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1a. Hind femur enlarged,
with ventral teeth, either a few large or many small ones (saw-like);
hind tibia subequal to femur and
arched; specimens usually 5-15 mm, stout
bodied, rarely <1-2 mm
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1b. Hind femur not enlarged, ventral
denticles, if present, 2 or less, or
ventral edge serrate; hind tibia straight (rarely half length of femur);
specimens usually 1-10 mm., stout to fragile
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2a. Prepectus reduced or fused, not readily
apparent, of if so, not triangular in outline
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2b. Prepectus apparent as a triangular
plate
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3a. Ovipositor directed
horizontally [in most species not extended beyond apex of metasoma
(gaster)];
tegula almost an oval disc; fore wing not folded longitudinally. Chacididae
<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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3b. Ovipositor curved dorsally over
metasoma (gaster); tegula narrowly extended forward; fore
wing often folded longitudinally. Leucospidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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4a. Frons projects as 2
"horns" (surrounding antennae) in dorsal view Chalcididae
(Dirhininae)
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4b. Frons not modified as
"horns," mostly flat in dorsal view; hind tibia squarely truncate
at apex; 2 hind tibial spurs Chalcididae (Haltichellinae)
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4c. Frons not modified as
"horns," mostly flat in dorsal view; hind tibia obliquely
truncate at
apex;
either 1 hind tibial spur or spur not apparent. Chalcididae (Chalcidinae)
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5b. Eyes nearly
parallel; antennae inserted near middle of face; ovipositor exserted
Torymidae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles> (Podagrionini: Monodontomerinae) (part)
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6b. Antennae with
0-4 segments between pedicel and club; tarsi with 3, 4, or 5 segments;
or specimens 0.2-1 or 2 mm. long and
such characters hard to see (many tiny fragile specimens)
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7a.
Hind wing without stalk, expanded as shown; forewing venation ends
beyond basal 1/3rd (postmarginal present, stigmal elongated to sessile);
specimens usually >2 mm.
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7b. Hind wing stalked
and elongated (rarely reduced to only a short stub, hooked at tip); fore
wing venation linear, ending in basal 1/3rd
(postmarginal absent, stigmal rudimentary), or apparently absent; specimens
usually <2 mm.
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8b. Abdominal
petiole with 1 segment or none; fore wing membrane smooth (common in
North American collections) Mymaridae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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9a.
Mesopleuron concave; midtibial spur thin and like a spine.
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9b. Mesopleuron convex (bulging);
midtibial spur relatively thick.
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10a.
Head projects forward, female mandible with rasplike appendage; at least
hind tibia shorter than femur; male wingless (much modified); collected
from fig fruits Agaonidae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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10b.
Head projects downward, female without appendage on mandible; hind
tibia at least as long as femur, usually longer; male similar to female
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11a. Antennal insertion definitely more than one torulus diameter
above free margin of clypeus; if doubtful, then either eyes diverge ventrally or side of head ("cheeks")
carinate
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11b.
Antennal insertion less than one torulus diameter above free margin
of clypeus; if doubtful, side of head without carinae
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12a.
Antennae arise at side and below free margin of clypeus; abdominal
petiole longer than wide (common in North American collections)..... Pteromalidae (Spalangiinae)
<Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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12b.
Antennae arise slightly above free margin of clypeus; abdominal
petiole not visible (rare in North American collections)....... Pteromalidae (Ceinae)
[also see Asaphinae & Eunotinae]. <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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13a.
Fore wing stigma enlarged, longer than stigmal vein, and projects
toward hind margin of
wing;
ovipositor sheaths always exserted; antennae with 7 funicle
segments Torymidae
(Megastigminae).
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13b.
Fore wing stigma not enlarged, shorter than stigmal vein (stigma at
times surrounded by pigmented stainlike area); ovipositor and antenna
variable
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14a.
Scutellum with submedian grooves that meet prescutal sutures and
delimit media rectangular area (ra) or stigmal vein long and almost at
right angle to marginal vein (rare in collections from fig fruits in Florida)
Torymidae (Sycophaginae)
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14b.
Scutellum without submedian grooves, prescutal sutures separated
from scutellum by axilla (ax); either stigmal vein ling and angled off of
marginal vein or short (common & widespread in North America)
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15a.
Hind coxa much longer and winder than forecoxa by 2-3 times; if
doubtful, then prescutal sutures absent or weak and female with exserted
ovipositor.
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15b.
Hind coxa nearly same size as fore coxa; if doubtful, then prescutal
sutures well developed and female ovipositor not exserted.
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16a.
Ovipositor definitely exserted; both sexes: abdomen without pits;
propodeum postero-laterally angled and does not project over hind coxa
(dorsal view); cerci of last tergum elongated and with long setae (not as
apparent in male as female); prepectus subequal to tegula; hind tibial
spurs thin. Torymidae ... (Subfamilies:
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16b.
Ovipositor not exserted; both sexes: abdomen with pits; propodeum postero-laterally rounded and
projects over hind coxa (dorsal view); cerci of last tergum like a disk; prepectus
much smaller than tegula; hind tibial spurs thickened. ........... Ormyridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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17a.
Metapleuron with straight anterior margin............ Torymidae (Monodontomerinae)
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17b. Metapleuron with anterior margin
angulate or protruding forward ............
Torymidae
(Toryminae)
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18a.
Pronotum rectangular in dorsal view, about as wide as scutum, sides
parallel and flat laterally; body black, yellow, or mixed black & yellow,
but rarely faintly metallic; abdomen usually oval in crossview and
compressed laterally ...... Eurytomidae. <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
(Subfamilies: 19)
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18b.
Pronotum in dorsal view narrowed to a transverse strip, or not visible
(if elongated, then narrower at base than apex and sides concave to
accomodate front femora (rare, some Cleonyminae); body often metallic blue
or green, rarely black; abdomen usually keel-shaped (triangular in cross
view) and somewhat compressed dorsally.
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19a.
Prepectus (p) as large or larger than tegula. Eurytomidae (Eurytominae)
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19b. Prepectus smaller than tegula.
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20a. Scutellum with projection; tegula
sculptured. Eurytomidae (Heimbrinae)
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20b. Scutellum
without projection; tegula smooth.
Eurytomidae (Rileyinae)
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21a.
Pronotum not visible in dorsal view, covered by distinctly arched
scutum; abdomen like a rudder, on long petiole .... Eucharitidae. <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>..(Subfamilies: 22)
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21b.
Pronotum visible in dorsal view, scutum not heavily arched; abdomen usually
elongated and petiole usually not visible (petiolate forms occur).
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22b. Prepectus not fused to pronotum. Eucharitidae (Oraseminae)
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23a.
Abdomen covered by first two terga (or seemingly covered by single
tergum); body short
and squat; head with well-defined clypeus and at least 1 mandible
with 2 teeth . Perilampidae
<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> (Subfamilies: 24)
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23b. Abdomen
with 3 or more readily visible terga; body usually elongated;
head variable but usually with inconspicuous clypeus and small mandibles
with 3-4 teeth Pteromalidae
Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> (Subfamilies:
25)
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24a.
Prepectus not fused to pronotum; suture clearly visible.... Perilampidae
(Chrysolampinae)
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24b. Prepectus
fused to pronotum (suture absent or faint) ........ . Perilampidae
(Perilampinae)
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25a. Axillae (ax) advanced far forward of
scutellum or cuts a distinct angle into side lobe of
scutum.
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25b. Axillae not extended forward of
scutellum, or if slightly advanced, does not cut a distinct angle into side
lobe of scutum.
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26a. Axillae enlarged, nearly meeting
medially; body covered with white, scale-like setae
Pteromalidae (Eutrichosomatinae) <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
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26b. Axillae not enlarged, not close
medially; body without white, scale-like seta.
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27b. Scutellum
posterior with triangular "projection" (is part of metanotum) and
without apparent dorsal grooves...... Pteromalidae (Macromesinae) Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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28b.
Head in dorsal view with posterior ocelli distant from rounded
occipital margin; if doubtful, then head with curved black spines.
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29b. Head without interantennal
projection.
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30b. Head and
thorax may have setae, but not black spines; hind coxae sculptured or smooth,
without transverse carinae
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31a. Body typically elongated (1-2 cm.); head
with ridged, raised areas between eye and scrobal basin. (Very rare in North America). Pteromalidae (Leptofoeninae)
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31b.
Body less elongated (usually less than 1 cm.); head
without ridged, raised area between eye and scrobal basin (commonly
collected in North America)
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32b. Eye margins mostly parallel; pronotum
always wider than long.
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33a. Either eyes, head, and thorax densely
covered with setae, or scutellum largely polished and with only 2 pairs of
bristles (rare in North American collections)
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33b.
Eyes not densely covered with setae, head and thorax occasionally
so; scutellum rarely with paired bristles, but if so there are 3 or more
pairs and they are inconspicuous.
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36a.
Cercus at apex of gaster; fore and midcoxae separated (midcoxa
posterior to midpoint of mesopleuron); axillae (ax) do not meet medially
(if so, at least as long as wide); marginal vein longer than stigmal or
postmarginal.
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36b.
Cercus anterior to apex of gaster; fore & mid coxae nearly
touching (mid coxa anterior to middle of mesopleuron); axillae (ax) meet
medially; marginal vein usually shorter than stigmal or postmarginal. Encyrtidae <Habits>; <Adults-1> & <Adults-2>;
& <Juveniles>
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38a. Lack membranous area anterior to mid
coxal insertion. Eupelmidae
(Metapelmatinae)
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38b. With
membranous area (m) anterior to midcoxal insertion
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39a. Scutum wider than pronotum, with
anterolateral shoulders produced.
Eupelmidae
(Calosotinae)
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39b. Scutum not much wider than pronotum,
with anterolateral shoulders indistinct ....
Eupelmidae (Eupelminae)
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40a.
Usually 1 mm. or longer; body often metallic or dark in color;
abdomen narrowly joined at propodeum (petiole may or may not be apparent);
tarsi always with 4 segments; postmarginal vein present or absent.
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40b.
Usually 1 mm or less in length; body mostly pale yellow to white,
sometimes with dark markings or wholly dark, but not metallic; abdomen
broadly joined to propodeum; postmarginal vein absent; tarsi usually with 3-5 segments (if
4 segments, then club large and undivided or wing fringed
with long setae, or middle tarsi with only 4 segments).
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41a.
Hind coxa greatly enlarged; posterior scutellum with triangular,
usually translucent flap overhanging propodeum; hind tibia with irregular,
linear, or diamond-shaped patterns of setae; habitus as shown. ....... Elasmidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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41b.
Hind coxa not greatly enlarged (normal); posterior scutellum without
overhanging triangular flap; hind tibia without irregular setal patterns
... Eulophidae <Habits>; <Adults> &
<Juveniles> (Subfamilies: 42 )
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42a.
Scutellum with 1 pair of
setae; submarginal vein with 2 setae; face
usually with scrobal and facial grooves. Eulophidae (Entedoninae)
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42b.
Scutellum with 2 pairs of
setae (rarely 3 or more); submarginal with 3 or more
setae (rarely with 1 or 2); face
usually without distinct grooves
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43a.
Fore wing with bare area posterior to marginal vein with single row
of setae; usually with 2-3 "lines of setae" radiating
from stigmal vein. Eulophidae (Euderinae)
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43b.
Fore wing usually evenly setose posterior to marginal vein without
row of setae; rarely with any "lines of setae" radiating from
stigmal, when present, usually only
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44a.
Postmarginal vein usually absent; scutellum often with paired
submedian grooves that divide the scutellum into 3 distinct
pieces. Eulophidae (Tetrastichinae)
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44b.
Postmarginal vein present; scutellum without submedian grooves,
rarely with lateral grooves, when present at extreme lateral margins. Eulophidae (Eulophinae)
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45a.
Tarsi with 3 segments; setae on wings usually arranged in rows; stigmal
vein usually
elongated; antennae short and with few discernible
funiculars, male with elongated antennal
"setae.". Trichogrammatidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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45b.
Tarsi with 4-5 segments; setae on wings largely absent, evenly covering
wings, orwith only a few bare spots or rows present; stigmal vein short and
not obviously divergent from wing margin; antennae variable, but usually
with discernible funicles (if not, then with large undivided club)
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46a.
Propodeum without median triangular area; scutellum (sc) not
transverse (anterior, posterior sides not parallel), axillae (ax) distinct
from scutellum, rarely meeting medially; club of antenna almost always
segmented (a few species here have antennae like Signiphordae). Axillae (ax) do not meet medially,
generally widely separated; prescutal sutures (n) present; (antennal club
in Eretmocerus large and undivided, tarsi with 4
segments). Aphelinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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46b.
Propodeum with triangular median area (ma); scutellum (sc) transverse
(sides parallel), axillae either united with scutellum or widely separated;
club of antenna elongated and not
segmented Signiphoridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
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REFERENCES:
Grissell, E. E. & M. E. Schauff. 1990. A Handbook of the Families of Nearctic
Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera).
Publ. Ent. Soc.
Wash.. Cushing-Malloy, Ann Arbor, MI. 85 p.
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