|
51a (50b). Abdomen with a pair of hooks, usually on anal prolegs, at
posterior end and without long
lateral processes (but at times with finger-like gills); tarsi with 1 claw;
usually living in
cases (Figs.A-F) [caddisfly larvae]
..... A ...... Trichoptera <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> [Latest
Classification]
|
|
51b. Abdomen with 4 hooks at posterior end or none, and with or
without long lateral processes;
tarsi with 1-2 claws (Fig.A); not living in cases [beetle larvae]..........
Coleoptera <Habits> [Latest
Classification]
|
|
52a (44b). Mouthparts usually withdrawn into head and not obvious;
abdomen with stylelike appendages
on some segments or with a forked appendage near end of abdomen; usually <7 mm
long
|
|
52b. Mouthparts usually distinct, mandibulate or haustellate (= for sucking); abdomen without appendages
as described previously; size variable
|
|
53a (52a). Antennae long, with many segments; abdomen with at least 9 segments
and with stylelike
appendages on ventral side of some segments; without a forked appendage
near end of abdomen, but with well developed cerci (Figs.A-C) ..... A ......... Diplura (in Class Entognatha)
|
|
53b. Antennae short, with 6 or less segments; abdomen with 6 or
less segments and usually with a forked appendage near posterior end (Figs.A-G) [springtails]............ Collembola (in Class Entognatha)
|
|
54a (52b). Body larviform ( = shaped like a worm or larva),
thorax and abdomen not differentiated;
compound eyes present [larviform beetles] ............. Coleoptera <Habits> [Latest
Classification]
|
|
54b. Body shape variable, but if larviform,
then without compound eyes
|
|
55a (54b). Compound eyes usually present; body shape variable, but
usually not worm-like; wing
pads often present [adults & nymphs]
|
|
55b. Compound eyes and wing pads absent,
body usually worm-like in shape [larvae]
|
|
56a (55a). Tarsi with 5 segments
|
|
56b. Tarsi with 4 or less segments
|
|
57b. Mouthparts not as previously described;
body shape and size variable
|
|
59a (56b). Cerci like forceps; tarsi with 3 segments
|
|
59b. Cerci absent or, if present, not like
forceps; tarsi variable
|
|
61b. Tarsi with 2-4 segments, basal segment
of front tarsi not enlarged
|
|
62b. Not like grasshoppers, hind legs usually not as previously
described; length <10 mm
|
|
63b. Tarsi with 2-3 segments; color and
habits variable
|
|
64a (63b). Cerci present, 1 segmented, and terminating in a long bristle;
antennae with 9 segments
and moniliform (Figs.A-C); compound eyes and ocelli
absent (= simple yes); tarsi with 2 segments ... A ..... Zoraptera <Habits>
[Latest Classification]
|
|
65a (55b). Ventral prolegs (= fleshy abdominal legs) present on 2 or
more abdominal segments (Figs.A-B) ..... A.
|
|
65b. Abdominal prolegs absent or on
terminal segment only
|
|
66a (65a). Have 5 pairs prolegs (on abdominal segments 3-6 & 10)
or fewer (Fig. A), the prolegs with tiny hooks
(crochets); several (usually 6) ocelli on each side of head [caterpillars] ....... Lepidoptera <Habits> [Latest ssification]
|
|
66b. Have 6 or more pairs of abdominal prolegs, the prolegs
without crochets; ocelli number variable
|
|
68b. Mandibles and maxillae not as previously described; tarsi
with 1-2 claws; labrum and maxillary palps usually present
|
|
69a (68b). Head and mouthparts prognathous (= directed forward), the
head ca. as long along mid ventral line as along middorsal line and usually
cylindrical or a bit flattened
|
|
69b. Head and mouthparts hypognathous (=
directed ventrally), the head much longer along middorsal line
than along midventral line and usually rounded
|
|
71b. Labrum absent or fused with head
capsule [most Adephaga: beetle larvae] ..... Coleoptera
|
|
72a (69b). Front legs noticeably smaller than other pairs; middle and
hind legs projecting laterally
much more than front legs; a small group of ocelli (usually 3) on each side
of head behind bases
of antennae; tarsal claws absent; length <5 mm; usually found in moss [Boreidae larvae]
......... Mecoptera
<Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles> [Latest
Classification]
|
|
72b. Legs not as previously described, front and middle legs ca.
same size and position; ocelli variable; tarsi with 1-3 claws;
size and habitat variable
|
|
73a (72b). Tarsi with 1-2 claws; abdomen usually without caudal
filaments; antennae variable [beetle larvae] ...... Coleoptera
|
|
74b. Terrestrial or parasitic (not aquatic)
|
|
75a (74b). Sessile, plant feeding; body covered by a
scale or waxy substance; mouthparts for sucking, long and thread-like
[female scales] ........ Homoptera <Habits> [Latest
Classification]
|
|
75b. Not the same as previously described
|
|
76b. Head not fused with thorax, body segmentation
distinct; habitat variable
|
|
77a (76b). Head distinct, sclerotized, and usually pigmented and
exserted
|
|
77b. Head indistinct, incompletely or not at
all sclerotized, sometimes retracted into thorax
|
|
78a (77a). Head and mouthparts prognathous (= directed forward), the
head ca. as long along midventral line as along middorsal
line and usually cylindrical or slightly flattened
|
|
78b. Head and mouthparts hypognathous (= directed ventrally),
the head much longer along middorsal
line than along midventral line and usually rounded
|
|
79a (78a). Terminal abdominal segment with a pair of short pointed
processes; several long setae on each body segment (Fig.A) [flea larvae]... A ..... Siphonaptera <Habits>
[Latest Classification]
|
|
79b. Not exactly as previously described
|
|
80a (79b). Labium with a protruding spinneret (= silk-producing structure);
antennae arising from
membranous area at bases of mandibles; mandibles well developed, opposable;
body usually slightly flattened; ventral prolegs usually with crochets;
mostly leaf miners in leaves, bark, or fruits [moth larvae]
....... Lepidoptera <Habits> [Latest
Classification]
|
|
80b. Labium without a spinneret; antennae, if present, arising
from head capsule; prolegs without crochets
|
|
81a (80b). Mouthparts distinctly mandibulate, with opposable
mandibles; spiracles usually present on thorax and 8 abdominal
segments; body shape variable [beetle larvae] ..... Coleoptera <Habits> [Latest
Classification]
|
|
81b. Mouthparts as previously described or with mouth hooks
somewhat parallel and moving vertically;
spiracles variable, but usually not as previously described; body elongated
[Nematocera & some Brachycera fly larvae] ....... Diptera <Habits>; <Juveniles> [Latest
Classification]
|
|
82a (78b).
Abdominal segments usually with 1 or more longitudinal
folds laterally or lateroventrally;
body C-shaped, scarabaeiform (Fig.A);
1 pair of spiracles on thorax and usually 8 pairs on abdomen [beetle larvae,
white grubs] ........ A ..... Coleoptera <Habits> [Latest
Classification]
|
|
82b.
Abdominal segments without longitudinal folds, or if present, then
spiracles not as previously
described
|
|
83a (82b). Head with adfrontal areas (= pair of narrow oblique
sclerites on head) (as in Fig.A);
labium with a projecting spinneret; if present, antennae arise from membranous area at base of
mandibles; often 1 or more ocelli (usually 6) on each side of head; ventral prolegs, if present,
with crochets [moth larvae] ........ Lepidoptera <Habits> [Latest
Classification]
|
|
83b. Head without adfrontal areas, and labium without a
spinneret; antennae and ocelli not as previously described; prolegs, if
present, without crochets
|
|
84a (83b). Mandibles not heavily sclerotized and not brush-like;
spiracles usually present on thorax
and most abdominal segments, the posterior pair not enlarged; larvae
occur in plant tissues as
phytophagous parasites, or in cells constructed by adults [Apocrita] ...... Hymenoptera <Habits>
[Latest
Classification]
[Illustrations = Figs. 1, 2, 5, 6, 15, 16, 20.
39, 41. 48, 50. 54, 56, 57, 59. 61, 63. 75, 78, 79, 82, 84, 86, 90, 95. 98, 101. 108, 110 y 112.
116]
|
|
84b. Mandibles usually brush-like; spiracles usually not as
previously described-- if present on several abdominal segments, the
posterior pair is much larger than the rest; occur in wet places, in
plant tissues, or as internal parasites (Fig.A)
A [fly larvae, mainly Nematocera] ......... Diptera <Habits>; <Juveniles> [Latest
Classification]
|
|
85b. Mouthparts reduced or modified, with only the mandibles opposable,
or with parallel mouth
hooks present; antennae usually absent
|
|
86a (85b). Body behind "head" (first body segment)
consisting of 13 segments; full grown larvae usually with a sclerotized
ventral plate ("breast bone") located ventrally behind head
[Cecidomyiidae larvae ] ........ Diptera
<Habits>; <Juveniles> [Latest
Classification]
|
|
86b. Body with fewer segments than
previously described; no "breast bone"
|
Major
Families of Adult Entomophagous Diptera
(For muscoid flies
see Figs C-D wing venation)
|
88a (8a, 29a & 38b).
Antennae moniliform, 6-39 segments, longer than thorax
|
|
88b. Antennae with 3-4 segments, ring-like segments may be
present; antennae shorter than thorax
|
|
89a (88a). Costa (= longitudinal wing vein)
extends completely around wing, occasionally weakened behind
|
|
89b. Costa does not reach to or extend only
slightly beyond wing tip
|
|
90a (89a).
Mesonotal suture (= dorsal sclerite of mesothorax)
transverse, not V-shaped
|
|
91a (90a). Ocelli present and/or venation reduced; eyes meet above
antennae; wing not scaly (Figs.A-C)
A (larvae are predators of Homoptera &
mites) .…........ (Diptera)
Cecidomyiidae <Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
91b. Ocelli absent; probosis extends far beyond clypeus; wing
venation strong; wing veins and margin
covered with scales, usually also on body (Figs.A-G)
(larvae of some species are predators of aquatic
arthropods) ............ (Diptera) Culicidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
92b. Ocelli present; tibiae with apical spurs; discal cell in
wing (= enlarged cell in basal or central part of wing) absent (Figs.A-C)
A (larvae spin webs & feed on entrapped arthropods)
............. (Diptera) Mycetophilidae (Mycetophagidae)
<Habits>; <Adults>
& <Juveniles>
|
|
93a (92a). Head rounded behind, mouthparts piercing; metanotum short
and rounded, without a longitudinal groove (Fig.A)
A (adults are blood-suckers; larvae are predators) .................. (Diptera) Ceratopogonidae
<Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
93b. Head flat behind, mouthparts without mandibles, not
piercing ;metanotum long, with a median longitudinal groove (Figs.A-B) (most are predators, one species
parasitizes mayflies) ........... (Diptera)
Chironomidae
<Habits>;
<Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
94a (88b). Empodium (= pad or bristlelike structure at apex of last tarsal
segment between the claws) developed lobelike, the 3
pads almost equal
|
|
94b. Empodium hair-like or absent
|
|
95a (94a). Third antennal segment compound, composed of ring-like
segments
|
|
95b. Third antennal segment simple,
frequently bearing an elongated style or arista
|
|
96a (95a). Tegula (= scale-like structure overlying
front wing base) large and conspicuous female abdomen large (Figs.A-F) A (adults are blood-suckers; larvae
are predators of aquatic
arthropods) ........... (Diptera)
Tabanidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
97a. Tegula small or vestigal
|
|
97b. Tegula large, covering haltere; head very small, positioned
low down and composed almost
entirely of compound eyes; body humpbacked (Fig.A)
A (parasitoids of spiders) ......… (Diptera) Acroceridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>
|
|
98b. At least middle tibia with apical spurs; antennae have long
terminal style; wing venation normal, not complex (Figs.A-B) (both adults and larvae
are predators of other arthropods)
......... (Diptera) Rhagionidae (Leptidae) <Habits>; <Adults>
& <Juveniles>
|
|
99a (94b). Wing with 2 or more submarginal cells (vein
R-4+5 forked); 3-4 posterior cells
|
|
99b. Wing with only one submarginal cell or
none at all (vein R-4+5 not forked)
|
|
100a (99a). Front strongly concave at vertex
|
|
100b. Front not concave between eyes, vertex
flat or convex
|
|