coevolution and the stability of
  exploiter-victim systems.  Amer. Nat.
  112:  119-25.   Plant, R. E. & L. T.
  Wilson.  1986.  Models for age structured populations with
  distributed maturation rates.  J.
  Math. Biol. 23:  247-62.   Price, P. W.  1987. 
  The role of natural enemies in insect populations.  p. 287-312.  In:  P. Barbosa & J. C. Schultz (eds.),
  Insect Outbreaks.  Academic Press, New
  York.   Price, P. W.  1990. 
  Evaluating the role of natural enemies in latent and eruptive
  species:  New approaches in life table
  construction.  p. 221-32.  In:
  A. D. Watt, S. R. Leather, M. D. Hunter & N. A. C. Kidd (eds.),
  Population Dynamics of Forest Insects. 
  Intercept, Andover.   Price, P. W.  1992a. 
  Plant resources as the mechanistic basis for insect herbivore
  population dynamics.  In:  M. D. Hunter, T. Ohgushi & P. W. Price (eds.), Resource
  Distribution and Animal-Plant Interactions. 
  Academic Press, New York.   Price, P. W.  1992b. 
  The plant vigor hypothesis and herbivore attack.  Oikos (in press).   Price, P. W. & H.
  Pschorn-Walcher.  1988.  Are galling insects better protected
  against parasitoids than exposed feeders?: 
  A test using tenthredinid sawflies. 
  Ecol. Ent. 13:  195-205.   Price, P. W., N. Cobb, T. P.
  Craig, G. W. Fernandes, J. K. Itami, S. Mopper & R. W. Preszler.  1990. 
  Insect herbivore population dynamics on trees and shrubs:  New approaches relevant to latent and
  eruptive species and life table development. p. 1-38.  In:  E. A. Bernays (ed.), Insect-Plant
  Intractions.  Vol. 2, CRC Press, Boca
  Raton, Florida.   Pruthi, H. S.  1940. 
  Ecology and control of insects. 
  Proc. 27th Indian Sci. Congr., Sect. Entom.:  261-308.   Readshaw, J. L. & W. R.
  Cuff.  1980.  A model of Nicholson's blowfly cycles and its relevance to
  predation theory.  J. Anim. Ecol. 49: 
  1005-10.   Reddingius, J.  1971. 
  Gambling for existence:  A
  discussion of some theoretical problems in animal population ecology.  In:  p. 208, Acta Theoretica Climum, added to
  Acta Biotheoretica 20, Leiden:  Brill.   Reddingius, J. & P. J. den Boer.  1970. 
  Simulation experiments illustrating stabilization of animal numbers by
  spreading of risk.  Oecologia 5: 
  240-48.   Reeve, J. D. & W. W. Murdoch.  1985. 
  Aggregation by parasitoids in the successful control of the California
  red scale:  a test of theory.  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 54:  797-816.   Reeve, J. D. & W. W.
  Murdoch.  1986.  Biological control by the parasitoid Aphytis melinus, and population stability in the California red
  scale.  J. Anim. Ecol. 55: 
  1069-82.   Regniere, R.  1984. 
  Vertical transmission of disease and population dynamics of insects
  with discrete generations.  J. Theor. Biol. 107: 
  287-301.   Rhoades, D. F. & R. G.
  Cates.  1976.  Toward a general theory of plant
  antiherbivore chemistry. p. 168-213.  In:  J. W. Wallace & R. L. Mansell (eds.), Biochemical
  Interaction Between Plants and Insects. 
  Plenum Press, New York.     Roff, D. A.  1990.  The evolution of flightlessness in
  insects.  Ecol. Monogr. 60:  389-421.   Rogers, D.  1972. 
  Random search and insect population models.  J. Anim. Ecol. 41:  369-83.   Roughgarden, J. & M. Feldman.  1975. 
  Species packing and predator pressure.  Ecology 56:  489-92.   Royama, T.  1970. 
  Factors governing the hunting behaviour and selection of food by the
  great tit (Parus major L.).  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 39:  619-69.   Royama, T.  1971. 
  A comparative study of models for predation and parasitism.  Researches Popul. Ecol. Kyoto Univ. Suppl.
  1:  1-91.   Ruesink, W. G.  1976. 
  Status of the systems approach to pest management.  Ann. Rev. Ent. 21:  27-44.   Ruesink, W. G., C. A.
  Shoemaker, A. P. Gutierrez & G. W. Fick. 
  1980.  The systems approach to research
  and decision making for alfalfa pest control.  In:  C. B. Huffaker (ed.), New Technology of
  Pest Control.  Wiley & Sons, New
  York.  p. 217-48.   Sabalis, M. W. 
  1981.  Biological control
  of two-spotted mites using phytoseiid predators.  Part 1:  Modelling the
  predator-prey interaction at the individual level.  Agric. Res. Reports 910, p. 242, Purdoc, Wageningen, The
  Netherlands.   Sabelis, M. W. & W. E. M. Laane.  1986. 
  Regional dynamics of spider-mite populations that become extinct
  locally because of food source depletion and predation by phytoseiid mites
  (Acarina: Tetranychidae, Phytoseiidae), p. 345-76.  In:  J. A. J. Metz & O. Kiekmann (eds.),
  The Dynamics of Physiologically Structured Populations.  Springer-Verlag,
  New York.   Sabelis, M. W. & J. van der Meer.  1986. 
  Local dynamics of the interaction between predatory mites and
  two-spotted spider mites, p. 322-44.  In:  J. A. J. Metz & O. Kiekmann (eds.), The Dynamics of
  Physiologically Structured Populations. 
  Springer-Verlag, New York.   Sabelis, M. W., F. Alebeek, A. van Bal, J. Bilsen, T.
  van Heijningen, P. van Kaizer, G. Kramer, H. Snellen, R. Veenebos & J.
  Vogelezang.  1983.  Experimental validation of a simulation
  model of the interaction between Phytoseiulus
  persimilis and Tetranychus urticae on cucumber.  OILB Bull. SROP/WPRS 6(3):  207-29.   Salt, G.  1932. 
  The natural control of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia sericata
  Meigen.  Bull. Ent. Res. 23:  235-45.   Schneider, F. 
  1939.  Ein Vergleich von Urwald
  und Monokultur in Bezug auf ihre Gefährdung durch phytophage Insekten, auf
  Grund einiger Beobachtungen an der Osküste von Sumatra.  Schweiz. Z. Forstw. 90:  41-55, 82-9.   Schoener, T. W.  1983. 
  Field experiments on interspecific competition.  Amer. Nat.
  122:  240-85.   Schoener, T. W. 
  1986.  Patterns in
  terrestrial vertebrate vs. arthropod communities:  do systematic differences in regularity exist? p. 556-86.  In:  J. Diamond & T. J. Casae (eds.),
  Community Ecology.  Harper & Row,
  New York.   Schroeder, D. & R. D. Goeden.  1986. 
  The search for arthropod natural enemies of introduced weeds for
  biological control-- in theory and practice. 
  Biocontrol News & Info. 7: 
  147-55.   Schwerdtfeger, F. 
  1935.  Studien über den
  Massenwechsel einiger Forstschädlinge. 
  Z. Forst- und Jagdw. 67: 
  15-38, 85-104, 449-82, 513-40.   Schwerdtfeger, F. 
  1942.  Uber die Ursachen des
  Massenwechsels der Insekten.  Z. angew. Entomol. 28:  254-303.   Severtzoff, S. A.  1934. 
  On the dynamics of populations of vertebrates.  Quart. Rev. Biol. 9:  409-37.   Sharpe, P. J. H., G. L.
  Curry, D. W. DeMichele & C. L. Cole. 
  1977.  Distribution model of
  organism developmental times.  J. Theor. Biol. 66: 
  21-38.   Sharpe, P. J. H. & L. C.
  Hu.  1980.  Reaction kinetics of nutrition dependent poikilotherm
  development.  J. Theor. Biol. 82: 
  317-33.   Sheehan, W.  1991. 
  Host range patterns of hymenopteran parasitoids of exophytic
  lepidopteran folivores. p. In:  E. A. Bernays (ed.), Insect-Plant
  Interactions.  Vol. 3, CRC Press, Boca
  Raton, Florida.   Shoemaker, C. A.  1977. 
  Pest management model of crop ecosystems.  In:  J. Day & C. A. Hall (eds.), Ecosystem
  Modelling in Theory and Practice. 
  Wiley Interscience, New York. 
  p. 545-74.   Shorey, H. H. & J. J.
  McKelvey.  1977.  Chemical Control of Insect Behavior:  Theory and Application.  John Wiley & Sons, New York.   Shorrocks, B. & P.
  Charlesworth.  1980.  The distribution and abundance of the
  British fungal-breeding Drosophila.  Ecological Ent. 5:  61-78.   Shorrocks, B., W. D.
  Atkinson & P. Charlesworth. 
  1979.  Competition on a divided
  and ephemeral resource.  J. Anim. Ecol. 48: 
  899-908.   Sih, A., P. Crowley, M.
  McPeek, J. Petranka & K. Strohmeier. 
  1985.  Predation, competition,
  and prey communities:  a review of
  field experiments.  Ann. Rev. Ecol. & Syst. 16: 
  269-311.   Sinko, J. W. & W. Streifer.  1967.  A
  new model for age-structure of a population. 
  Ecology 48:  910-18.   Skellam, J. E.  1951. 
  Random dispersal in theoretical populations.  Biometrika 38:  196-218.   Slatkin, K.  1974. 
  Competition and regional coexistence. 
  Ecology 55:  128-134.   Slobodkin, L. B.  1962. 
  Growth and Regulation of Animal Populations.  Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York.  184 p.   Slobodkin, L. B., F. E.
  Smith & N. G. Hairston. 
  1967.  Regulation in
  terrestrial ecosystems, and the implied balance of nature.  Amer. Natur.
  101:  109-24.   Smith, H. S.  1929.  Multiple parasitism:  its relation to the biological control of
  insect pests.  Bull. Ent. Res. 20:  141-9.   Smith, H. S.  1935. 
  The role of biotic factors in the determination of population densities.  J. Econ.
  Ent. 28:  873-98.   Smith, H. S.  1939. 
  Insect populations in relation to biological control.  Ecol. Monog. 9(2):  311-20.   Smith, H. S. & P.
  DeBach.  1942.  The measurement of the effect of
  entomophagous insects on population densities of their hosts.  J. Econ.
  Ent. 35:  845-9.   Smith, R. H. & R.
  Mead.  1974.  Age structure and stability in models of prey-predator
  systems.  Theor. Pop. Biol. 6:  308-22.   Solomon, M. E.  1949. 
  The natural control of animal populations.  J. Anim. Ecol. 18:  1-35.   Solomon, M. E. 
  1957.  Dynamics of insect
  populations.  Ann. Rev. Ent. 2:  121-42.   Southwood, T. R. E.  1975a. 
  The dynamics of insect populations. 
  p. 151-99.  In:  D. Pimentel (ed.), Insects, Science and Society."  Academic Press, New York.   Southwood, T. R. E.  1975b. 
  Ecological methods.  Butler
  & Tanner, London.  383 p.   Southwood, T. R. E.  1977a. 
  Habitat, the templet for ecological strategies?  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 46:  337-65.   Southwood, T. R. E.  1977b. 
  The relevance of population dynamic theory to pest status. p.
  35-54.  In:  J. M. Cherrett
  & G. R. Sagar (eds.), Origins of Pest, Parasite, Disease and Weed
  Problems.  Blackwell Sci. Publ.,
  Oxford.   Southwood, T. R. E.  1981. 
  Bionomic strategies and population parameters. p. 30-52. In:  R. M. May (ed.), Theoretical Ecology, Principles and
  Applications.  Sinauer, Sunderland.   Southwood, T. R. E.  1988. 
  Tactics, strategies and templets. 
  Oikos 52:  3-18.   Southwood, T. R. E. & H.
  N. Comins.  1976.  A synoptic population model.  J. Anim. Ecol.
  45:  949-65.   Southwood, T. R. E., V. K.
  Brown & P. M. Reader.  1979.  The relationships of plant and insect
  diversities in succession.  Biol. J. Linn.
  Soc. 12:  327-48.   Southwood, T. R. E., V. K.
  Brown & P. M. Reader.  1983.  Continuity of vegetation in space and
  time:  A comparison of insects'
  habitat templet in different successional stages.  Res. Pop. Ecol. Suppl. 3:  61-74.   Stahls, G., E. Ribeiro &
  I. Hanski.  1989.  Fungivorous Pegomya flies: 
  spatial and temporal variation in a guild of competitors.  Ann. Zool. Fennici 26:  103-12.   Stanley, J.  1934. 
  A mathematical theory of the growth of populations of the flour
  beetle, Tribolium confusum Duv. Canad. J. Res.
  11:  728-32.   Steele, J. H.  1974. 
  The Structure of Marine Ecosystems. 
  Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.   Sterling, W. L. & A. W.
  Hartstack.  1987.  TEXCIM-- a fleahopper-Heliothis-plant model for farm use.  Beltwide Cotton Prod. Res. Conf., Nat.
  Cotton Counc., Memphis, TN.  p. 258-9.   Sterling, W. L. et al. 
  1990a.  Ecological
  economics and cotton insect pest management. 
  Forecasting with the TEXCIM40 model.   Sterling, W. L. et al. 
  1990b.  Comparing
  pheromone trap catches and field counts for forecasting the cost of pest
  injury.   Sterling, W. L., A. W.
  Harstack & D. A. Dean.  1992.  TEXCIM50: 
  The Texas cotton-insect model. 
  Texas Agr. Expt. Sta. MP-1646, revised.   Stiling, P. D.  1987. 
  The frequency of density dependence in insect host-parasitoid
  systems.  Ecology 68:  844-56.   Stimac, J. L. & R. J.
  O'Neil.  1985.  Integrating influences of natural enemies
  into models of crop/pest systems.  In:  M. A. Hoy & D. Herzog (eds.), Biological Control in
  Agricultural IPM Systems.  Academic
  Press. p. 323-44.   Stone, N. D. & A. P. Gutierrez.  1986. 
  Pink bollworm control in southwestern desert cotton. I. A field
  oreiented simulation model of pink bollworm in southwestern desert
  cotton.  Hilgardia 54:  1-24.   Streams, F. A. & D.
  Pimentel.  1961.  Effects of immigration on the evolution of
  populations.  Amer. Nat. 95: 
  201-10.   Strickland, E. H. 
  1928.  Can birds hold
  injurious insects in check? 
  Scientific Mon. 26:  48-56.   Strong, D. R.  1979. 
  Biogeographic dynamics of insect-host plant communities.  Ann. Rev. Ent. 24:  89-119.   Strong, D. R., Jr.  1983. 
  Natural variability and the manifold mechanisms of ecological
  communities.  Amer. Nat. 122:  636-60.   Strong, D. R.  1984. 
  Density-vague ecology and liberal population regulation in insects. p.
  313-27.  In:  P. W. Price,
  C. N. Slobodchikoff & W. S. Gaud (eds.), A New Ecology:  Novel Approaches to Interactive
  Systems.  John Wiley & Sons, New
  York.   Strong, D. R., Jr., J. H.
  Lawton & T. R. E. Southwood. 
  1984a.  Insects on Plants.  Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, MA.  313 p.   Strong, D. R., D.
  Simberloff, L. G. Abele & A. B. Thistle (eds.).  1984b.  Ecological
  Communities: Conceptual Issues and the Evidence.  Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey.    Takafuji, A.  1977. 
  The effect of the rate of successful dispersal of a phytoseiid mite, Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot
  (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) on the persistence in the interactive system between
  the predator and its prey.  Res Pop. Ecol. 18: 
  210-22.   Takafuji, A., T. Inoue & K. Fujita.  1981. 
  Analysis of an acarine predator-prey system in glasshouse.  First Japan/USA Symp. on Integrated Pest
  Management, Tsukuba (Japan), Sept. 29-30, 1981:  144-53.   Takafuji, A., Y. Tsuda &
  T. Miki.  1981.  System behaviour in predator-prey
  interaction with special reference to acarine predator-prey systems.  Res. Popul.
  Ecol. Suppl. 3:  75-92.   Takahashi, F.  1968. 
  Functional response to host density in a parasitic wasp, with
  reference to population regulation.  Res. Pop. Ecol. 10: 
  54-68.   Taylor, A. D.  1988. 
  Parasitoid competition and the dynamics of host-parasitoid
  models.  Amer. Nat. 132:  417-36.   Taylor, T. H. C.  1937. 
  The Biological Control of an Insect in Fiji.  Imperial Institute of Entomology, London.   Taylor, T. H. C.  1955. 
  Biological control of insect pests. 
  Ann. Appl. Biol. 42:  190-96.   Thompson, D. J.  1975. 
  Towards a predator-prey model incorporating age structure:  the effects of predator and prey size on
  the predation of Daphnia magna by Ischnura elegans.  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 44:  907-16.   Thompson, J. N.  1983. 
  Selection pressures on phytophagous insects feeding on small host
  plants.  Oikos 40:  438-44.   Thompson, W. R.  1924. 
  La theorie mathematique de l'action des parasites entomophages et le
  facteur du hasard.  Annls. Fac. Sci.
  Marseille 2:  69-89.   Thompson, W. R.  1929. 
  On natural control. 
  Parasitology 21:  269-81.   Thompson, W. R.  1930a. 
  The utility of mathematical methods in relation to work on biological
  control.  Ann. Appl. Biol. 17:  641-8.   Thompson, W. R.  1930b. 
  The biological control of insect and plant pests.  Publ. Empire Marketing Board No. 29.  124 p.   Thompson, W. R.  1939. 
  Biological control and the theories of the interactions of
  populations.  Parasitology 31:  299-388.   Thompson, W. R.  1956. 
  The fundamental theory of natural and biological control.  Ann. Rev. Ent. 1:  379-402.   Tilman, D.  1989. 
  Discussion:  Population
  dynamics and species interactions. p. 89-100.  In:  J. Roughgarden, R. M. May & S. A.
  Levin (eds.), Perspectives in Ecological Theory.  Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, New Jersey.   Tinsley, T. W. 
  1979.  The potential of
  insect pathogenic viruses as pesticide agents.  Ann. Rev. Ent. 24: 
  63-87.   Tinsley, T. W. & P. F.
  Entwhistle.  1974.  The use of pathogens in the control of
  insect pests, p. 115-29.  In: D. Price-Jones & M. E.
  Solomon (eds.), Biology in Pests and Disease Control,   Blackwell Scien. Publ., Oxford.   Tothill, J. D.  1922. 
  The natural control of the fall webworm (Hyphantria cunea
  Drury) with an account of its several parasites.  Bull. Canad. Dept. Agric. N. S. 3:  107 p.   Tothill, J. D., T. H. C.
  Taylor & R. W. Paine.  1930.  The Coconut Moth in Fiji.  Imperial Inst. of Ent., London.   Turnbull, A. L.  1967. 
  Population dynamics of exotic insects.  Bull. Ent. Soc. Amer. 13: 
  333-37.   Turnbull, A. L. & D. A.
  Chant.  1961.  The practice and theory of biological
  control of insects in Canada.  Canad.
  J. Zool. 39:  697-753.   Udovic, J. D., D. Pimentel
  & D. Nafus.  1976.  The interaction between spatial
  heterogeneity and genetic feedback in laboratory predator-prey systems.  Oecologia
  25:  23-34.   Ullyett, G. C. 
  1938.  The encouragement
  of beneficial insects.  S. Afr. Dept.
  Agric. For. Bull. No. 189:  10 p.   Ullyett, G. C.  1947. 
  Mortality factors in populations of Plutella maculipennis
  Curtis (Tineidae: Lep.), and their relation to the problem of control.  Ent. Mem. Union S. Afr. Dep. Agric. For.
  2:  77-202.   Utida, S.  1941. 
  Studies on experimental population of the azuki bean weevil, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) IV.  Analysis of density effect with respect to
  fecundity and fertility of eggs.  Mem.
  College, Kyoto Univ. 49:  21-42.   Utida, S.  1953. 
  Interspecific competition between two species of bean weevil.  Ecology
  34:  301-07.   Utida, S.  1957a.  Cyclic fluctuations of population density
  intrinsic to the host-parasite system. 
  Ecology 38:  442-49.   Utida, S.  1957b.  Population fluctuation, an experimental
  and theoretical approach.  Cold Spring
  Harbor Symp. Quant. Biol. 22:  139-50.   Utida, S.  1967. 
  Damped oscillation of population density at equilibrium.  Res. Popul.
  Ecol. 9:  1-9.   Uvarov, B. P. 
  1931.  Insects and
  climate.  Trans. Ent. Soc. London
  79:  1-247.   van den Bosch.  1968.  Comments on population dynamics of exotic
  insects.  Bull. Ent. Soc. Amer. 14: 
  112-15.   van den Bosch.  1971.  Biological control of insects.  Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 2:  45-66.   van den Bosch, R & P. S. Messenger.  1973. 
  Biological Control.  Intext
  Press, New York   van der Vecht, J. 
  1954.  Parasitism in an
  outbread of the coconut moth (Artona
  cataxantha (Hamps.)) in Java
  (Lep.).  Ent. Ber. Amst. 15: 
  122-32.   van Lenteren, J. C. & K.
  Bakker.  1976.  Functional responses in
  invertebrates.  Neth. J. Zool.
  26:  567-72.   van Lenteren, J. C. & K.
  Bakker.  1978.  Behavioral aspects of the functional responses
  of a parasite (Pseudeucoila bochei Weld) to its host (Drosophila melanogaster). 
  Neth. J. Zool. 28:  213-33.   van Valen, L. 
  1974.  Predation and
  species diversity.  J. Theor. Biol. 44: 
  19-21.   Vansickle, J.  1977. 
  Attrition in distributed delay models.  IEEE Trans. Sys., Man, Cybern. 7:  635-38.   Varley, G. C. 
  1947.  The natural control
  of population balance in the knapweed gall-fly (Urophora jaceana).  J. Anim.
  Ecol. 16:  139-87.   Varley, G. C. 
  1953.  Ecological aspects
  of population regulation.  Trans. IXth
  Intern. Congr. Ent. 2:  210-14.   Varley, C. G., G. R.
  Gradwell & M. P. Hassell. 
  1973.  Insect Population
  Ecology:  an Analytical Approach.  Univ. of Calif Press, Berkeley.  212 p.   Vet. L. E. M. & M. Dicke.  1992.  The ecology of
  infochemical use by natural enemies of herbivores in a tritrophic
  context.  Ann. Rev. Ent. 37: (in
  press).   Volterra, V. 
  1926.  Variazioni e
  fluctuazioni del numero d'individui in speci animali conviventi.  Mem. Accad. Naz. Lincei 2:  31-113.   Volterra, V.f 
  1927.  Sulle fluttuazioni biologiche.  Rend. R. A.
  dei Lincei, Ser. 6: 6   Volterra, V. 
  1931.  Lecons dur la theorie
  mathematique de la lutte pour le vie. 
  Cathiers scientifiques, No. 7. Gauthier-Villars
  et Cie, Paris.   Volterra, V. 
  1931.  Principles de biologie
  mathematique.  Acta Biotheoretica
  3:  1-36.   Vorley, W. T. & S. D. Wratten.  1985.  A
  simulation model of the role of parasitoids in the population development of Sitobion avenae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) on cereals.  J. Appl. Ecol. 22:  813-23.   Voute, A. D.  1943. 
  Classification of factors influencing the natural growth of a
  population of insects.  Acta Biotheoretica 7:  99-116.   Voute, A. D. 
  1946.  Regulation of the
  density of the insect-populations in virgin-forests and cultivated
  woods.  Arch. Neerl. Zool. 7:  435-70.   Waage, J. K. & M. P. Hassell.  1982. 
  Parasitoids as biological control agents--a fundamental approach.  Parasitology
  84:  241-68.   Walde, S. J. & W. W. Murdoch.  1988. 
  Spatial density dependence in parasitoids.  Ann. Rev. Ent. 33: 
  441-66.   Walters, C. J. & R. M.
  Peterman.  1974.  A systems approach to the dynamics of
  spruce budworm in New Brunswick.  Questiones Entomologicae 10:  177-86.   Wang, Y. H. & A. P. Gutierrez.  1980. 
  An assessment of the use of stability analyses in population
  ecology.  J. Anim. Ecol. 49: 
  435-52.   Wang, Y. H., A. P. Gutierrez, G. Oster & R.
  Daxl.  1977.  A
  population model for plant growth and development:  coupling cotton-herbivore interaction.  Canad. Ent. 109:  1359-74.   Watt, K. E. F.  1959. 
  A mathematical model for the effect of densities of attacked and
  attacking species on the number attacked. 
  Canad. Ent. 91:  129-44.   Watt, K. E. F.  1965. 
  Community stability and the strategy of biological control.  Canad. Ent. 97:  887-95.   Whittaker, R. H.  1970. 
  Communities and Ecosystems. 
  MacMillan Publ., New York.   White, E. G. & C. B.
  Huffaker.  1969.  Regulatory processes and population
  cyclicity in laboratory populations of Anagasta
  kuhniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera:
  Phycitidae).  II.  Parasitism, predation, competition and
  protective cover.  Res. Popul. Ecol. 11:  150-85.   Wilson, E. O.  1988. 
  The diversity of life. p. 68-81. 
  In:  H. J. de Blij (ed.), Changing Geographic
  Perspectives.  Nat. Geog. Soc.,
  Washington, D. C.   Wilson, F.  1946. 
  Interaction of insect infestation, temperature, and moisture content
  in bulk-depot wheat.  Bull. Coun. Sci.
  Indus. REs. Australia No. 209:  31 p.   Wit, C. T. de & J. Goudriaan.  1978. 
  Simulation of ecological processes, 2nd Ed.  ISBN 90-220-0652-2. 
  PUDOC Publishers.  183 p.   Wood, B. J.  1968. 
  Pests of Oil Palms in Malaysia and Their Control.  Incorp. Soc. of Planters, Kuala Lumpur.   Worthen, W. B.  1989b. 
  Effects of resource density on mycophagous fly dispersal and community
  structure.  Oikos 54:  145-53.   Worthen, W. B.  1989a. 
  Predator-mediated coexistence in laboratory communities of mycophagous
  Drosophila (Diptera:
  Drosophilidae).  Ecol. Ent. 14:  117-26.   Xie, X. & W. L.
  Sterling.  1987.  Computer simulation of cotton aphid
  population dynamics.  CTA Phytophylacica Sinica 14:  151-6.   Yaninek, J. S.  1985. 
  An assessment of the phenology, dynamics and impact of cassava green
  mites on cassave yields in Nigeria:  a
  component of biological control. 
  Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley.   Zareh, N., M. Westoby &
  D. Pimentel.  1980.  Evolution in a laboratory host-parasitoid
  system and its effect on population kinetics.  Canad. Ent. 112:  1049-60.   Zwölfer, W. 
  1930.  Zur theorie der
  Insektenepidemien.  Biol. Zbl.
  50:  724-59.   Zwölfer, W. 
  1935.  Die
  Temperaturabhängigkeit der Entwicklung der Nonne (Lymantria monarcha
  L.) und ihre bevölkerungswissenschaftliche Auswertung.  Z. Angew. Ent. 21:  333-84.       |