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Key To The Identification of Families of Parasitic and Predatory Diptera (Derived from V. A.
Trjapitzin, 1982 by S. V. Trjapitzin & E. F. Legner) [This key is in a form
commonly used in Eastern Europe. If
the statement is true, proceed to the next line, whereas if it is false, go
to the line shown in parentheses] (Note: Illustrations are of species from various geographic areas): 1 (28). Antennae with 3 segments,
segment 3 mostly markedly different from other segments
in shape and size, sometimes ring-like .......... suborder Brachycera 2 (5).
Group of rather large hypopleural setae above hind coxae present; wings
with a short anal cell, M in apical half usually (but not always)
curved in an angle, so that a formed apical transverse vein limits posterior
cell 1 externally; thorax and abdomen usually covered
with thick setae; if setae lacking, then abdomen almost globular
.......... Tachinidae <Habits>; <Adults>
& <Juveniles> (Phasiinae) 3 (4).
Postscutellum present; larvae endoparasitic in different insects:
Hemiptera, Coleoptera and their nymphs and larvae respectively, larvae of
Lepidoptera and sawflies, etc. ......... Tachinidae <Habits>; <Adults>
& <Juveniles> 4 (3). Postscutellum absent; flies usually gray, with light silver
spots; larvae predaceous on larvae and pupae of Lepidoptera and sawflies, in
egg sacs of locusts, parasitic in bodies of locusts, beetles, bugs, flies and
various Lepidoptera ......... Sarcophagidae <Habits>; <Adults>
& <Juveniles> 5 (2).
Group of rather large hypopleural setae above hind coxae absent. 6 (7). Wings without transverse veins; veins
along anterior margin strongly sclerotized, thick, only slightly marked as
faint lines on the rest of wing blade; small (usually 1-3 mm long) hump-backed flies; larvae of many
species parasitic in adult insects and insect larvae ........... Phoridae <Habits>; <Adults>
& <Juveniles> 7 (6). Wings with transverse veins; rate of
sclerotization of veins on anterior and posterior parts of wing more or less
the same 8 (17). Anal cell open; if closed, then long,
with a long stalk 9 (10).
Three pulvilli on tarsi under claws; wings with a network of
additional veins, in distal part of wing veins parallel to posterior margin;
large flies (10-15 mm long)
with a long beak; larvae parasitic in Coleoptera, Orthoptera and Hymenoptera
.......... Nemestrinidae <Habits>; <Adults>
& <Juveniles> 10 (9). Only 2 pulvilli
on tarsi under claws; seldom pulvilli totally absent 11 (14). R with 4 branches, R-4+5 in distal half forked 12 (13). Three or four posterior veins present, R-5 meeting wing margin posterior to its apex;
flies usually densely setose, often with long beak; wings often more or less
darkened; larvae predaceous in egg sacs of locusts, parasitic in larvae and
pupae of Lepidoptera, in nests of solitary bees or as secondary parasitoids
on larvae of Ichneumonidae, Tachinidae, etc. ......... Bombyliidae <Habits>; <Adults>
& <Juveniles> 13 (12). Five posterior cells present; frons and
vertex situated in impression between eyes; larvae or middle-sized flies,
usually with an elongated cylindrical abdomen; adult flies predators of
different insects; predaceous larvae live in soil or rotting wood; some (Laphria) in holes of larvae of
longicorn beetles ...... Asilidae <Habits>; <Adults>
& <Juveniles> 14 (11). R with 3 branches, R-4 and R-5 fused,
forking absent 15 (16). Additional longitudinal vein present between R-4+5 and M, which crosses medial transverse
vein; posterior cell 1 closed .
Middle-sized flies, often with yellow stripes or spots on abdomen;
larvae with posterior spiracles closely set on apex of tube; larvae
predaceous in some genera, mainly in colonies of aphids, including root
aphids, but also predatory on eggs of leaf beetles, younger instar or
gregarious larvae of Lepidoptera, psillid nymphs, etc. ....... Syrphidae <Habits>; <Adults>
& <Juveniles> 16 (15). Additional longitudinal vein between R-4+5 and M, which crosses medial transverse vein
absent; posterior cell 1 open; small flies with a characteristic head,
entire surface of which is occupied by huge eyes; larvae parasitic in
leafhoppers ......... Pipunculidae <Habits>; <Adults>
& <Juveniles> 17 (8). Anal cell closed and always short, usually
obtuse and arched convex distally, sometimes absent 18 (21). Arched suture and lunule above antennae
not developed 19 (20). Transverse vein rm at a considerable distance from wing's
base; R often with 4 branches, M with 2-3 branches; anal and discal cells usually not fused;
anal cell of a considerable or moderate size, or lacking; dusky, middle-sized
or small flies with a characteristic beak extended downwards; adult flies and
other larvae usually predators .... Empididae <Habits>; <Adults>
& <Juveniles> 20 (19).
Transverse vein rm close to wing's base; R always with 3 branches, M usually with 1 branch;
anal and disal cells always fused; anal cell small, seldom lacking; small or
middle-sized flies, often green, metallic; adult flies predaceous, larvae
usually also predatory, live in soil, some (Medetera) under bark
...... Dolichopodidae <Habits>; <Adults>
& <Juveniles> 21 (18). Arched suture and lunula above antennae clearly
developed 22 (23). Arista on antennal segment 3 absent; segment 3 large, reaching lower margin of face; larvae
parasitic in mealybugs of subfamily Monophlebinae, some species introduced
into North America to control Icerya
purchasi ........... Cryptochaetidae (Cryptochaetum iceryae.) 24 (25). Costal vein without break; Sc developed before fusing with
C; small flies (2-4 mm long),
gray, often with black spots on abdomen; larvae predaceous in colonies of
aphids or on mealybugs ..... Chamaemyiidae <Habits>; <Adults>
& <Juveniles> 25 (24). Costal vein with break; Sc
reduced apically and not reaching C . 26 (27). Anal vein and anal cell absent; head without
large setae; only genus Thaumatomyia
has important entomophagous species; small flies with yellow body, thorax
with black or reddish stripes, scutellum flat with apical setae close to each
other; larvae predatory on root aphids ........ Chloropidae <Habits>; <Adults>
& <Juveniles> 27 (26). Anal vein and anal cell present; two orbital
setae directed backward; in front of them, two frontal setae at anterior
frontal margin viewed inside; dusky setae diverging; ovipositor soft,
telescopic; wings with dark spots on transverse veins; larvae of Tuaranodina coccidarum Stakelberg predatory on Comstock
mealybug, some species of Odinia
parasitic in beetles .......... Odiniidae 28 (1). Antennae with multiple segments, and not less than 6 segments; segments, excluding two basal ones, similar to each
other .......... Nematocera [Important entomophagous species present only
in one family]. 29. Costal
cell goes around the whole wing; not more than 6 longitudinal veins present; transvere veins absent; ocelli
absent; small flies; larvae mostly orange or reddish, with a characteristic lobe
on ventral side of thoracic segments; larvae of some species predatory on
aphids, mealybugs, psillid nymphs or spider mites ......... Cecidomyiidae <Habits>; <Adults>
& <Juveniles> REFERENCES: Trjapitzin, V. A. 1982. A key for
identification of families of parasitic and predatory Diptera, p.
249-54. In: V. A. Trjapitzin, V. A. Shapiro & V. A.
Scheptilnikova (eds.), Parasites and Predators of Agricultural Crop Pests,
2nd ed. Kolos Publ., Leningrad. 256 p. |