FILE: <bc-39.htm> Pooled References GENERAL INDEX [Navigate to MAIN MENU ]
BIOLOGICAL
PEST CONTROL OUTDOORS
IN CITIES
& TOWNS
(Contacts)
----Please CLICK on desired underlined categories [to search for Subject Matter, depress
Ctrl/F ]:
Species
Targeted For Biological Control
|
Introduction Pests encountered outdoors in cities and towns are similar to
those found in agriculture, but the habitat may often differ markedly from agriculture.
Dahlsten & Hall (1999) point out that although the principles of biology
and ecology pertain to the diverse, human structured environment, the diffuse
management and economic goals encountered there make it difficult to apply
ecological concepts to control problems. Integrated pest management has
nevertheless has appeared in the control of pest problems in cities and towns
(Olkowski et al. 1976, 1978; Frankie & Ehler 1978, Frankie & Koehler
1978, 1983; Bennett & Owens 1986) . The National Research Council (1980)
estimated that 5.3-10.6 pounds of pesticide are applied per acre to gardens
and lawns of metropolitan areas, which are higher rates than the average for
agriculture or other managed lands. Olkowski et
al. (1978) have divided pest management in cities and towns into medical,
psychological, architectural, agricultural, floricultural, silvacultural and
horticultural areas. Medical entomologists usually deal with medical and
veterinary problems. Arthropod
fauna in cities and towns is diverse (Frankie & Ehler 1978). As an
example, in a small suburban yard near New York City, there were 1,402 insect
species collected over a few years (Lutz 1941). Human expansion has furnished
some unique opportunities for insects to exploit buildings, and environmental
conditions favorable to insect growth and development year round. A number of
human influences affect the distribution and abundance of arthropods in these
environments. The size of the area may range from a backyard garden with a
couple of fruit trees to miles of highway borders covered by African ice
plant. Native and introduced flora is usually very diverse, as was shown by
the 132 tree, 147 shrub and 53 ground cover species found in Austin, Texas
(Frankie & Ehler 1978). In the area of Berkeley, California only 10 tree
species constitute the native tree flora, but there are 123 total tree
species (Frankie & Ehler 1978, Olkowski 1974), and almost 300 species on
the Berkeley campus of the University of California (Cockrell & Warnke
1976). Public concern over chemical pollutants has provided
incentives for the initiation of biological control in cities and towns
(Dahlsten et al. 1985). Typically, most successful biological control in
metropolitan areas is not well documented, but there is a strong desire among
researchers to gather critical data in some modern projects, e.g., the
biological control of the elm leaf beetle, Xantherogaleruca luteola
(Müller) with the egg parasitoid, Tetrastichus
gallerucae (Fonscolmbe)
(Clair et al. 1987, 1988). Overall little attention has been given thus far
to classical biological control in metropolitan areas. A report by the
National Research Council (1980) lists 70 species of natural enemies released
against 15 pests with an establishment rate of 34.3%. Among these most
successful projects have been against Homoptera on perennial plants, which is
the pattern found in agriculture as well (Flanders 1986). However, Hagen et
al. (1971) emphasize that the importance of naturally occurring biological
control should not be underestimated in city and town environments. Shade tree pests may be the most fruitful
area for biological control in this environment. They state that with the
rapidly expanding concept of the urban forest, it may be possible to organize
larger programs and generate public support for biological control. The urban
forest is defined as trees and other vegetation growing in close association
with people (Kielbaso & Kennedy 1983). Kielbaso & Kennedy (1983) estimated
that the amount of money spent on tree care programs in the United States is
substantial, and in 1980 amounted to US$2.19 per capita or $10.78 per tree.
The value of street trees in 1974 in the United States was valued at over $15
billion. Although many trees are planted in cities and towns, there has been
a tendency to develop monocultures and there is concern over the low
diversity of such forest trees (Kielbaso & Kennedy 1983). Olkowski et al (1978) and Dahlsten et al.
(1985) suggest
that the focus of developing biological control programs in urban forests has
been on defoliators and homopterans as six of the 10 most important
metropolitan area forest pests nationally are defoliators and the top two
pests are aphids and scales. Species
Targeted For Biological Control Principal species of arthropods that have
been investigated for biological control in cities and towns include
cockroaches, European earwig, Forficula
auricularia L., Cuban laurel
thrips, Gynaikothrips ficorum Marchal, acacia
psyllis, Acizzia uncatoides (Ferris &
Klyver), woolly whitefly, Aleurothrixus
floccosus (Maskell), oak
aphid, Myzocallis annulara (Harttig), urban tree
aphids, Eucallipterus tiliae L. & Tinocallis platani (Kaltenbach), pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch), goldon oak scale, Asterodiaspis variolosa
(Ratzeburg), European fruit lecanium, Lecanium
corni (Bouche), green guava
mealybug, Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell), ice plant
scales, Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi (Vallot) & Pulvinaria delottoi Gill, Rhodesgrass mealybug, Antonina graminis
(Maskell), Comstock mealybug, Pseudococcus
comstocki (Kuwana), Lebbeck
mealybug, Nipaecoccus virdis (Maskell), hibiscus
mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green), elm leaf
beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller), Japanese
beetle, Popillia japonica Newman, Nantucket pine
tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), and holly
leafminer, Phytomyza ilicis Curtis. Please refer to
separate discussions of each of these arthropods under the section on Case
Histories (Files: CASEHIST._*_.) REFERENCES: [Additional references may
be found at MELVYL
Library ] Allen, T. C., R. V. Symthe & H. C.
Coppel. 1964. Response of twenty-one
termite species to aqueous extracts of wood invaded by the fungus Lenzites trabea Pers. Ex. Fr. Sci. Notes. 57(6): 1009-10. Beingolea, G. O. 1969. Biological control of citrus pests in
Peru. Proc. 1st Intl. Citrus. Symp. Riverside, CA. 2: 827-38. Bellows, T. S., Jr. & T. W. Fisher, (eds) 1999. Handbook
of Biological Control: Principles and Applications. Academic Press, San
Diego, CA. 1046 p. Bennett, F. D. & I. W. Hughes. 1959. Biological control of
insect pests in Bermuda. Bull. Ent. Res. 60: 423-36. Bennett, G. W. & J. M. Owens (eds.)
1986. Advances in Urban Pest
Management. Van Norstrand Reinhold Co., New York. 397 p. Berry, P. A. 1938a. Laboratory studies on Tetrastichus
xanthomelaenae Rand. and Tetrastichus sp., two hymenopterous
egg parasites of the elm leaf beetle. J. Agric. Res. 57: 859-63. Berry, P. A. 1983b. Tetrastichus brevistigma
Gahan, a pupal parasite of the elm leaf beetle, USDA Cir 485. 11 p. Breznak, J. A., W. J. Brill, J. W. Mertins & H. C. Coppel.
1973. Nitrogen fixation in termites. Nature 244: 577-80. Cameron, E. 1955. On the parasites and predators of the
cockroach. I.
Tetrastichus hagenowii (Ratz.). Bull. Ent. Res. 46: 137-47. Clair, D. J., D. L. Dahlsten & S. H.
Dreistadt. 1988. Biological
control of the elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca
luteola, in California--A
case study. Proc. 6th Intern. Conf. of Intern. Fed. Organic Agric. Movements,
20 Aug 1986, Santa Cruz, California (in press). Clair, D. J., D. L. Dahlsten & E. R.
Hart. 1987. Rearing Tetrastichus gallerucae (Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae) for biological control of the elm leaf beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola. Entomophaga 32: 457-61. Clausen, C. P. 1978 (ed.). Introduced parasites and predators of arthropod pests and
weeds: A world review. USDA ARS Agriculture Handbook No. 480. 455 p. Cockerell, R. A. & F. F. Warnke. 1976. Trees of the Berkeley campus. Division of Agricultural
Sciences, University of California, Berkeley. 97 p. Coppel, H. C. & M. C. Liang. 1987. Rhabditoid nematodes associated with subterranean
termites. Univ. Wis. For. Res. Notes No. 274. Coler, R. R., R. G. Van Driesche &
J. S. Elkinton. 1984. Effect of an
oothecal parasitoid Comperia
merceti (Compere)
(Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae, on a population of the brownbanded cockroach
(Orthoptera: Blattellidae). Environ. Ent. 13: 603-06. Coulson, R. N. & J. A. Witter. 1984. Forest Entomology.
John Wiley & Sons, New York. 669 p. Dahlsten, D. L. 1986. Control of invaders, p. 275-302. In: H. A. Mooney & J. A. Drake (eds.), Ecological Studies,
Vol. 58. Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii. Springer-Verlag, New York. 321 p. Dahlsten, D. L. & R. W. Hall. 1999. Biological control of insects in outdoor urban environments. In Bellows, T. S., Jr. & T.
W. Fisher, (eds) 1999. Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and
Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Dahlsten, D. L., R. Garcia, J. E. Prine
& R. Hunt. 1969. Insect problems in
forest recreation areas. Calif. Agric. 23(7): 4-6. Dahlsten, D. L., A. E. Hajek, D. J. Clair, S. H. Dreistadt, D.
L. Rowney & V. R. Lewis. 1985. Pest management in the urban forest.
Calif. Agric. 39(1-2): 21-22. Dean, H. A., M. F. Schuster, J. C. Boling & P. T. Riherd.
1979. Complete biological control of Antonina
graminis in Texas with Neodusmetia sangwani (a classic example).
Bull. Ent. Soc. Amer.
25: 262-67. DeBach, P. (ed.). 1964. Biological Control of Insect Pests and Weeds. Reinhold
Publ. Corp., New York. 844 p. DeBach, P. & M. Rose. 1976. Biological control of woolly
whitefly. Calif. Agric. 30(5): 4-7. DeBach, P. & M. Rose. 1977. Environmental upsets caused by
chemical eradication. Calif. Agric. 31(7): 8-10. Donaldson, D. R., W. S. Moore, C. S. Koehler & J. L. Joos.
1978. Scales threaten ice plant in Bay Area. Dreistadt, S. H. & D. L. Dahlsten. 1986. Medfly eradication in California--Lessons from the
field. Environment 28(6): 18-20, 41-44. Ebeling, W. 1975. Urban Entomology. Univ. Calif. Div. Agric.
Sci., Richmond, CA. 695 p. Edmunds, L. R. 1957. Observations on the biology and life
history of the brown cockroach Periplaneta
brunnea Burmeister. Proc.
Ent. Soc. Wash.
59: 283-86. Ehler, L. E. & P. C. Endicott. 1984. Effect of malathion-bait sprays on biological control of
insect pests of olive, citrus, and walnut. Hilgardia 52(5): 1-47. Embree, D. G. 1971. Operophtera brumata
(L.), winter moth (Lepidoptera: Geometridae). p. 176-75. In: Biological Control Programmes Against Insect and Weeds
in Canada 1959-1968. Comm. Instit. Biol. Control Tech. Comm. No. 4. 266 p. Ervin, R. T., L. J. Moffitt & D. E. Meyerdirk. 1983.
Comstock mealybug (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae): cost analysis of a biological
control program in California. J. Econ. Ent. 76: 605-09. Esenther, G. R. & H. C. Coppel. 1964. Current research on termite attractants. For. Prod. Lab.
Pest Contr. p. 34-8. Essig, E. O. 1926. The Insects of Western North America. MacMillan, New York.
1035 p. Flanders, R. V. 1986. Potential for biological control in urban environments. p.
95-127. In: G. W. bennett
& J. M. Owens (eds.), Advances in Urban Pest Management. Van Nostrand,
Reinhold Co., New York. 397 p. Flanders, S. E. 1959. Biological control of Saissetia
nigra (Nietn.) in
California. J.
Econ. Ent. 52: 596-600. Fleet, R. R. & G. W. Frankie. 1975. Behavioral and
ecological characteristics of a eulophid egg parasite of two species of
domicilliary cockroaches. Environ. Ent. 4: 282-84. Fleming, W. E. 1968. Biological control of Japanese beetle.
USDA Tech. Bull. No. 1383. 78 p. Fleming, W. E. 1972. Biology of Japanese beetle. USDA Tech.
Bull. No. 1449. 78
p. Frankie, G. W. & L. E. Ehler. 1978. Ecology of insects in urban environments. Ann. Rev. Ent. 23: 267-87. Frankie, G. W. & K. S. Hagen. 1986. Ecology and biology of iceplant scales, Pulvinaria and Pulvinariella in California.
Calif. Dept. of Transportation, Div. of Highway Maintenance, Sacramento,
California (Report No. FHWA-CA-HM-OZ).
47
p. Frankie, G. W. & C. S. Koehler
(eds.). 1978. Perspectives in
Urban Entomology. Academic Press, New York. 417 p. Frankie, G. W. & C. S. Koehler (eds).
1983. Urban Entomology:
Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Praeger Publ., New York. 493 p. Hagen, K. S., R. van den Bosch & D.
L. Dahlsten. 1971. The importance of
naturally occurring biological control in the western United States. p.
253-93. In: C. B. Huffaker
(ed.), Biological Control. Plenum Press, New York. 511 p. Hall, R. W. & N. F. Johnson. 1983. Recovery of Tetrastichus gallerucae (Hymenoptera:
Eulophidae), an introduced egg parasitoid of the elm leaf beetle (Pyrrhalta luteola) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). J. Kan. Ent. Soc. 56: 297-98. Hoelmer, K. A. & D. L. Dahlsten. 1988. Non-target effects of malathion bait spray on iris
whitefly (Aleyrodes spiraeoides Quaintance)
(Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) and its parasitoids in Northern California. Environ.
Ent. (in press). Howard, L. O. 1908. The importation of Tetrastichus xanthomelaenae
(Rond.). J. Econ. Ent. 1: 281-89. Howard, R., F. Matsumura & H. C. Coppel. 1976.
Trail-following pheromones of the Rhino-Termitidae: approaches to their authentication
and specificity. J. Chem. Ecol. 2(2): 147-1, 66. Hoy, J. B. & D. L. Dahlsten. 1984. Effects of malathion
and Staley's bait on the behavior and survival of parasitic Hymenoptera.
Environ. Ent. 13: 1483-86. Johnson, W. T. & H. H. Lyon. 1976. Insects that Feed on
Trees and Shrubs. Comstock Publ. Assoc., Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, NY. 464
p. Kaya, H. K. & J. F. Anderson. 1974. Collapse of the elm
spanworm outbreak in Connecticut: Role of Ooencyrtus.
Environ. Ent. 3: 659-63. Kielbaso, J. J. & M. K. Kennedy. 1983. Urban forestry and
entomology: a current appraisal. p. 423-40. In: G. W. Frankie & C. S. Koehler
(eds.) Urban Entomology:
Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Praeger Publ., New York. 493 p. Laing, J. E. & J. Hamal. 1976. Biological control of
insect pests and weeds by imported parasites, predators and pathogens. p.
685-743. In: C. B. Huffaker
& P. S. Messenger (eds.), Theory and Practice of Biological Control.
Academic Press, New York. 788 p. Liang, M. Y. & H. C. Coppel. 1980. The location of and
exocuticular structures found on the sternal gland segment of Zootermopsis nevadensis. Sociob. 5(1):
55-62. Liang, M. Y., H. C. Coppel, F. Matsumura & G. Esenther.
1979. Exocuticular structures on the sternal gland segments of
Rhinotermitidae. Sociob.
4(2): 169-90. Luck, R. F. 1981. Parasitic insects introduced as biological control agents for
arthropod pests. p. 125-284. In:
D. Pimentel (ed.), CRC Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture Vol. II.
CRC Press, Inc. Boca
Raton, Florida. 501
p. Luck, R. F. & D. L. Dahlsten. 1974. Bionomics of the pine needle scale, Chionaspis pinifoliae
(Fitch), and its natural enemies at South Lake Tahoe, California. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 66: 309-16. Luck, R. F. & D. L. Dahlsten. 1975. Natural decline of a pine needle scale (Chionaspis pinifoliae (Fitch)) outbreak at South Lake Tahoe,
California, following cessation of adult mosquito control with malathion.
Ecology 56: 893-904. Luck, R. F. & G. T. Scriven. 1976. The elm leaf beetle, Pyrrhalta luteola in southern California: its pattern of increase
and its control by introduced parasites. Environ. Ent. 5: 409-16. Lutz, F. F. 1941. A lot of Insects (Entomology in a Suburban Garden). Putnam
& Sons, New York. 304 p. Matsumura, F., H. C. Coppel &
Akira Tai. 1968. Isolation and identification
of termite trail-following pheromone. Nature 219(5157): 963-64. Matsumura, F., H. C. Coppel & Akira Tai. 1968. Isolation
and identification of termite trail-following pheromone. Nature 219(5157):
963-64. Matsumura, F., Akira Tai & H. C. Coppel. 1969. Termite
trail-following substance, isolation and purification from Reticulitermes virginicus and fungus-infected
wood. J.
Econ. Ent. 62: 599-603. Matsumura, F., D. M. Jewett & H. C.
Coppel. 1972. Interspecific
response of termites to synthetic trail-following substances. J. Econ. Ent. 65: 600-2. Matsumura, F., K. Nishimoto, T. Ikeda
& H. C. Coppel. 1976. Influence of
carbon sources on the production of the termite trail-following substance by Gloeophyllum trabeum. J. Chem. Ecol. 2:
299-305. McBride, J. R. & D. F. Jacobs. 1986. Presettlement forest
structure as a factor in urban forest development. Urban Ecology 9: 245-66. McGugan, B. M. & H. C. Coppel. 1962. A review of the
biological control attempts against insects and weeds in Canada. Biological control
of forest insects, 1910-1958. CAB, Commonwealth Institute Biological Control
Tech. Comm. No. 2: 35-216. Merritt, R. W., M. K. Kennedy & E. F. Gersabeck. 1983.
Integrated pest management of nuisance and biting flies in a Michigan resort:
dealing with secondary pest outbreaks. p. 277-99. In: G. W. Frankie & C. S. Koehler
(eds.) Urban Entomology:
Interdisciplinary Perspectives. Praeger Publ., New York. 493 p. Mertins, J. W., L. J. Bayer & H. C. Coppel. 1971a. Irish
potato attacked by Reticulitermes
tibialis (Isoptera:
Rhinotermitidae). J. Georgia Ent. Soc. 6: 264-66. Mertins, J. W., H. C. Coppel & F. Matsumura. 1971b.
Sternal gland in Coptotermes
formosanus (Isoptera:
Rhinotermitidae). Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 64: 478-80. Mertins, J. W., H. C. Coppel, J. A. Breznak & W. J. Brill.
1973b. A demonstration of nitrogen fixation in termites. Univ. Wis. For. Res.
Notes No. 168. 4 p. Meyerdirk, D. E., I. M. Newell & R. W. Warkentin. 1981.
Biological control of Comstock mealybug. J. Econ. Ent. 74: 79-84. Munroe, E. G. 1971. Chap. 48. Status and potential of biological control in
Canada. p. 213-55. In:
Biological control programmes against insects and weeds in Canada,
Commonwealth Inst. Biol. Contr. Tech. Comm. No. 4: 266 p. National Research Council. 1980. Urban Pest Management. Report
by Committee on Urban Pest Management, Environmental Studies Board,
Commission on National Resources. National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.
273 p. Olkowski, W. 1974. A model ecosystem management program. Proc.
Tall Timbers Conf. Ecol. Animal Control by Habitat Management 5: 103-17. Olkowski, W., H. Olkowski, A. I. Kaplan
& R. van den Bosch. 1978. The potential for
biological control in urban areas: shade tree insect pests. p. 311-49. In: G. W. Frankie & C. S.
Koehler (eds.), Perspectives in Urban Entomology. Academic Press, New York.
417 p. Olkowski, W., H. Olkowski & R. van
den Bosch. 1982a. Linden aphid
parasite establishment. Environ. Ent. 11: 1023-25. Olkowski, W., H. Olkowski, R. van den Bosch & R. Hom.
1976. Ecosystem management: a framework for urban pest control. Bioscience
26: 384-89. Olkowski, W., H. Olkowski, R. van den Bosch, R. Hom, R.
Zuparko & W. Klitz. 1982b. The parasitoid Trioxys tenuicaudus
Stary (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) established on the elm aphid Tinocallis platani Kaltenbach (Homoptera: Aphididae) in Berkeley,
California. Pan-Pacific Ent. 58: 59-63. Pemberton, C. E. 1984. History of the entomology department,
experiment station. H.S.P.A. 1904-1945. Hawaii Planters' Rec. 52: 53-90. Pemberton, C. E. 1954. Invertebrate consultants committee for
the Pacific. Pacific Science Board. National Academy of Sciences. National
Research Council. 56 p. Phillipsen, W. J. & H. C. Coppel. 1976. Hypopial formation
and termination in Acotyledon
sp., a mite associated with the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki. Univ. Wis.
For. Res. Notes. No. 195. 7 p. Phillipsen, W. J. & H. C. Coppel. 1977a. Acotyledon formosani sp. no. associated with the Formosan
subterranean termite, Coptotermes
formosanus Shiraki (Acarina:
Acaridae-Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 50(3): 399-409. Phillipsen, W. J. & H. C. Coppel. 1977b. Histiostoma formosana sp. no. associated
with the Formosa subterranean termite, Coptotermes
formosanus Shiraki,
(Acarina: Anoctidae-Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae). J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 50:
496-501. Phillipsen, W. J. & H. C. Coppel. 1978. Uroobovella formosana sp. n. associated
with the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes
formosanus Shiraki (Acarina:
Uropodidae-Isopter: Rhinotermitidae). J. Kansas Ent. Soc. 51: 22-7. Pinnock, D. E., K. S. Hagen, D. V. Cassidy, R. J. Brand, J. E.
Milstead & R. L. Tassan. 1978. Integrated pest management in highway
landscapes. Calif. Agric. 32(2): 33-34. Piper, G. L. & G. W. Frankie. 1978. Integrated management
of urban cockroach populations. p. 249-66. In: G. W. Frankie & C. S. Koehler
(eds.). Perspectives in Urban
Entomology, Academic Press, New York. 417 p. Piper, G. L., G. W. Frankie & J.
Loehr. 1978. Incidence of
cockroach egg parasitoids in urban environments in Texas and Louisiana. Environ. Ent. 7: 289-93. Quezada, J. R. & P. DeBach. 1973. Bioecological and population studies of the cottony
cushion scale, Icerya purchasi Mask., and its natural
enemies, Rodolia cardinalis Muls. and Cryptochaetum iceryae Will., in southern
California. Hilgardia 41: 631-88. Rao, V. P., M. A. Ghani, T. Sankaran & K. C. Mathur. 1971.
A review of the biological control of insects and other pests in the
south-east Asia and the Pacific region. Commonwealth Inst. Biol. Contr. Tech.
Comm. No. 6: 149 p. Richards, W. R. 1967. A review of the Tinocallis of the world (Homoptera: Aphididae). Canad.
Ent. 99: 536-53. Roth, L. M. & E. R. Willis. 1954. The biology of the
cockroach parasite Tetrastichus
hagenowii (Ratzeburg), a
chalcidoid egg parasite (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc. 80:
53-72. Saaklan-Baranova, A. A. 1966. The life cycle of Metaphycus luteolus Timb. (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae), parasite of Coccus hesperidum (Homoptera: Coccidae), and the attempt of its
introduction into the USSR. Ent. Rev. 45: 733-51. [in Russian]. Sailer, R. I. 1972. Concepts, principles and potentials of
biological control: Parasites and predators. Proc. North Cent. Ent. Soc.
Amer. 27: 35-39. Schuster, M. F., J. C. Boling & J. J. Marony, Jr. 1971.
Biological control of rhodesgrass scale by airplane releases of an introduced
parasite of limited dispersing activity. p. 227-250. In: C. B. Huffaker (ed.), Biological Control. Plenum
Press, New York. 511 p. Scriven, G. T. & R. F. Luck. 1978. Natural enemy promises
control of Nantucket pine tip moth. Calif. Agric. 32(10): 19-20. Simmonds, F. J. 1969. Brief resume of activities and recent
successes achieved. Commonwealth Inst. Biol. Contr. 16 p. Slater, A. J. 1984. Biological control of the brownbanded
cockroach, Supella longipalpa (Serville) with an
encyrtid wasp, Comperia merceti (Compere). Pest
Management 3(4): 14-17. Slater, A. J., M. J. Hurlbert & V. R. Lewis. 1980.
Biological control of the brownbanded cockroaches. Calif. Agric. 34: 16-18. Smythe, R. V. & H. C. Coppel. 1964. Preliminary studies on
ant-termite relationships in Wisconsin. Proc. North Cent. Br. Ent. Soc. Amer.
19: 133-5. Smythe, R. V. & H. C. Coppel. 1965. The susceptibility of Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) and other
termite species to an experimental preparation of Bacillus thuringiensis
Berliner. J.
Invert. Path. 7: 423-26. Smythe, R. V., T. C. Allen & H. C.
Coppel. 1965. Response of the
eastern subterranean termite to an attractive extract from Lenzites trabea- invaded wood. J. Econ. Ent. 58: 420-3. Smythe, R. V. & H. C. Coppel. 1966b. Some termites may
secrete trail-blazing attractants to lead others to food sources. Pest
Control. p. 73-7. Smythe, R. V. & H. C. Coppel. 1973. The eastern
subterranean termite, Reticulitermes
flavipes (Kollar), and the
common thief ant, Solenopsis
molesta (Say), in the
laboratory, with notes on other associated ant species. Wis. Acad. Sci. Arts
& Lett. 61: 95-102. Smythe, R. V., H. C. Coppel, S. H. Lipton & F. M. Strong.
1967a. Chemical studies of attractants associated with Reticulitermes flavipes
and R. virginicus. J. Econ. Ent. 60: 228-33. Smythe, R. V., H. C. Coppel & T. C.
Allen. 1967b. The responses of
Reticulitermes spp. and Zootermopsis angusticollis (Isoptera) to
extracts from woods decayed by various fungi. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 60: 8-9. Swan, D. I. 1973. Evaluation of biological control of oak leaf
miner, Phyllonorycter messeniella (Zell.) (Lepidoptera:
Gracillariidae) in Newfoundland. Bull. Ent. Res. 63: 49-55. Tai, Akira, F. Matsumura & H. C.
Coppel. 1969. Chemical
identification of the trail-following pheromone for a southern subterranean
termite. J. Organ. Chem. 34: 2180-82. Tashiro, H. 1987. Turfgrass Insects of the United States and
Canada. Comstock Publ. Assoc., Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, New York. Tassan, R. L., K. S. Hagen and D. V. Cassidy. 1982. Imported
natural enemies established against ice plant scales in California. Calif Agric
36:16-17. Troetschler, R. G. 1983. Effects on nontarget arthropods of
malathion bait sprays used in California to eradicate the Mediterranean
fruitfly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera:
Tephritidae). Environ. Ent. 12: 1816-. Turnbull, A. L. & D. A. Chant. 1961. The practice and
theory of biological control in Canada. Canad. J. Zool. 39: 697-753. van den Bosch, R. , B. D. Frazer, C. S.
Davis...1970. Trioxys pallidus, an effective new
walnut aphid parasite from Iran. Calif. Agric. 24(11): 8-10. Washburn, J. A., R. L. Tassan, K. Grace, E. Bellis, ... 1983.
Effects of malathion sprays on the ice plant insect system. Calif. Agric.
37(1-2): 30-32. White, R. T. 1941. Development of milky disease of Japanese
beetle larvae under field conditions. J. Econ. Ent. 34: 213-15. Wilson, F. 1960. A review of the biological control of insects
and weeds in Australia and Australian New Guinea. Commonwealth Institute of
Biological Control, Tech. Comm. No. 1: 102 p. |