File: <glossary.htm Pooled References
GLOSSARY
{Contacts} Following are
definitions of key scientific terms, as derived primarily from Borror (1960),
Borror et al. (current running dates), Brown (1954),
Carpenter (1938), Dorland (1932), Hanson (1959), Henderson & Henderson
(1939), and Huber & Sharkey (1993) [see latter for illustrations], Jaeger
(155), Jardine (1913), Pennak (1964), Smith (1906), Snodgrass (1935),
Torre-Bueno (1937), Tuxen (1970) and Tweney & Hughes (1940). --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
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<A terms> abdomen (adj.,
abdominal). (Hymenoptera) The principal
posterior division of the body, posterior to the leg-bearing segments
and composed of 10 or fewer apparent segments; in most Symphyra abdominal
segment 1 is easily recognized
by its median split (cf. metasoma, propodeum). The posterior of three body regions. abscissa (pl.
abscissae). A segment of a wing vein
that is delimited by the intersection of other veins. accessory vein An extra branch of a longitudinal vein
(indicated by a subscript a; for example, an accessory of M, is designated Ml. accessory pulsatile
organ Contractile organs that function
to move hemolymph into and out of appendages. accessory cell. A closed cell in the front wing of
Lepidoptera formed by the fusion of 2 branches of the radius, usually the R-2
cell accessory gland A secretory organ associated with the
reproductive system; a gland associated with reproductive organs or
either males of females and producing substances accompanying the sperm or
eggs. accessory pulsatile
organ. Contractile organs that function
to move hemolymph into and out of appendages. accessory vein. An extra branch of a longitudinal vein
(indicated by a subscript "a"). acrosternite. The portion of a sternum anterior to the
antecostal suture. acrostichal bristles. One or more longitudinal rows of small
bristles along the center of the mesonotum in Diptera. acrotergite. The portion of a tergum anterior to the
antecostal suture. aculea (pl., aculeae). Minute spines on the wing membrane in Lepidoptera. aculeate. With aculea in Lepidoptera or a sting in
Hymenoptera. acuminate. Tapering to a long point. acute Pointed; forming an angle of less than
90°. Sharply angled, less than 90° adecticous A type of pupa in which the mandibles are
immovable and nonfunctional. adfrontal areas. A pair of narrow oblique sclerites on the
head of a lepidopterous larva. adventitious vein A secondary vein, neither accessory nor
intercalary, usually the result of cross veins lined up to form a continuous vein. A wing vein that is not homologized with a
standard wing vein. aedeagus. The sclerotized median intromittent organ
of a male insect. The male
intromittent organ; the distal part of the
phallus; penis plus parameres. aeropile. the opening in the chorion (egg shell) through
which air enters, often covered by a plastron. aestivation. Dormancy during a warm or dry season. agamic. Reproducing parthenogenetically (without
mating). alinotum. The notal plate of the mesothorax or
metathorax of a pterygote insect. allometric growth. A genetically determined tendency for a
certain body part to grow at a more rapid rate than other parts. allomone. An external chemical signal that acts
between different species to benefit the producer; e.g., to repel a predator or parasitoid. alula (pl., alulae). A lobe at the base of the wing in Diptera; see calypter. ametabolous Without metamorphosis (= changing little
in form during the course of growth and molting). anal Pertaining to the last
abdominal segment (which bears the anus!; the posterior basal part Ifor
example, of the wing. anal crossing. Where A branches posteriorly from Cu+A in
Odonata. anal cell. A cell in the anal area of the wing; cell
1A of Diptera. anal area of the wing The posterior portion of the wing, usually
including the anal veins. anal lobe. A lobe in the posterior basal part of the
wing. anal loop. A group of cells in the hind wing of
dragonflies between Cu-2, 1A, and 2A which may be rounded, elongated
or foot-shaped. analogy Similarity in function filling a common
need but having a different evolutionary origin. anamorphosis. Development of an organism in which one or
more body segments are added posteriorly at each molt. anapleurite. The upper and outer of the two incomplete
subcoxal rings that form the thoracic pleurites. anelli.
ring-like segments anelliform .
ring-like anellus.
ring-like sgement anemotaxis. Orientation with respect to currents in
the air. anepimeron. The portion of the anapleurite posterior
to the pleural suture. anepisternum. The portion of the anapleurite anterior to
the pleural suture. anisomorphal. A defensive allomone of the walkingstick Anisomorpha. annulate. Ringed; formed in ring-like segments or color
patterns. annulated With ringlike segments or divisions. anteapical Just proximad of the apex. anteapical cell. A cell in the distal part of the wing of
leafhoppers. anteapical. Just proximal of the apex. anteclypeus. An anterior division of the clypeus. antecosta (pl., antecostae). An internal ridge on the anterior portion of a
tergum or sternum that serves as the site of attachment
of the longitudinal muscles. antecostal sclerite. A sclerite of the metasternum, just
anterior to the hind coxae. antecostal suture. An external groove that marks the position
of the internal antecosta. antecoxal sclerite A sclerite of the metasternum, just anterior
to the hind coxae. antenna (pl., antennae;
adj., antennal). A paired, segmented
sensory appendage of the head between the compound eyes,
which consists of 3 segments having intrinsic muscles and usually sensory in
function. antennal club The enlarged distal segments of a clubbed
antenna.antennal fossa. A cavity or depression
in which the antennae
are located. antennal groove. A groove in the head capsule into which
the basal segment of the antenna fits. antennule The first antennae of Crustacea. antenodal cross veins. Cross veins along the costal border of the
wing, between the base of the wing and the nodus, extending
from the costa to the radius (Odonata). antepenultimate. The 3rd from the last. antepygidial bristle. One or more large bristles on the apical
margin of the 7th (next to last) tergum in Siphonaptera. anterior. Front; in front of. antepygidial bristle One or more large bristles on the apical
margin of the seventh (next to the last) tergum (Siphonaptera).
anterior Front; in front of. anterior cross vein. The r-m cross vein in Diptera. anterodorsal In the front and at the top or upper side.
anteromesal. In the front and along the midline of the
body. anteroventral. In the front and underneath or on the
lower side. antibiosis. Any deleterious effect on insect survival resulting
from feeding on a resistant host. anus. The posterior opening of the alimentary
tract. aorta. A blood-containing tube in insects that
extends forward from the heart and is open anteriorly (nonpulsatile portion
of the dorsal blood vessel). The
anterior nonpulsatile portion of the dorsal blood vessel. apex (pl., apices; adj., apical, apico-). Part of a structure most remote from its point
of attachment to the body. apical At the end, tip, or outermost part. apical cell. A cell near the wing tip apical cross vein. A cross vein enar the apex of the wing
(Plecoptera, Homoptera). apodeme An invagination of the body wall forming a
rigid process that serves for muscle attachment and for the strengthening
of the body wall. apolysis The separation of the epidermis from the cuticle
(part of the process of
moltingl. An invagination of the
exoskeleton that serves as a point of muscle attachment. apolysis. Retraction of the epidermal cells from the
inner surface of the endocuticle, the first step in molting. apophysis (pl.,
apophyses). A tubercular or elongated
process of the body wall, either external or internal. aposematism. Possession of vivid coloration that
identifies an insect as having distasteful or unpleasant properties. appendix. A supplementary or additional piece or
part (eg., homopteran wing). appetitive behavior. Searching behavior of variable pattern,
seeking an appropriate stimulus. apposition eye. A type of compound eye occuring in diurnal
insects, in which each ommatidium is surrounded by a shield of
pigment. apterous. Wingless apterygote. A wingless insect of a group believed
never to have had wings in its history (primitively wingless hexapod). aquatic. Living in water. arcuate. Bent like a bow, or arched. arculus. A basal cross vein between the radius and
the cubitus in Odonata. areola (pl., areolae; adj.,
areolate). In Ichneumonidae, the
median area of the propodeum that is enclosed by ridges. areole An accessory cell Isee also basal areolel. areolet. In Ichneumonidae, the small cell in the
center of the forewing (submarginal cell opposite the 2nd m-cu cross vein);
the 1st radial sector cell. arista. A large bristle, usually dorsally located,
on the apical antennal segment in Diptera. aristate. Bristlelike, with an arista; aristate
antenna. arolium (pl., arolia). A pad-like median lobe between the tarsal
claws (also see pretarsus). A padlike
structure at the apex of
the last tarsal segment, between the claws (Orthoptera); a padlike structure
at the base of each tarsal claw
(Hemiptera). arrhenotoky A form of parthenogenesis in which females
are produced from fertilized eggs, males from unfertilized eggs. articulation. A joint as between 2 segments or
structures. aspirator A device with which insects may be picked
up by suction. associative learning. Acquisition of the capacity to associate a
stimulus with a reward (or punishment). asymmetrical Not alike on the two sides. asynchronous muscle A rapidly contracting muscle in which the
individual contractions are not initiated by a neuronal impulse
(compare synch‑onous orneurogenic musclel . atrium (pl., atnal A chamber; a chamber just
inside a body opening. atrophied Reduced in size, rudimentary. attenuated. Very slender and gradually tapering
distally. auricle. A small lobe or earlike structure
(Hymenoptera). autocidal control. The use of insects for self destruction,
mostly by release of sterile individuals. autogenous. In blood-feeding insects, the ability to
produce eggs without taking blood (as some mosquitoes). auxiliary vein.
The subcosta (Diptera) axilla (pl., axillae; adj., axillar). In groups with a transscutal articulation,
posterolateral portion of the mesoscutum separated
from the mesoscutum lateral to the scutellum; usually triangular (also see
scutum). A triangular or rounded
sclerite laterad of the scutellum and usually just caudad of the base of the
front wing (Hymenoptera). axillary cell A cell in the anal area of the wing (Diptera
& Hymenoptera) axillary sclerite A small sclerite at the wing base that
articulates with the thorax. axillary sclerites The small sclerites at the base of the
wing that translate deformations of the thorax into movements. axillula (pl., axillulae; adj.,
axillular). In Chalcidoidea, the
lateral subdivision of the scutellum delimited by a longitudinal
line. axon. A fiber of a nerve cell that carries nerve
impulses away from the cell body. <B terms> binominal nomenclature The system of naming organisms with two
names, generic and specific. biological control The employment of biotic agents, such as
predators, parasitoids, and disease organisms, to control populations. band A transverse marking broader than a line. basal areole A small cell at the base of the wing; the
cell at the base of the wing between Sc and R (Lepidoptera) basal anal cell An anal cell near the wing base; a cell at
the base of the wing between IA and 2A (Plecoptera) basal cell A cell near the base of the wing, bordered
at least in part by the unbranched portions of the longitudinal veins; in
the Diptera, one of the two cells proximad of the anterior cross vein and the
discal cell (Diptera). basal vein A vein in about the middle of the front
wing, extending from the median vein to the subcostal or cubital vein; the
first free segment of M (Hymenoptera). basalare lor basalar sclerite1 An epipleurite
located anterior to the pleural wing process. base (pl., basal, basi-). Part of a structure closest to its point of attachment to the
body. basement membrane A noncellular membrane underlying the
epidermal cells of the body wall. basisternum That part of a thoracic sternum anterior
to the sternacostal suture. basitibial plate. In Apoidea, a small flat, hairless, raised
region of the dorsal surface of the metatibia at its base. beak The protruding mouthpart structures of a
sucking insect; proboscis. bifid Forked, or divided into two parts. bilateral symmetry See symmetry
bilobed Divided into two lobes biotic release The sudden release of a population from
its natural enemies, often resulting in a population explosion. biotype A population of a species that differs
genetically from another population with respect to host affiliation (also called
"host race"). bipectinate Having branches on two sides like teeth of
a comb. biramous With two branches; consisting of an
endopodite and an exopodite ICrustaceal. bisexual With males and females. bituberculate With two tubercles or swellings. bivalved With two valves or parts, clamlike. bivoltine Having two generations per year. blastoderm The thin cellular layer that surrounds
the yolk of an egg. bombyko The sex attractant pheromone of the female
silkworm moth. blastoderm The peripheral cell layer in the insect
egg following cleavage. book gills The leaflike gills of a horseshoe crab. book lung A respiratory cavity containing a series
of leaflike folds Ispiders). borrow pit A pit formed by an excavation, where earth
has been "borrowed" for use elsewhere. boss A smooth lateral prominence
at the base of a chelicera Ispiders). brace vein A slanting cross vein; in Odonata, a
slanting cross vein just behind the proximal end of the stigma. brachypterous With short wings that do not cover the
abdomen. brain. anterior ganglion of the nervous system,
located above the esophagus; in insects composed of the protocerebrum,
deutocerebrum, and tritocerebrum. brain hormone A chemical messenger produced by neurosecretory
cells in the brain that activates the prothoracic glands to
produce ecdysone jalso known as PTTH or prothoracicotropic hormone). brevicomin An aggregation pheromone of the bark
beetle dendroctonus ore~icomis. bridge cross vein A cross vein anterior to the bridge vein (Odonata). bridge vein The vein that appears as the basal part
of the radial sector, by M, and the oblique vein (Odonata). brood The individuals that hatch from the eggs laid
by one mother; individuals that hatch at about the same time and normally
mature at about the same time. bucca (pl., buccael) A sclerite on the head below the compound eye and iust above
the mouth opening (Diptera) buccal cavity The opening enclosed by the mouthparts,
leading to the true mouth and the pharynx. buccula (pl, bucculae) One of two ridges on the underside of the head, on each side of
the beak (Hemiptera). bulla (pl., bullae). In Ichneumonidae, unpigmented area of a vein where it is crossed
by a wing fold or line of flexion. bursa copulatrix A pouch of the female reproductive system
that receives the male genitalia during copulation. bursa copulatrix A pouch on the median oviduct of the
female that receives the aedeagus of the male. bursicon The hormone controlling tanning and
expansion, produced by neurosecretory cells of the brain. bursicon A hormone involved in the process of
sclerotization. <C terms> caecum (pl., caecae) A saclike or tubelike structure, open at only one end. calamistrum One or two rows of curved spines on the
metatarsus of the hind legs of spiders. calcaria Movable spurs at the apex of the tibia. callus (pl., callil A rounded swelling. calypter (pl., calypteres) One or two small lobes at the base of the
wing, located just above the haltere (Diptera) (also called squama). camera lucida A device enabling one to make accurate
drawings of objects seen through a microscope; when it is attached
to the eyepiece of a microscope; the observer can see the object under the microscope
and his or her drawing
paper at the same time. campaniform sensillum A sense organ consisting of a dome‑shaped
portion of the cuticle with associated sensory neuron;
perceives stresses in the cuticle. A
sense organ consisting of a dome‑shaped cuticular area into which the
sensory cell process is insertcd like the clapper of a bell. campodeiform larva A larva shaped like the dipluran Campodea (that is, elongate and
flattened), with well‑developed legs and
antennae, and usually active. cantharidin A defense allomotle of blister beetles
(also known as "Spanish fly"). capitate With an apical knoblike enlargement;
capitate antenna. carapace A hard dorsal covering consisting of fused
dorsal sclerites (Crustacea) cardo (pl., cardines) The basal segment or division of a maxilla; one of two small
laterobasal sclerites in the millipede gnathochilarium. cardo (pl., cardines). The basal part of the maxilla. carina (pl., carinae; adj., carinate). A ridge or raised line. carinate Ridged or keeled. carnivorous Feeding on the flesh of other animals. caste A form or type of adult in a social insect
(termites &ants). catapleurite The lower and inner of the two incomplete
subcoxal rings that form the thoracic pleurites lalso called the catepleurite,
katepleurite, and coxopleurite. catepimeron The portion of the catapleurite posterior
to the pleural suture. catepistetnum The portion of the catapleurite anterior
to the pleural sulcus. caterpillar An eruciform larva; the larva of a
butterfly, moth, sawfly, or scorpionfly. caudad Toward the tail, or toward the posterior
end of the body. caudal Pertaining to the tail or posterior end of
the body. caudal filament A threadlike process at the posterior end
of the abdomen. cell A space in the wing membrane partly (an
open celll or completely (a closed celll surrounded by veins. cell (of the wing) A thin, membranous area surrounded by
veins. Cephalothorax. head + thorax cercus (pl., cerci) An antennalike sensory appendage arising
from the posterior end of the abdomen. cell. The area between the veins of a wing; it
is closed when completely surrounded by veins, otherwise it is open. cenchrus (pl., cenchri). In Symphyta, a paired circular, or oval
structure on the sublateral portion of the metascutum. Roughened pad on the metanotum of sawflies
(Symphyta) serving to hold the wings in place when folded over the
dorsum. cephalad Toward the head or anterior end. cephalic On or attached to the head; anterior. cephalothorax A body region consisting of head and thoracic
segments (Crustacea and Arachnida). cercus (pl., cerci; adj., cercal). A paired, posterior, sensory appendage of the last
(morphological 1/10th) abdominal tergum,
which usually bears sevgeral setae.
With a reduction of the apical segments of the metasoma, the cerci often
seem to be on a more anterior segment. cercus (pl., cerci) One of a pair of appendages at the posterior
end of the abdomen. cervical Pertaining to the neck or cervix. cervical sclerite A sclerite located in the lateral part of
the cervix, between the head and the prothorax. cervix The largely membranous neck region of an
insect, between head and thorax. chaetotaxy The arrangement and nomenclature of the
bristles on the exoskeleton (Diptera). cheek The lateral part of the head between the
compound eye and the mouth (see genai chela (pl., chelae; adj., chelate). In Dryinidae, the modified tarsus in which
the apical tarsomere forms a clasping structure
with its opposable tarsal claw; a pincer. chelate Pincerlike, having two opposable claws. chelicera (pl.,
chelicerae) One of the major
elements in the mouthparts of spiders and related arthropods; not jawlike, but in
the form of fangs, pincers, or piercing organs. chelicera (pl., chelicerae) One of the anterior pair of appendages in
arachnids. cheliped A leg terminating in an enlarged pincerlike
structure (Crustacea). chemoreceptor A sensillum capable of detecting chemicals
(by olfaction and/or gustationi. chemoreceptor A sense organ modified for the reception
of chemical stimuli. chemotaxis Orientarion with respect to a chemical
gradient. chitin A nitrogenous polysaccharide formed
primarily of units of N‑acetyl glucosamine, occurring in the cuticle of
arthropods. The tough, insoluble polysaccharide making up a major part of the
insect procuticle chordotonal organ A sense organ, the cellular elements of
which form an elongate structure attached at both ends to the body
wall. chordotonal organ An elongate sense organ attached to the
inner surface of the body wall and sensitive to stretching and to
vibrations . choriogenesis Formation of the shell (chorion) of the
egg. chorion The outer shell of an arthropod egg. chrysalis (pl., chrysalids
or chrysalides) The pupa of a butterfly. cibarium A preoral cavity enclosed by the labrum
anterior, the hypopharynx or labium posteriorly, and the mandibles and
maxillae laterally. circadian rhythm An endogenous rhythm involving a response
at about 24‑hour intervals . circulatory virus A virus that circulates within the body of
an insect before being introduced into a new host. cleptoparasite A l'thief parasite," one that
consumes the food stored by another insect in a nest. climatic release Release of climatic restraints, such as a
period of favorable weather or entry into a favorable region, resulting
in population increase. clypeus A sclerite on the front of ~ne head, above
the labrum. coevolution An evolutionary change in a trait of
individuals of one population in response to a trait of individuals of a second
population, followed by an evolutionary response of the second population to
a change in the first. colleterial gland An accessory gland of the female that
produces the ootheca. communication The production of a signal by an
individual that influences the behavior of another individual and that is mutually
beneficial. companionate planting The intercropping of certain repellent
plants with crop plants. circumesophageal
connective A nerve connecting the tritocerebral
lobes of the brain with the subesophageal ganglion. class A subdivision of a phylum or subphylum,
containing a group of related orders. claval lobe. The posterior portion of a wing behind the
claval fold and in front of the jugal fold, when present (also see jugal lobe). claval fold.
The furrow on the forewing jsut anterior to, and aprallel with,
vein 1A, and extending to the claval notch on the
wing margin. claval suture The suture of the front wing separating
the clavus from the corium (Hemiptera). claval vein A vein in the clavus (Hemiptera,
Homoptera). clavate Clublike, or enlarged at the tip; clavate
antennae. clavus The oblong or triangular anal portion of
the front wing (Hemiptera and Homoptera) claw tuft A dense tuft of hairs below the claws
(spiders) cleft Split or forked. cleptoparasite A parasite that feeds on food stored for
the host larvae. closed cell A wing cell bounded on all sides by veins.
closed coxal cavity One bounded posteriorly by a sclerite of
the same thoracic segment of front coxal cavities, (Co leoptera)
or one completely surrounded by sternal sclerites and not touched by any
pleural sclerites of middle coxal
cavities (Coleoptera). club. The enlarged apical flagellar segment or
segments of an antenna (also see funicle). clubbed With the distal part ior segmentsl
enlarged; clubbed antennae. clypeus (adj. clypeal). The medial sclerite of the head
immediately above the labrum; often defined dorsally and laterally
by the epistomal groove. A sclerite
on the lower part of the face, between the frons and the labium. coarctate larva A larva somewhat similar to a dipterous
puparium, in which the skin of the preceding instar is not completely
shed but remains attached to the caudal end of the body; the sixth instar of
a blister beetle, also called a
pseudopupa. coarctate pupa A pupa enclosed in a hardened shell formed
by the last larval skin (Diptera). cocoon A silken case inside which the pupa is
formed. collophore A tubelike structure located on the
ventral side of the first abdominal segment of Collembola. collum The tergite of the first segment
(Diplopoda). colon The large intestine; that part of the
hindgut between the ileum and the rectum. colulus A slender pointed structure Iying just
anterior to the spinnerets (spiders1 commensalism A living together of two or more species,
none of which is injured thereby and at least one of which is
benefited. commissure A structure (trachea or nervel that
connects the left and right sides of a segment. common oviduct The median tube of the female internal
genitalia leading from the lateral oviducts to the gonopore. competitive exclusion
principle The concept that two
species cannot long coexist if they have identical niches. complete metamorphosis Striking changes between larva and adult,
with an intervening pupal stage. conditioning See Associative
learning. contest competition Competition involving aggressive
interactions between individuals. coprophagous Feeding on fecal material. cornicle One of a pair of tubelike processes on the
abdomen of aphids, secretes an allomone and an alarm pheromone. cornicles. dorsal
tubular structures on posterior abdomen corpus allatum (pl., corpora allata) A small endocrine gland situated behind the brain, the
source of juvenile hormone. corpus cardiacum (pl., corpora cardiaca) A small organ of nervous origin just
behind the brain, associated with storage
and release of PTTH and other hormones. corpus pedunculatum (pl.,
corpora pedunculata) See Mushroom
body. compound eye An eye composed of many individual elements
or ommatidia, each of which is represented externally by a
facet; the external surface of such an eye consists of circular facets that
are very close together or of facets that are
in contact and more or less hexagonal in shape. compressed. Flattened from side to side (higher than
wide). concave. Pertaining to a linear structure, margin,
or surface that is curved inward (cf. convex). concave vein A vein protruding from the lower surface
of the wing. condyle. A knoblike process forming an
articulation. connate Fused together or immovably united. connective A structure (such as a trachea or nervel
that runs from one segment to another. constricted Narrowed. contiguous Touching each other. convergent Becoming closer distally. convergent Becomingcloserdistally. convex vein A vein protruding from the upper surface
of the wing. convex vein A vein protruding from the upper surface of
the wing. corbicula (pl., corbiculae) A smooth area on the outer surface of the
hind tibia, bordered on each side by a fringe of long
curved hairs, which serves as a pollen basket (beesl. convex. Pertaining to a linear structure, margin, or
surface that is curved outward (cf. concave). corbicula (pl., corbiculae). In Apiformes, the concave, smooth region of the
metatibia that is margined by a fringe of setae
arising from the margins; it forms a pollen basket. A smooth area on the outer surface of the hind tibia, bordered on each side by a
fringe of long curved hairs, which serves as a pollen basket (beesl. corium The elongate, usually thickened, basal
portion of the front wing (Hemiptera). cornea The cuticular part of an eye. cornicle One of a pair of dorsal tubular structures
on the posterior part of the abdomen (aphids). cornicle One of a pair of dorsal tubular structures
on the posterior part of the abdomen (aphids). corniculi (sing., corniculus) see urogomphi. coronal suture A longitudinal suture along the midline of
the vertex, between the compound eyes. corpus allatum (pl., corpora allata) One of a pair of small structures
immediately behind the brain, involved in secretion
of juvenile hormone. costa A longitudinal wing vein usually forming
the anterior margin of the wing; a sclerotized ridge in the cuticle. costal area The portion of the wing immediately behind
the anterior margin. costal cell The wing space between the costa and the
subcosta. costal break A point on the costa where the
sclerotization is weak or lacking or the vein appears to be broken (Diptera) costal area The portion of the wing immediately behind
the anterior margin. costal notch. The excision of the wing margin between
the apex of the costal vein and the base of the stigma. coxa (pl., coxae; adj.,
coxal). The first segment of a leg,
between the body and the trochanter.
The basal segment of the
leg. The most basal segment of the
insect leg, articulating with the thorax. coxopleurite See catapleurite. coxopodite The basal segment of an arthropod
appendage. coxosternum A sclerite representing the fusion of the
sternum and the coxopodites of a segment. crawler The active first instar of a scale insect.
cremaster A spinelike or hooked process at the
posterior end of the pupa, often used for attachment (Lepidoptera). crenulate Wavy, or with small scallops. cribellum A sievelike structure Iying just anterior
to the spinnerets (spiders). crochets lpronounced croshays) Hooked spines at the tip of the prolegs of
lepidopterous larvae. crop An expansible part of the foregut that
holds food until it can be passed into the midgut. The dilated posterior portion
of the foregut, just behind the esophagus. crypsis Close resemblance of an animal to its
physical or biotic background (also called protective coloration). cross vein A vein connecting adjacent longitudinal
veins. cruciate Crossing; shaped cryptonephridia Malpighian tubules that are closely associated
with the hind gut and surrounded by a membrane, thus separating
this complex from the rest of the hemocoel. ctenidium (pl., ctenidia) A row of stout bristles like the teeth of a comb. cubito‑anal cross
vein A cross vein between the
cubitus and an anal vein. cubitus The longitudinal vein immediately
posterior to the media. cultural control Modification of the environment‑‑for
example, by tillage‑‑to make it less attractive to pests. cuneus.
Trriangular apical part of thickened portion of wing cuticle The noncellular outer portion of the
integument. cuticulin The tough, insoluble substance making up
the outer surface of the epicuticle, containing cross‑linked lipid and protein
molecules. cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus
(CPV) A virus that develops in the
cytoplasm of host cells, chiefly in the midgut. <D terms> Darwinian fitness differential reproduction, in terms of the
number of genes an individual passes to the next generation. depressed. Flattened from top to bottom (wider than
high). density‑dependent
factor A factor that causes a level
of mortality that varies with the number of individuals in the population. deutocerebrum The middle section of the brain, which
innervates the antennae. diapause A state of arrested behavior, growth, and
development that occurs at one stage in the life cycle. digitus.
Pad-like lobe of male genitalia direct pest A pest insect that attacks a part of a
plant that is harvested, as contrasted to an indirect pest. distal Referring to the part of an appendage that
is farthest from the body. dorsal Referring to the upper surface (back) of
an animal. dorsal diaphragm A muscular shcet underlying the heart
which assists in the flow of blood. dorsal longitudinal
muscles Muscles running
longitudinally, dorsally in insect segments, in the thorax powering the downstroke
of the wings of most insects. dorsoventral muscles Muscles inserting on the dorsum of the
thorax and originating ventrally, powering the upstroke of the
wings of most insects. dorsum The upper surface (back) of an animal . Dufour's gland An exocrine gland on the ventral,
posterior part of the abdomen of female Hymenoptera, the source of pheromones
serving diverse functions. disc (adj., discal). The central surface of any structure. dorsal diaphragm An incomplete wall of muscle separating
the area around the dorsal blood vessel (the pericardial sinus)
from the rest of the hemocoel. dorsocentral bristles A longitudinal row of bristles on the
mesonotum, just laterad of the acrostichal bristles (Diptera). dorsolateral At the top and to the side. dorsomesal At the top and along the midline. dorsoscutellar bristles A pair of bristles on the dorsal portion of
the scutellum, one on each side of the midline (Diptera).
dorsoventral From top to bottom, or from the upper to
the lower side. dorsum The back or top (dorsal) side. Dyar's rule The increase in width of the larval head
capsule by a factor of 1.2‑1.4 from one molt to the next. <E terms> ecdysis Splitting and casting off of the old
cuticle, the major event in molting. ecdysone A molting hormone, secreted by the
prothoracic glands. eclosion Hatching of the egg, or emergence of the
adult insect at the terminal molt. ecological homolog One of two or more species having most
niche parameters in common . economic injury level
(EIL) The level of damage to a crop
that is equal in value to the cost of suppressive measures. economic threshold (ET) The level of damage by a pest that serves
to wam the agriculturalist of impending problems. ecosystem A biological community considered in
relation to its physical environment. egg‑development
neurosecretory hormone (EdNH) A product
of the brain neurosecretory cells that stimulates vitellogenesis
in the female mosouito. ejaculatory duct A median duct that carries the sperm from
the intemal reproductive system to the exterior. elytra. Thickened front wings (eg. , Coleoptera) elytron (pl., elytra) The hardened front wing of a beetle. emarginate. Notched; with an obtuse, rounded, or
quadrate section cut out of a margin. encapsulation The enclosure of a parasitoid larva within
the blood of the host by a layer of hemocytes. endocrine gland A gland that discharges its products
(hormones) to the inside (as contrasted to an exocrine gland). endocuticle The inner zone of the procuticle, softer
and lighter in color than the exocuticle. endogenous activity Nervous discharges that arise
spontaneously, in the absence of stimulation . endodterygote An insect that develops through the
immature stages as a larva with wings retained internally as imaginal endodont mandible. A mandible with the teeth facing inward so
that when the mandibles are closed their tips point toward
each other's base (cf., exodont). entomophagous Feeding on insects. entomopox virus A virus that multiplies in the cell
cytoplasm of fat body and blood cells in a variety of insects. epicuticle The outer zone of the insect cuticle,
rich in lipid and protein and lacking chitin. epidermis The single outer cell layer of the body,
which secretes the cuticle. epimorphosis A type of development in which the insect
emerges from the egg with its full complement of body segments
(opposite of anamorphosis). equilibrium position
(EP) In insect bioeconomics, the
average density of a potential pest on a specific crop. esophagus A tubular portion of the foregut, behind
the pharynx. epicnemial carina. The ridge on the mesopleuron that somewhat
parallels the anterior margin of the mesepisternum and that
delineates the posterior margin of the epicnemium. epicnemium (adj., epicnemial). The anterior portion of the mesopleuron
delimited posteriorly by the epicnemial carina (also see
prepectus). epimeron (pl., epimera; adj., epimeral). The portion of a pleuron posterior to the
pleural groove (cf. episternum). epipygium. In Chalcidoidea, a small, somewhat
sclerotized, fingernail-like flap attached to the last metasomal tergum between
the cerci. episternal groove. A groove on the mesopleuron, extending
ventrally from a pit under the base of the forewing and, when
complete, reaching the anteroventral margin of the mesothorax. episternum (pl., episterna; adj., episternal). The portion of a pleuron anterior to the
pleural groove (cf. epimeron). epistomal groove. A groove defining the lateral and dorsal
margin of the clypeus. epomia (pl., epomiae). In Ichneumonoidea, an oblique ridge crossing the transverse
furrow on the side of the pronotum. eusociality A type of social behavior involving
overlap of generations, cooperative brood care, and a caste system in which
many colony members are sterile. exocrine gland A gland that discharges its products to
the outside (as contrasted to an endocrine gland). exocuticle The outer portion of the procuticle,
generally harder and darker than the inner portion (endocuticle). exodont. Extended outwards exodont mandible. A mandible with the teeth facing outward
so that when the mandibles are closed their tips point anteriorly
or away from each other (cf. endodont). exopterygote An insect that retains its wing pads
externally through its immature stages. exoskeleton A skeleton extemal to the remainder of
the body, the muscles attaching to its inner surface. extrinsic Having its origin outside the limits of an
organ with which it is associated. <F terms> face (adj., facial). In Parasitica, the anterior surface of the
head between the eyes from the ventral margin of the toruli to the
oral cavity, excluding the clypeus; in Symphyta and Aculeata, anterior
surface of the head between the eyes from
the ocelli to the oral cavity, including the clypeus. face The front of the head, below the frontal
suture (Diptera). facet The external surface of an individual
compound‑eye unit or ommatidium. falx An interantennal suture with internal
sclerotized margins connecting the upper ends of the antennal fossae
ISiphonaptera). facial fovea. In Apoidea, a depressed, often finely
densely pubescent area along the inner orbit of a compound eye. family A subdivision of an order, suborder, or
superfamily, containing a group of related genera, tribes, or subfamilies. Family
names of animals end in ndae. farnesene An alarm pheromone of aphids, secreted
from the cornicles. fat body Accumulation of large cells in the
hemocoel that store metabolites and are centers of intermediary metabolism. femur (pl., femora) The third segment of the insect leg, beyond the trochanter and
before the tibia. fibril The contractile unit of a muscle cell
(fiber). filter chamber A modification of the gut of many Homoptera
(such as aphids), permitting n uch water and some carbohydrates
to b~pass the midgut. filter feeder An insect that seines particles from water
by means of brushes or webs. fixed action pattern A segment of behavior performed in a
stereotyped, species‑specific manner. flagellum The outermost part of the antenna, beyond
the scape and pedicel, usually divided into many subsegments (flagellomeres). follicle A tubule of the testis in which sperm are
produced. foulbrood A bacterial disease of honey bee larvae
and pupae. founder effect Speciation resulting from the
establishment of a small population in an entirely new area and the subsequent
divergence of the resulting population from the parent stock. frontalin A sex attractant pheromone of male bark
beetles. fastigium The anterior dorsal surface of the vertex
(grasshoppers). fat body An amorphous organ involved in intermediate
metabolism, storage, and storage excretion. feces Excrement, the material passed from the
alimentary tract through the anus. felt line A narrow longitudinal band of relatively
dense, closely appressed hairs of Mutillidae). felt line. In Mutillidae adn Bradynobaenidae, a
longitudinal line of flattened setae and secretory pores laterally on metasomal
tergum 2. femur (pl., femora; adj.,
femoral). The 3rd segment of a leg,
between the trochanter and tibia. fiament A slender threadlike structure. file A
filelike ridge on the ventral side of the tegmen, near the base; a part of
the stridulating mechanism in crickets and long‑horned grasshoppers. fibula A more or less triangular jugal lobe in
the front wing that serves as a means of uniting the front and hind wings (Lepidoptera) filiform Hairlike or threadlike, filiform antenna. filter chamber A modification of the alimentary canal in
Homoptera in which the anterior portion of the midgut is closely
associated with the hindgut. flabellate With fanlike processes or projections;
flabellate antenna. flabellum (pl., flabella) A fanlike or leaflike process (Hymenoptera. flabellum (pl., flabella). In Apiformes, a small thin plate of the apex of the glossa. flagellomere. A segment-like subdivision of the
flagellum; it is numbered consecutively from the base of the flagellum. One of the subsegments of the flagellum. flagellum (pl., flagella; adj., flagellar). The 3rd primary division or segment of the
antenna; it articulates with the pedicel
basally and almost always is subdivided into segments (= flagellomeres). A whiplike structure that part of the
antenna beyond the second segment. flexor muscle A muscle that decreases the angle between
two segments of an appendage. foliaceous Leaflike. follicle A minute cavity, sac, or tube. follicular epithelium Layer of epithelial cells surrounding the
oocyte. fontanelle A small, depressed, pale spot on the front
of the head between the eyes (lsoptera). foramen (pl., foramina). A hole in the body wall through which vessels or nerves
pass. The foramen magnum is the central
hole in the back of the head; the propodeal foramen is the hole in the
posterior area of the propodeum. foramen magnum The opening on the posterior side of the
head, through which pass the internal structures that extend from the
head to the thorax; also occipital foramen. foregut The anterior portion of the alimentary
tract, from the mouth to the midgut. fossorial Fitted for or with the habit of digging.
frass Plant fragments made by a wood‑boring insect, usually mixed with
excrement. frenulum A bristle or group of bristles arising at
the humeral angle of the hind wing Lepidoptera). frenum (pl., frena; adj., frenal). In Chalcidoidea, the transverse line on the
scutellum that delineates a posterior portion of the scutellum,
the frenal area. frons. The area of the head bvetween the ventral
margin of the toruli and the anterior margin of the median ocellus (this is not
equivalent to the true frons of larvae).
The head sclerite bounded by the frontal lor frontogenali and epistomal
sulci and including the median ocellus. front That portion of the head between the
antennae, eyes, and ocelli; the frons. frontal bristles Bristles above the antennae, away from the
edge of the compound eye (Diptera). frontal carina A longitudinal ridge or pair of ridges on
the frons between (and sometimes partly covering) the toruli. frontal lunule A small crescent‑shaped sclerite
located just above the base of the antennae and below the frontal suture (Diptera). frontal suture One of two sutures arising at the anterior
end of the coronal suture and extending ventrad toward the epistomal
sulcus; a suture shaped like an inverted U, with the base of the U crossing
the face above the bases of the
antennae and the arms of the U extending downward on each side of the face
(Diptera; actually a ptilinal suture). frontal vitta An area on the head between the antennae
and the ocelli (Diptera). fronto‑orbital
bristles Bristles on the front next
to the compound eyes (Diptera). frontogenal suture (or sulcusi) A more or less vertical suture on the
front of the head, between the frons and the gena. funicle (adj., funicular). A group of flagellomeres between the pedicel and the club. funiculus (or funicle) The antennal segments between the scape and the club
ICole6pteral, or between the pedicel and club IHymen6pteral. furca A fork or
forked structure; a forked apodeme arising from a thoracic sternum. furcula The forked springing apparatus of the
Collembola. <G terms> galea The outer lobe of the maxilla, borne by
the stipes. galea An apical lobe of the maxilla of an
insect. galea (pl., galeae). The outer apical lobe of the maxilla that articulates basally
with the stipes. gall An abnormal growth on a plant, produced
by stimulation of an insect or other organism and housing that organism. ganglion (pl., ganglia) A mass of nervous tissue, the basic anatomical unit of the
central nervous system. gastric caecum (pl., caeca) A fingerlike, anterior extension of the midgut that sen~es a
function in food absorption. genitalia Structures associated w ith the release of
sperm or eggs. gall An abnormal growth of plant tissues,
caused by the stimulus of an animal or another plant. ganglion (pl., ganglial
A knotlike enlargement of a nerve, containing a coordinating mass of
nerve cells. gaster The rounded part of the abdomen posterior
to the nodelike segment or segments IHymen6ptera Ap6crital . gastric caecum Caecum located at the anterior portion of the
midgut. gastrocoelus-thyridium (pl.,
gastrocoeli). In Ichneumonidae, the
usually transverse impression anterolaterally on metasomal
tergum 2. The gastrocoelus includes
the thyridium, which is the surface area with specialized sculpture,
whereas the gastrocoelus is the impression itself. gastrocoelus-thyridium (pl.
gastrocoeli). In Ichneumonidae, the
usually transverse impression anterolaterally on metasomal
tergum 2. The gastrocoelus includes
the thyridium, which is the surface area with specialized sculpture,
while the gastrocoelus is the impression iteself.galea (pl., galeae). The outer apical lobe of the maxilla,
articulated basally with the stipes. gena (pl., genae; adj., genal). The cheek; the lateral part of the head between
the compound eye and, when present, the
occipital carina; otherwise, the lower (in hypognathous head) or anterior (in
prognathous head) part of the back of
the head between the compound eye and the occiput. The part of the head on each side below and behind
the compound eyes, between the frontal and occipital sulci. genal comb A row of strong spines borne on the anteroventral
border of the head (Siphonaptera). gneration From any given stage in the life cycle to
the same stage in the offspring. geniculate Elbowed, or abruptly bent; geniculate
antenna. genital chamber See bursa
copulatnx. genitalia The sexual organs and associated
structures; the external sexual organs. genovertical plate An area on the head above the antenna and next
to the compound eye (Diptera; also called orbital plate). genus (pl., genera) A group of closely related species; the
first name in a binomial or trinomial scientific name. Names of genera
are latinized, capitalized, and when printed are italicized. germ band A thickening of the klastoderm that
produces the embryo. germarium An area at the tip of the sperm follicles
or ovarioles where sperm or egg formation is initiated. Apical portion
of the ovariole or sperm follicle. giant axon A large‑diameter axon of an interneuron
that traverses several body segments and conducts messages quickly. glial cell A cell surrounding the axon of a neuron. gill Evagination of the body
wall or hindgut, functioning in gaseous exchanges in an aquatic animal. gonopore The external opening of the reproductive
tract. granulosis virus (GV) A virus that multi plies in both the
nucleus and cytoplasm of host cells, usually in the fat body. glabrous Smooth, without hairs. globose, globular Spherical or nearly so. glossa (pl., glossae). The paired, fused, median lobe of the
labium articulated basally with the prementum. glossa (pl, glossaei) One of a pair of lobes at the apex of the labium between the
paraglossae (in bees). glymma (pl., glymmae). In Ichneumonidae, the paired groove or pit
on the side of metasomal segment 1 between its base and
the spiracle; it is nearly always present when sternum 1 is free from tergum
1 but absent when tergum 1 and
sternum 1 are fused. gnathochilarium A platelike mouthpart structure in the
Diplopoda, representing the fused maxillae and labium. gonangulum A sclerite of the female external
genitalia derived from the second gonocoxa, connecting the second gonocoxa,
ninth tergum, and first gonapophysis. gonapophysis (pl., gonapophyses) A mesal posterior process of a gonopod,
in the female forming the ovipositor; first or second
valvula. gonocoxa A modified coxa that forms a part of the
external genitalia ( = valviferi. gonoplacs Lateral sheaths enveloping the ovipositor
in pterygotes ( = third valvulael. gonopod A modified leg that forms a part of the
external genitalia. gonopore The external opening of the reproductive
organs. gonostylus Stylus of a genital segment labdominal segment
8 or 91. gregarious Living in groups. grub A scarabaeiform larva; a thick‑bodied
larva with a well‑developed head and thoracic legs, without abdominal prolegs,
and usually sluggish. groove. A linear impression on a sclerite (also
see suture). gula A sclerite on the ventral side of the head
between the labium and the foramen magnum. gular sutures Longitudinal sutures, one on each side of
the gula. gustation Taste detection of chemicals in liquid. gynandromorph An abnormal individual containing
structure characteristics of both sexes (usually male on one side and
female on the other) <H terms> habituation Leatning not to respond to a stimulus that
provides no reward or punishment . hair pencils Tufts of fine setae serving to dust
pheromone‑coated particles onto a memher of the opposite sex. haltere A modified hind wing of a fly (Diptera),
acting to maintain flight stability. haplodiploidy A type of parthenogenesis in which males are
produced from unfertilized eggs and are therefore haploid, while the
females are diploid. haltere (pl, halteres) A small knobbed structure on each side of
the metathorax, formed from a modified hind wing (Diptera).
hamuli jsing., hamulusl Minute hooks; a series of minute hooks on the anterior
margin of the hind wing, with which the front
and hind wings are attached together lHymenopterai . haustellate Formed for sucking, the mandibles not
fitted for chewing (or absent). haustellum A part of the beak (Diptera). head The anterior body region, which bears the
eyes, antennae, and mouthparts. head. The principal anterior division of the
body; it bears the mouthparts and antennae. heart A muscular tube extending dorsally and
longitudinally through the insect abdomen, continuous with the aorta, serving
in circulation of blood. The
posterior pulsatile portion of the dorsal blood vessel hematophagous Feeding on blood. hemelytron (pl.,
hemelytra) The forewing of an insect
that is sclerotized basally but membranous apically (literally, half an
elytron; applied chiefly to Hemiptera). hemimetabolous Having incomplete or simple metamorphosis,
that is, showing gradual change from molt to molt, with externally
developing wing pads. (Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera), with nymphs
aquatic. hemocoel The blood‑filled body cavity. hemocyte A blood cell. hemocytes Blood cells. hemolymph The "blood" of insects, combining
functions of the lymph and blood of vertebrates (other than respiration). The blood of arthropods. herbivorous Feeding on plants. hermaphroditic Possessing both male and female sex
organs. hertz Cycles per second (Hz). heterodynamic life
cycle A life cycle in which there is
a period of dormancy. heterogamy Alternation of bisexual with parthenogenetic
reproduction. heteromerous The three pairs of tarsi differing in the
number of segments lColeoptera, for example, with a tarsal formula
of 5‑5‑41. hibernation Dormancy during the winter. hindgut The posterior portion of the alimentary
tract, between the midgut and the anus. holocrine secretion Release of enzymes by disruption of the
entire cell. holometabolous Having complete metamorphosis, passing
through egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages. homeostasis Maintenance of a functionally steady state
in the body, in the colony of social insects, or in an ecos~stem. holoptic The eyes contiguous above lDipterai. homodynamic lile cycle A life cycle in which there is continuous
development, without a period of dormancy. homology Similarity in structure resulting from
having had a common evolutionary origin. honeydew The liquid excretions of sucking insects
(Homoptera), consisting largely of water and sugars. hormone An intemal chemical signalproluced by an
endocrine gland and carried to the tissues by the hemolymph. horns.
Found around antennae in Chalcididae host race A population of a species that shows a
genetically determined preference for a particular host plant or animal species. hydrostatic skeleton Maintenance of body form by the pressure
exerted by muscles on a fluid‑filled body cavity, most important
in soft‑bodied larvae. hypermetamorphosis A type of development in which there are
two or more quite distinct larval forms sequentially. hyperparasitoid An insect that is a parasitoid of a
parasitoid. hypopharynx A tonguelike structure in the buccal
cavity, associated with the labium. homonym One and the same name for two or more
different things (taxa) honeydew Liquid discharged from the anus of certain
Homoptera. hornworm A caterpillar (larva of Sphingidae) with a
dorsal spine or horn on the last abdominal segment. horny Thickened or hardened. host The organism in or on which a parasite
lives; the plant on which an insect feeds. humeral Pertaining to the shoulder; located in the
anterior basal portion of the wing. humeral angle The basal anterior angle or portion of the
wing. humeral bristles The bristles on the humeral callus (Diptera). humeral callus One of the anterior lateral angles of the
thoracic notum, usually more or less rounded (Diptera). humeral cross vein A cross vein in the humeral portion of the
wing, between the costa and subcosta. humeral plate The anterior sclerite of the wing at the
base of vein C. humeral suture The mesopleural suture (Odonata). humeral vein A branch of the subcosta that serves to
strengthen the humeral angle of the wing (Neuroptera, Lepidoptera) humerus (pl., humeri) The shoulder; the
posterolateral angles of the pronotum (Hemiptera1 humulus (pl., hamuli). One of a series of small bristle-like hook on the anterior martin
of the hind wing; in some groups
there may be a basal and an apical series of hamuli. hyaline Like glass, transparent, colorless. hypermetamorphosis A type of complete metamorphosis in which
the different larval instars represent two or more different
types of larvae. hyperparasite A parasite whose host is another parasite.
hypodermis See epidermis.
hypognathous. With the head
somewhat at a right angle to the plane of the body (vertical), so the
mouthparts are directed
ventrally (cf. prognathous). hypopharynx A median mouthpart structure anterior to
the labium; the ducts from the salivary glands are usually associated
with the hypopharynx, and in some sucking insects the hypopharynx is the
mouthpart structure containing
the salivary channel. hypopleural bristles A more or less vertical row of bristles on
the hypopleuron, usually directly above the hind coxac (Diptera). hypopleuron (pl, hypopleura) The lower part of the mesepimeron; a
sclerite on the thorax located just above the hind coxae
(Diptera). hypopygium (adj.,
hypopygial). The last visible sternum
of the abdomen. hypostigmatic cell The cell immediately behind the point of
fusion of Sc and R (Neuroptera, Myrmeleontoidea). hypostomal bridge The sclerotized posterior part of the head
that sometimes separates the foramen magnum from the oral
cavity (the bridge may sometimes be formed by the median fusion of the
postgena or gena and is then called the postgenal or
genal bridge). Mesal extension of the
hypostomae on each side to meet below the foramen magnum. hypostomal carina. The ridge on the back of the head along
the oral cavity that normally delimits the hypostoma from the
postgena and occiput. Hz Hertz (cycles per second). <I terms> ileum The anterior part of the hindgut, preceding
the rectum. imaginal disc A group of cells set aside in the embryo
and maintained through the larval stage as a center of development
of adult structures . imago The terminal instar, or adult. inclusion body A protein crystal that encloses an insect
virus. inclusive fitness Net genetic representation of an
individual in succeeding generations, through personal reproduction and that
of individuals bearing identical genes. incomplete
metamorphosis Slight changes from
molt to molt until wings and genitalia are fully formed in the adult. indirect pest A pest insect that feeds on a part of the
plant that is not marketed. insect growth regulator
(IGR) A substance produced by a plant
that mimics or antagonizes an insect hormone. insight learning The ability to combine leamed behavior
from diverse experiences to solve a problem. instar The stage of an insect's development
between molts. instinct Behavior performed without previous
experience and without interaction with other members of the species. integrated pest management
(IPM) An approach to the control of
pests (insects, diseases, weeds) in which all available
techniques are evaluated and integrated into a unified program. interference
competition Competition in which
individuals are prevented from feeding, mating, or laying eggs as a result of
the presence of other individuals. interneuron A nerve cell located within the central
nervous system and serving to connect other neurons. intersexual selection Natural selection involving choices
between the sexes, often on the basis of courtship displays. intrasexual selection Natural selection involving competition
among members of one sex of a species, usually for mates. intrinsic Located entirely within an organ (as
contrasted to extrinsic). ipsenol An aggregation pheromone of bark beetles
of the genus Ips. <J terms> Johnston's organ A sense organ similar to a chordotonal
organ, located in the second antennal segment of most insects; this
organ functions in sound perception in some Diptera. joint An articulation of
two successive segments or parts. An organ in the pedicel of the antenna,
consisting of a cluster of chordotonal sensilla. jugal lobe A lobe at the base of the wing, on the
posterior side, proximad of the vannal lobe (Hymenoptera). The posterior
area of the wing behind vein 1A and set off from more anterior areas by a
slight fold (jugal fold) on the wing
and by a notch on the wing margin (also see claval lobe). jugal vein The most posterior of the major
longitudinal vein systems according to Kukalova‑Peck. jugum A lobelike process
at the base of the front wing, which overlaps the hind wing (Lepidoptera); a
sclerite in the head (Hemiptera
and Homoptera). juvabione An insect growth regulator occurring in
certain trees and causing abnormal development of insects feeding on the
tree. juvenile hormone (JH) A hormone secreted by the corpora allata
that maintains juvenile features in immature insects and controls
certain aspects of adult physiology and behavior. <K terms> kairomone An interspecific chemical messenger that
benefits the receiver but not the emitter. katepleurite See catapleunte.
keeled With an elevated ridge or carina. kHz Kilohertz Ikilocycles per
secondl. kin selection Natural selection that involves inclusive
fitness. kinesis An undirected movement in which the speed
of movement or the frequency of tuming depends on the intensity of
stimulation . K‑strategist A species characterized by a low
reproductive rate, increased survival mechanisms, minor tendency to disperse,
and often a relatively large body size (as compared to an r‑strategist). <L terms> labellum (p. labellae). The expanded tip of the labium IDiptera; Iabial or pertaining to
the labium. Iabial gland Exocrine organ opening on or at the base
of the labium, usually functioning as salivary or silk gland. Iabial suture The suture on the labium between the postmentum
and prementum. Iabial palp One of a pair of small feelerlike
structureS arising from the labium. labium One of the mouthpart structures, the lower
lip. Iabrum The upper lip, Iying just below the
clypeus. Iabrum‑epipharynx A mouthpart representing the labrum and
epipharynx. Iacinia ipl., laciniael The inner lobe of the
maxilla, borne by the stipes. Iamella (pl., lamellae) A leaflike plate. Iamellate With platelike structures or segments;
lamellate antennae. Iamina In the cuticle, a layer of cuticle with
chitin microfibrils oriented in the same direction. Iamina lingualis (pl., laminae
linguales) One of two median
distal plates in the millipede gnathochilarium. Ianceolate Spear‑shaped, tapering at each end. lanule.
Crescent-shaped sclerite above base of antennae Iarva (pl., larvae) The immature stage, between egg and pupa,
of an insect having complete metamorphosis; the six‑legged
first instar of Acari; an immature stage differing radically from the adult. Iarviform Shaped like a larva. Iaterad Toward the side, away from the midline of
the body. Iateral Of or pertaining to the side (that is, the
right or left sidel. Iateral oviduct A tube in the female internal genitalia
connecting the ovaries and the common oviduct. Iaterotergite A tergal sclerite located laterally or
dorsolaterally. Iateroventral To the side laway from the midline of the
body) and below. Ieaf miner An insect that lives in and feeds upon the
leaf cells between the upper and lower surfaces of a leaf. Iigula The terminal lobe (or lobej of the labium,
the glossae and paraglossae. Iinear Linelike, long and very narrow. Iongitudinal Lengthwise of the body or of an appendage. Iooper A caterpillar that moves by looping its
body, that is by placing the posterior part of the abdomen next to the thorax
and then extending the anterior part of the body forward; a measuringworm. Iorum (pl., lora) The cheek; a sclerite on the side of the
head of Hemiptera and Homoptera; the submentum in bees. Iuminescent Producing light. Iunule, frontal see frontal lunule. labium The third set of mouthparts of insects (or
underlip~, located behind the maxillae. labrum A flaplike structure anterior to the
mouthparts, kelow the clypeus. labium (adj., labial). The posterior, medial appendage of the
mouthparts between adn behind the maxillae, composed of the
submentum, emntum, prementum, glossa, paraglossa, and labial palpi. labrum (adj., labral). The anterior, medial appendage of the mouthparts attached to the
underside of, and often concealed
by, the clypeus. lacina (pl., laciniae). The inner apical lobe of the maxilla, articulated to the stipes. lamina (pl., laminae; adj.,
laminate). A thin plate or leaf-like
process. latent learning Conditioning in which the reward occurs
some time following receipt of the stimulus. life table A tabulation of the life stages of an
insect with a cumulative record of mortality and survival. light compass
orientation Orientation in which a
constant angle with a light source (usually the sun) is maintained. laterotergite. The lateral part of an abdominal/metasomal
tergum that is marked by a crease or groove, or is even completely
detached from the main dorsal part of the tergum (also see tergite, tergum). locustol A primer pheromone of the desert locust
that triggers development from the solitary to the gregarious form. <M terms> maggot A vermiform larva; a legless larva without
a welldeveloped head capsule (Diptera). malar space. The shortest distance between the base of
the mandible and the margin of the compound eye. Malpighian tubules Excretory tubes that arise near the
anterior end of the hindgut and extend into the body cavity. An excretory tubule, opening into the gut
at the junction of the midgut and hindgut. mandible Jaw; one of the anterior pair of paired
mouthpart structures. mandibulate With jaws fitted for chewing. marginal cell A cell in the distal part of the wing
bordering the costal margin (Diptera, Hymenoptera). mandible (adj., mandibular). The paired, heavily sclerotized biting and
chewing lateral appendage of the mouthparts between
the labrum and maxilla. marginal vein A vein on or just within the wing margin;
the vein forming the posterior side of the marginal cell (Hymenoptera). margined With a sharp or keellike lateral edge. maxilla (pl., maxillae; adj., maxillary). The paired appendage of the mouthparts
between the mandible and labium, consisting
of the cardo, stipes, lacinia, galea, and maxillary palpus. maxillary Of or pertaining to the maxilla. maxillary palp A small feelerlike structure arising from
the maxilla. maxilliped One of the appendages in Crustacea immediately
posterior to the second maxillae. mandible One of the most anterior pair of insect
mouthparts, often jawlike and working from side to side. maxilla One of a pair of mouthparts behind the
mandibles and before the labium, bearing the maxillary palpi. mechanoreceptor A sensillum sensitive to physical
displacement . media The longitudinal vein between the radius
and cubitus. medial (or median) Referring to the center, usually the
midline, of an animal. medial cross vein A cross vein connecting two branches of the
media. median In the middle; along the midline of the
body. medio‑cubital cross
vein A cross vein connecting the
media and cubitus. membrane A thin film of tissue, usually
transparent; that part of the wing surface between the veins; the thin apical
part of a
hemelytron (Hemiptera). membranous Like a membrane; thin and more or less
transparent lwingsi; thin and pliable lcuticle1. mental setae Setae on the mentum (Odonata). mentum The distal part of the labium, which bears
the palps and the ligula; a median, more or less triangular piece in the
millipede gnathochilarium. mentum. A labial sclerite articulating basally
with the submentum and apically with the prementum; often fused with the latter
and indistinguishable as a separate sclerite. merocrine secretion Release of enzymes across the cell
membrane, without destruction of the entire cell. meroistic ovary An ovary possessing nurse cells that are
connected to or accompany the oocytes. meroistic ovariole Ovariole with nurse cells. meropleuron. The lateral and ventral part of the
mesothorax (also see mesosternum) meropleuron (pl., meropleura) A sclerite consisting of the meron lbasal
part1 of the coxa and the lower part of the eplmeron . mes-, meso-.
A Greek prefix meaning middle or mid; used with Latin, latinized,
or Greek words to indicate the middle (often
2nd) part of a structure. mesad Toward the midline of the body. mesal At
or near the midline of the body. mesenteron The midgut, or middle portion of the
alimentary tract. mesepimeron
(pl., mesepimera) The epimeron of the mesothorax. mesepimeron.
The posterior subdivision of the mesopleuron, usually small
relative to the mesepisternum or almost absent. mesepisternal groove. A groove on the mesopleuron, extending
ventrally from a pit under the base of the forewing and, when
complete, reaching the anteroventral margin of the mesothorax. mesepisternum (pl., mesepisterna) The episternum of the mesothorax. The anterior subdivision of the
mesopleuron, usually
comprising most of the mesopleuron. mesinfraepisternum A ventral subdivision of the mesepisternum
(Odonata). meson The midline of the body, or an imaginary
plane dividing the body into right and left halves. Mesonotal suture. Dorsal sclerite of mesothorax mesonotum The dorsal sclerite of the mesothorax. mesothorax The middle segment of the insect thorax. mesopleural bristles Bristles on the mesopleuron (Diptera). mesopleuron (pl., mesopleura) The lateral sclerite~s1 of the mesothorax;
the upper part of the episternum of the mesothorax (Diptera). mesoscutal lobe.
The mesoscutum is usually divided by the notauli into a medial
part and two lateral lobes (also see scutum). mesoscutellar
appendage. In Symphyta, the posterior
subdivision of the mesoscutellum, usually crescent-shaped and overhanging
the postnotum of the mesothorax. mesoscutellum The scutellum of the mesothorax, usually
simply called the scutellum. mesoscutellum. The middle region of the mesonotum or
metanotum, behind the scutum. In
Apocrita, only the mesoscutellum
is evident and is simply called the scutellum, while in Symphyta both the
mesoscutellum and metascutellum
are present. mesoscutum The scutum of the rnesothorax. mesoscutum. The mesonotum excluding the scutellum; in
groups with a transscutal articulation, the portion of the mesonotum
anterior to the articulation; the mesoscutum is usually divided by the
notauli into a medial part and two lateral
lobes (also see scutum). mesosoma (pl., mesosomata; adj., mesosomal). In Apocrita, the thorax plus the propoedum (cf.
thorax). In Apocrita IHymenoptera)
the middle tagma of the body, composed of the three thoracic segments and the
first true abdominal
segment Ithe propodeum). mesosternum. The sternum of the mesothorax, usually
invaginated and not visible, but sometimes incorrectly used as a general
term for the ventral surface of the mesothorax, such as when it is modified
into a flattened plate with posteriorly
projecting lobes (also see mesopleuron).
The sternum, or ventral sclerite, of the mesothorax. mesothorax The middle or second segment of the
thorax. mesothorax. The 2nd and largest of the 3 primary
subdivision of the thorax, bearing the middle pair of legs and, when present,
the forewings. mesotrochantinal plate. The ventral part of the mesothorax
inflected towards the metasternum beneath the base of the mesocoxae;
visible only by removing the mesocoxae. met-, meta-. A Greek prefix meaning hind or posterior;
used with Latin, latinized, or Greek words to indicate the posterior
(usually 3rd) part of a structure. metamere A primary body segment lusually referring
to the embryo). metamorphosis A change in form during development. metanotum The dorsal sclerite of the metathorax. metanotum. The dorsal part of the metathorax. metapleuron. The lateral and ventral part of the
metathorax. metascutellum The scutellum of the metathorax. metascutellum. In Symphyta, the middle region of the
metanotum. metasoma In Ap6crita (Hymenoptera) the posterior
tagma of the body, comprised of all segments posterior to the propodeum. metasoma.
(pl., metasomata; adj., metasomal).
In Apocrita, the apparent abdomen, consisting of the abdomen excluding
the 1st segment or propodeum (cf. abdomen). metasternum. The sternum of the metathorax, usually
invaginated and not visible but sometimes used as a general term for the
ventral surface of the metathorax. metatarsus (pl., metatarsi) The basal segment of the tarsus. metathorax. The 3rd of the three primary subdivision
of the thorax, bearing the hind pair of legs and, when present, the hind
wings. The most posterior of the
three segments of the thorax. metazonite The posterior portion of a mlllipede
tergum when the tergum is divided by a transverse groove. metepimeron (pl., metepimera) The epimeron of the metathorax. metepimeron. The posterior subdivision of the
metapleuron. metepisternum (pl., metepisterna) The episternum of the metathorax. metepisternum. The anterior subdivision of the
metapleuron. metinfraepisternum A ventral subdivision of the metepisternum
(Odonata). micropile A pore in the chorion through which sperm
enter. A minute opening lor openings)
in the chorion of an insect egg,
through which sperm enter the egg. midgut The mesenteron, or middle portion of the
alimentary tract. migration A form of dispersal involving longdistance
movements under at least partial control of the insects. mimicry Presence of a pattem in a palatable
species that closely resembles the pattem of an unpalatable species ( = Batesian
mimicry) (see also Mullerian
mimicry). millimeter 0.001 meter, or 0.03937 inch (about ~s
inch). minute Very small; an insect a few millimeters in
length or less would be considered minute. molt A process of shedding
the exoskeleton; ecdysis; to shed the exoskeleton. molting gland See prothoracic
glands. molting hormone (MH) See Ecdysone. monoculture A uniform stand of one kind of crop plant. monecious Possessing both male and female sex
organs, hermaphroditic. moniliform Beadlike, with rounded segments; moniliform
antenna. monocondylic A joint with a single point of
articulation. monophagous Feeding on a single plant or animal
species. morphology The science of form or structure. motor neuron A neuron that forms a synapse with a
muscle. mouthparts. The appendages of the head used for
feeding, including the labrum, hypopharynx, mandibles, maxillae, and
labium. Mullerian mimicry Presence of a similar aposematic pattem in
unrelated, distasteful or poisonous species. multivoltine Having several generations a year. mushroom body A complex fiber tract in the anterior part
of the brain, often suggesting the shape of a mushroom, associated
primarily with the integration of sensory information . mutualism A living together of two species of
organisms, with both species being benefited by the association. mycetome A specialized internal organ that houses
symbiotic microorganisms. mycoplasma A pathogenic microorganism that passes
through bacterial filters but has certain features in common with bacteria. myiasis A disease caused by the invasion of
dipterous larvae. myiasis Infestation with the maggots of flies. myogenic flight muscles Flight muscles that contract repeatedly as
a result of mechanical stretch and do not require a nervous
impulse for each contraction. myogenic Produced by muscle; contraction of a
muscle generated by that muscle itself, without neuronal stimulus. myogenic rhythms Rhythms produced by spontaneously active
muscles. myrmecophile A symbiont found in the colonies of ants,
usually living at the expense of the food in the nest. myrmecophyte A plant that has special cavities in
which ants live. myriapod A many‑legged arthropod; a centipede, millipede,
pauropod, or symphylan. <N terms> naiad An aquatic, gill‑breathing nymph. nasute soldier (or nasutus) An individual of a termite caste in which
the head narrows anteriorly into a snoutIike projection. natural control The maintenance of a population at
nonoutbreak levels by natural environmental factors, biotic and abiotic. nebulous vein. A wing vein that is uniformly pigmented
(not darker on its margins), without a tubular structure; it can be seen
with both reflected and transmitted light (cf. spectral, tubular veins). necrophagous Feeding on dead animal matter. nectar guide A streak on a flower that guides insects
to nectar sources. neopterous Possessing the ability to fold the wings
backward over the abdomen. neural lamella A fibrous, noncellular layer that
surrounds and supports a ganglion. neurogenic Produced by a neuron; contractions of
muscle stimulated by a neuronal impulse. nidi In the midgut, clusters of
regenerative epithelial cells. neurogenic flight
muscles Flight muscles that contract
each time a nerve impulse is received. neurogenic rhythms Rhythms maintained by spontaneously active
neurons. neurohemal organ An organ associated with the nervous
system that stores and releases hormones. neuron Nerve cell. neuropile The mass of closely packed nerve cell
processes comprising the central part of a ganglion. neurosecretory cell A cell of the nervous system that is
specialized for the production and release of hormones. niche The role that a species occupies in nature;
that is, its precise habitat plus its behavior in that habitat. nocturnal Active at night. node A knoblike or
knotlike swelling. nodilorm In the form of a knob or knot. nodus A strong cross vein near the middle of the
costal border of the wing (Odonata). notal wing process Point at which the notum articulates with
the wing (or axillary sclerites at the base of the wing). notaulus (pl.,
notauli). The usually oblique,
longitudinal groove on the mesoscutum, often dividing the mesoscutum into
medial and lateral parts. A
longitudinal line on the mesoscutum of Hymen6ptera, marking the separation of the
dorsal longitudinal and dorsoventral flight muscles; also sometimes called notaulix
notaulices), parapsidal
furrow, or parapsidal suture. notopleural bristles Bristles on the notopleuron (Diptera). notopleural suture. A groove separating the mesonotum from the
mesopleuron. A suture between the
notum and the pleural
sclerites. notopleuron (pl., notopleura) An area on the thoracic dorsum, at the
lateral end of the transverse suture (Diptera). notum (pl., nota; adj., notal). A thoracic tergum, usually subdivided into a
scutum and a scutellum. A dorsal
sclerite of the
insect thorax. The dorsal sclerite of
a thoracic segment; the fused second gonapophyses of the ovipositor.
nuclear polyhedrosis virus
(NPV) A vinus that multiplies in cell
nuclei, chiefly in the epidermis, fat body, and blood cells. nurse cells Nutritive cells associated with the
developing oocyte. nymph An immature stage (following hatching) of
an insect that does not have a pupal stage; the immature stage of Acari
that has eight legs. <O terms> oblique scutal carina. In Spheciformes, the ridge on the mesoscutum extending obliquely
posteriorly and medially from the
lateral margin near the posterior of the tegula. oblique vein A slanting cross vein; in Odonata, where
Rs crosses M, 2. obtect pupa A pupa in which the appendages are more or
less glued to the body surface, as in the Lepid6ptera. occipital carina. A ridge on the posterior surface of the head
that separates the occiput from the vertex and gena; the ventral
part of the ridge is sometimes called the genal carina. occipital foramen See foramen
magnum. occipital suture (or sulcus) A transverse suture in the posterior part of the head that
separates the vertex from the occiput
dorsally and the genae from the postgenae laterally. occiput (adj., occipital). The posterior part of the head behind the vertex dorsally and teh
genae laterally. If an occipital carina is
present, the occiput is the area betwen it and the very narrow postocciput
surrounding the foramen magnum
(also see postgena). The dorsal
posterior part of the head, between the occipital and postoccipital sutures. ocellar bristles Bristles arising close to the ocelli (Diptera). ocellar triangle A slightly raised triangular area in
which the ocelli are located
(Diptera). ocellus (pl., ocelli) A simple eye on the dorsal part of the
head, containing a single facet.
Hymenoptera usually have 3
ocelli: one median (anterior) and two
lateral (posterior). olfaction The sense of smell; the ability to detect
chemicals in a gas. oligolectic Utilizing a very limited number of plant
species as sources of pollen (said chiefly of bees). oligophagous Feeding on a somewhat restricted group of
(often related) plant or animal species. ocellus (pl., ocelli) A simple eye of an insect or other
arthropod. ocellus (pl., ocelli; adj.,
ocellar). A simple eye, consisting of
a single, usually round or oval facet. olistheter A tongue‑in‑groove mechanism
connecting the first and second gonapophyses of the ovipositor. ommatidium (pl.,
ommatidia) A functional unit of the
compound eye, expressed extemally as a facet. A single unit or visual
section of a compound eye. onisciform larva See platyform
larva. oocyte Egg. oogenesis The production of eggs. oogonium ~pl., oogorlia~
The primary germ cells of the female. ootheca A hardened protective structure surrounding
the egg mass, composed of tanned protein and secreted by accessory
glands. The covering or case of an
egg mass IMantodea, Blattaria. open coxal cavity One bounded posteriorly by a sclerite of
the next segment (front coxal cavities, Coleoptera), or one touched
by one or more pleural sclerites (middle coxal cavities, Coleoptera). open cell A wing cell extending to the wing margin,
not entirely surrounded by veins. operculum (pl., opercula) A lid or cover. opisthognathous With the mouthparts directed backward. opisthorhynchous With the beak directed backward. oral
Pertaining to the mouth. oral cavity. The opening of the head from which the
mouthparts are suspended. oral vibrissae A pair of stout bristles, one on each side
of the face near or just above the oral margin, and larger than the other
bristles on the vibrissal ridge (Diptera). orbit. The narrow border around the eye. The inner and outer orbits are those parts
of the face plus the frons and the gena,
respectively, immediately next to the eye. orbital plate An area on the head above the antenna and
next to the compound eye (Diptera); also called genovertical plate. order A subdivision of a class or subclass,
containing a group of related superfamilies or families. orthognathous. With mouth directed ventrad osmeterium (pl., osmetena) A fleshy, tubular, eversible, usually Y‑shaped gland at
the anterior end of certain caterpillars
(Papilionidae). An eversible gland on
the thorax of the larvae of swallowtail butterflies that secretes
allomones. ostia Segmentally arranged inlet pores in the
walls of the heart. ostiole A small opening. ostium (pl., ostia) A slitlike opening in the insect heart. outer vertical bristles The more laterally located of the large
bristles on the vertex, between the ocelli and the compound
eyes (Diptera). ovariole One of the tubules making up the ovary, in
which the eggs are formed. A more or
less tubular division of an ovary. ovipositor The egg‑laying apparatus of insects,
typically composed of two sets of valves or a tubular extension of the abdomen. ovisorption Resorption of eggs prior to the time of
oviposition. ovoviviporous Producing small larvae, the eggs having
hatched inside the mother. ovary The egg‑producing organ of the
female. oviduct The tube leading away from the ovary
through which the eggs pass. oviparous Laying eggs. ovipore The external opening of the female
reproductive system through which the eggs pass during oviposition. oviposit To lay or deposit eggs. ovipositor The egg‑laying apparatus; the
external genitalia of the female. ovipositor. In females, a slender, paired and
interlocking, saw-like or tubular structure used for laying the eggs or, in Aculeata,
for stinging or, in some Ichneumonoidea, for both; it may be concealed or may
extend beyond the apex of
the body and is protected by a pair of ovipositor sheaths. ovipositor sheath. A paired, slcerotized structure enclosing
the external part of the ovipositor. oviscapt Modification of the terminal abdominal segments
of a female to serve as an egg‑laying organ. <P terms> paedogenesis Reproduction by larviform individuals. paleopterous Lacking the ability to position the wings
backward over the abdomen. palpus (pl., palpi) A paired, segmented appendage arising on
the maxilla or labium and serving sensory functions associated with food
ingestion. panoistic ovary An ovary in which the ovarioles lack nurse
cells. parasite An animal that completes its development
on or in another animal but does not normally kill it. parasitoid An insect that lives in its immature
stages in or on another insect, which it kills after completing its own feeding. parental investment Behavior of a parent that increases the
probability of offspring survival at the cost of the parent's ability
to produce more offspring. parthenogenesis Production of young from unfertilized
eggs. paedogenesis The production of eggs or young by an immature
or larval stage of an animal. palp A segmented process born by the maxillae
or labium. palpifer The lobe of the maxillary stipes that
bears the palp. palpiform. Segmented process palpiger The lobe of the mentum of the labium that
bears the palp. palpus (pl., palpi; adj., palpal). Paired sensory appendages of the maxilla and
labium, consisting of 1-6 segments and 1-4
segments, respectively. panoistic ovariole Ovariole without nurse cells. papilla A small nipplelike elevation. paraglossa (pl.,
paraglossae). A paired, lateral lobe
of the labium articulated basally with the prementum lateral to the base of
the glossa. One of a pair of lobes at
the apex of the labium, laterad of the glossae. paramere A structure in the male genitalia of
insects, usually a lobe or process at the base of the aedeagus. paranotum Lateral expansion of the notum. paraproct One of a pair of lobes bordering the anus
lateroventrally. parasite An animal that lives in or on the body of
another living animal (its hostl, at least during a part of its life cycle, feeding
on the tissues of its host; most entomophagous insect parasites kill their
host (see parasitoid I parasitic Living as a parasite. parasitoid An animal that feeds in or on another
living animal for a relatively long time, consuming all or most of its tissues
and eventually killing it (also used as an adjective, describing this mode of
life~. Parasitoid insects in this book
are referred to as parasites. parthenogenesis Development of the egg without
fertilization . patella A leg segment between the femur and tibia
(arachnids). paurometabolous With simple metamorphosis, the young and
adults living in the same habitat, and the adults winged. pecten A comblike or rakelike structure. pectinate Comblike; that is, having a series of
slender projections from an elongate shaft.
With branches or processes like the
teeth of a comb; pectinate antenna; pectinate tarsal claw. pedicel The second, usually small, segment of the
antenna; the stem of the abdomen, between the thorax and the gaster (ants) pericardial sinus A space around the heatt, limited below by
the dorsal diaphragm. perineurium The layer of cells surrounding a ganglion,
which secretes the neural lamella. peritrophic membrane The delicate, tubular sheath that
surrounds the food within the midgut . petiole.
narrow stem attaching abdomen to thorax phagostimulant A natural
plant substance that induces feeding by an insect. pharate stage A stage in which molting has occurred but
the insect has not cast off the old cuticle. pharynx A muscular portion of the foregut, just
behind the mouth. phenological asynchrony Lack of synchrony between the life cycle
of a pest and the appropriate stage of its host plant. pheromone An extemal chemical messenger that passes
between individuals of the same species and controls intraspecific
interactions. phoresy A condition in which an individual is carried
about by another individual without harming that individual. phylogeny The study of the history of lines of
evolution . physical gill A bubble or packet of air that adheres to
the body of an aquatic insect and is continuous with the tracheal air
space. phytoecdysone A plant product that mimics ecdysone. phytotoxemia A diseaselike plant condition produced by
the injection of toxic substances by insects. plastron A framework of stiff, water‑repellent
hairs or cuticular structures on the bodies of aquatic insects, containing a film of
air into which oxygen diffuses from the water. pleural suture A vertical or oblique suture marking an
intemal ridge of the thoracic pleuron, running from the dorsal coxal
articulation to the pleural wing process. pleural wing process A fulcrum for the wing base, formed at the
top of the intemal ridge fommed by the pleural suture. pleuron (pl., pleura) A lateral sclerite of the thorax. pedicel. The 2nd primary division or segment of the
antenna; it articulates apically with the flagellum and basally with the
scape. pedipalps The second pair of appendages of an
arachnid. pedunculate. An intermediate, club-like condition
between sessile and petiolate (also see petiolate). pelagic Inhabiting the open sea; ocean‑dwelling.
penultimate Next to the last. pericardial sinus The body cavity surrounding the dorsal
blood vessel, limited ventrally by the dorsal diaphragm. perineural sinus The body cavity surrounding the ventral
nerve cord, limited dorsally by the ventral diaphragm. peristalsis Waves of contraction. peristome The ventral margin of the head, bordering
the mouth. peritrophic membrane A membrane in insects secreted by the
cells lining the midgut; this membrane is secreted when food is
present and forms an envelope around the food; it usually pulls loose from
the midgut, remains around the food,
and passes out with the feces. perivisceral sinus The body cavity surrounding the digestive
system, reproductive system, etc., between the dorsal and ventral
diaphragms. petiolate Attached by a narrow stalk or stem. petiolate. Stalked, drawn out into an extended
process. petiole A stalk or stem; the narrow stalk or stem by
which the abdomen is attached to the thorax (Hymenoptera~; in ants, the
nodelike first segment of the abdomen. petiole. Part of the metasoma, usually metasomal
segment 1; the usually narrow, parallel-sided stalk joining the rest of the
metasoma to the propodeum. pH A measure of the acidity or
alkalinity of a medium A pH value of 7.0 indicates neutral; lower
values indicate acid, and
higher values alkaline. Defined as ‑log IH~I. phallotreme External opening of the male reproductive
system on the aedeagus. phallus The male copulatory organ, including any
processes that may be present at its base. pharynx The anterior part of the foregut, between
the mouth and the esophagus. pheromone A substance given off by one individual
that causes a specific reaction by other individuals of the same species,
such as sex attractants, alarm substances, etc. photoperiod The relative amount of time during phragma (pl., phragmata) A platelike apodeme or invagination of
the dorsal wall of the thorax. phylum (pl., phylal) One of the dozen or so major divisions of
the animal kingdom. phytophagous Feeding on plants. pictured With spots or bands (pictured wings. pilifer One of a pair of lateral projections on
the labrum (Lepidoptera). pilose Covered with hair. placoid sensillum (pl.,
placoid sensilla). An elongated,
appressed, plate-like or rounded roof-like or groove-like sensory structure;
it is usually used when referring to the flagellar segments. planidium larva A type of first‑instar larva in
certain Diptera and Hymenoptera that undergoes hypermetamorphosis; a larva
that is legless and somewhat flattened. plantar lobe. A small membranous pad projecting from the
ventral apex of tarsomeres 1-4. plastron A bed of very dense and very fine hairs
used to hold an air bubble close to the body and across which gas exchange
takes place. platyform larva A larva that is extremely flattened, as
the larva of Psephenidae; also called onisciform larva. pleural wing process The structure articulating with the wing
(specifically with the second axillary scleritej. pleural apophysis (or arm j Internal process extending from
the pleural suture to the sternal apophyses. pleural suture (or sulcusl A suture of a thoracic pleuron
extending from the base of the wing to the base of the coxa, which separates
the episternum and epimeron. pleural Pertaining to the pleura, or lateral
sclerites of the body; lateral. pleural groove. A groove on the mesopleuron and metapleuron
extending between the wing base and the coxal articulation;
it separates the episternum from the epimeron. pleurite A lateral or pleural sclerite. pleuron (pl., pleura) The lateral area of a segment. pleuron (pl., pleura; adj., pleural). The lateral part of a body segment, usually of
a thoracic segment where the pleuron occupies
the lateral as well as the ventral areas of the mesothorax and metathorax. pleuropodium Embryonic appendages of the first abdommal
segment. pleurotergite A
sclerite containing both pleural and
tergal elements. plicae. folds plumose Featherlike; plumose antenna. podite A segment of an arthropod leg, moved by
muscles inserted in its base. polyculture A mixed stand of crop plants. polyembryony Division of a single egg to form several
identical embryos. polyethism The presence of several discrete types of
behavior by different groups of individuals in colonies of social insects. polylectic Utilizing a variety of plant species as sources
of pollen. polymorphism The presence of two or more distinct,
structurally different types of individuals within the same stage of one
species. polyphagous Feeding on a broad array of plant or
animal species. population dynamics The forces that control population size,
and their effects. population regulation The maintenance of an approximately
constant population size and density, and the forces that control
it. population resilience The capacity of a population to adapt to
change or to persist in a changing environment. population stability The ability of a population to absorb
disturbance and to return to an equilibrium state. precoccinelline A defensive allomone produced by lady
beetles during autohemorrhage. precocene An insect growth regulator produced by
certain plants that depresses the source of juvenile hormone. preimaginal
conditioning Conditioning of an
immature insect that persists into the adult stage. prepupa A resting stage of the last larval instar,
prior to the molt to the pupal stage. pretarsus The most distal segment of the insect
leg, bearing the claws and arolium. primary defense A defense mechanism that is continuously
present, such as crypsis. primer pheromone A pheromone that acts to modify the
phvsiological state of an animal. proctodeum The hindgut of insects. procuticle The inner zone of the insect cuticle,
containing chitin and protein, divisible into exocuticle and endocuticle. progressive provisioning The supplying of food to the offspring
over time, as the offspring grow. proleg A fleshy, unjointed "false leg,"
occurring ventrally on the abdomen of caterpillars and other larval
insects. poikilothermous Cold‑blooded, the body temperature
rising or falling with the environmental temperature. point A small triangle of stiff paper, using in
mounting small insects. pollen basket See corbicula.
pollen rake A comblike row of bristles at polyembryony An egg developing into two or more
embryos. polytrophic ovariole
Meroistic ovariole in which trophocytes
pass into the vitellarium with the oocyte. porrect Extending forward horizontally; porrect
antennae. postabdomen The modified posterior segments of the abdomen,
which are usually more slender than the anterior segments
(Crustacea); see also the postabdomen in a scorpion. postalar callus A rounded swelling on each side of the
mesonotum, between the base of the wing and the scutellum (Diptera). posterior Hind or rear. posterior cross vein A cross vein at the apex of the discal
cell (Diptera) posterior lingual plate. A sclerite on the posterior (ventral) surface of the glossa. posterior cell One of the cells extending to the hind margin
of the wing, between the third and sixth longitudinal veins (Diptera). postgena (adj., postgenal). The lower part of the occiput; when the
occipital carina is absent, the gena and postgena are
continuous, and the entire lower area constitutes the gena (also see
occiput). postgena (pl.,
postgenae) A sclerite on the
posterior lateral surface of the head, posterior to the gena. postgenal bridge Mesal extension of the postgenae on each
side to meet below the foramen magnum. posthumeral bristles Bristles on the anterolateral surface of
the mesonotum, just posterior to the humeral callus (Diptera). postmarginal vein The vein along the anterior margin of the
front wing, beyond the point where the stigmal vein arises (Hymen6ptera) postmentum The basal portion of the labium, proximad
of the labial suture. postnodal cross veins A series of cross veins just behind the
costal margin of the wing, between the nodus and stigma, and
extending from the costal margin of the wing to Rl (Odonata). postnotum (pl., postnota) A notal plate behind the scutellum bearing a phragma, often
present in wing‑bearing segments. A posterior sclerite of the mesonotum and
metanotum behind the scutellum. The
postnotum of the metathorax
is fused dorsally with abdominal tergum 1 and laterally with the metepimeron;
in Apocrita the postnotum
is seldom visible, and then only as an impressed line in front of the
propodeum. postoccipital suture The transverse suture on the head
immediately posterior to the occipital suture. postocciput (adj.,
postoccipital). A narrow area
surrounding the foramen magnum; it is separated from the occiput by the
postoccipital groove. The extreme
posterior rim of the head, between the postoccipital suture and the foramen magnum. postpectal carina.
In Ichneumonoidea, the posterior transverse carina ventrally on
the mesopleuron, just in front of the
mesocoxa. postpetiole The second segment of a two‑segmented
pedicel jantsl. postscutellum A small transverse piece of a thoracic notum
immediately behind the scutellum, in Diptera, an area immediately
behind or below the mesoscutellum. postvertical bristles A pair of bristles behind the ocelli,
usually situated on the posterior surface of the head (Diptera). preapical Situated just before the apex; preapical
tibial bristles of Diptera. prebasilare A narrow transverse sclerite, just basal
to the mentum in the gnathochilarium of some millipedes. precosta The most anterior of the major
longitudinal wing veins laccording to Kukalova‑Peckl. predaceous Feeding as a predator. predator An animal that attacks and feeds on other
animals (its prey), usually animals smaller or less powerful than itself.
The prey is usually killed and mostly or entirely eaten; many prey individuals
are eaten by each predator. prefemur The second trochanter segment of the leg. pregenital Anterior to the genital segments of the
abdomen. prementum The distal part of the labium, distad of
the labial suture, on which all the labial muscles have their insertions. prementum. A labial sclerite that articulates basally
with the mentum and bearing the glossae, paraglossae, and palpi apically. preoral Anterior to or in front of the mouth. prepectus An area along the anteroventral margin of
the mesepisternum, set off by a suture (Hymenoptera) prepectus. A sclerite of the thorax between the
pronotum and the mesepisternum (also see epicnemium). prepupa A quiescent stage between the larval period
and the pupal period; the third instar of a thrips. prestigma. The enlarged and sclerotized apex of one
or more veins on the anterior margin of the wing basal to the costal
notch and almost continuous with the stigma. presutural bristles Bristles on the mesonotum immediately
anterior to the transverse suture and adjacent to the notopleuron
(Diptera). pretarsus (pl, pretarsi) The terminal segment of the leg, typically
consisting of a pair of claws and one or more padlike structures. pretarsus. The apical segment of a leg, bearing teh
claws and associated structures (also see arolium). pro-. A Latin prefix meaning "before"
or "anterior"; used with Latin, latinized, or Greek words to
indicate the anterior (usually
1st) part of a structure. proboscis The extended beaklike mouthparts. proclinate Inclined forward or downward. proctodaeum The hindgut, or the hindmost of the three
major divisions of the alimentary tract, from the Malpighian tubules
to the anus. procuticle The form in which the cuticle is initially
secreted by the epidermis, before sclerotization takes place. produced Extended, prolonged, or projecting. proepimeron (pl., proepimeral) The epimeron of the prothorax. proepisternum (pl., proepisterna) The episternum of the prothorax. profile The outline as seen from the side or in
lateral view. prognathous Having the head horizontal and the mouthparts
projecting forward. prognathous. With the head somewhat in the same plane
as the body (horizontal) so the mouthparts are directed anteriorly
(cf. hypognathous). proleg One of the fleshy abdominal legs of
certain insect larvae. prominence A raised, produced, or projecting portion.
prominent Raised, produced, or projecting. promote To move anteriorly. pronate To turn the leading edge of the wing
downward. pronotal collar The horizontal surface of the posterior to the sloping, and often
narrowing, region immediately
behind the head. pronotal comb A row of strong spines borne on the posterior
margin of the pronotum (Siphonaptera). pronotal flange The anterior projected rim of the
pronotum; it is often hidden by the head. pronotal lobe. The rounded posterolateral extension of
the pronotum that covers the mesothoracic spiracle. pronotal plate. In Cynipoidea, the dorsal disc of the
pronotum. pronotum (adj., pronotal). The dorsal sclerite of the prothorax; in most Hymenoptera,
occupying also the dorsolateral or
lateral part of the prothorax. The
dorsal, often shieldlike sclerite of the prothorax. propleural bristles Bristles located on the propleuron
(Diptera). propleuron (pl., propleural) The lateral portion, or pleuron, of the
prothorax. propleuron (pl.,
propleura). The lateral part of the
prothorax. In Hymenoptera, it is
displaced a bit by the pronotum so as to
occupy an oblique position ventrolateral and anterior to the pronotum. propodeal carina. In Ichneumonoidea, one or more named,
usually distinct, transverse or longitudinal ridges on the propodeum. propodeum (adj.,
propodeal). In Apocrita, the first
tergum of the abdomen, widely and immovably fused with the metanotum
and with each metapleuron of the thorax, and usually narrowly and flexibly
joined to the rest of the abdomen
(also see abdomen, metasoma, thorax).
The posterior portion of the thorax, which is actually the first
abdominal segment united with the thorax (Hymenoptera, suborder Apocrita). proprioception Detection by an animal of proprioreceptor A sense organ that detects the relative
position of parts of an animal's own body. prosoma A term referring to the anterior part of
the body, usually applied to the cephalothorax; the anterior part of the head or
cephalothorax. prosternum. A ventral sclerite of the prothorax,
between the propleura. The sternum,
or ventral sclerite, of the prothorax.
protelean parasite An entomophagous insect that attacks its
prey only when the attacking insect is immature, the adult being
free living. prothoracic glands Endocrine organs located in the prothorax
of immature insects, secreting molting hormone. Endocrine
glands located in the prothorax generally that secrete ecdysone. prothoracicotropic hormone
(PTTH) A hormone secreted by neurosecretory cells of the brain and serving
to activate the prothoracic
glands. prothorax. The first of the 3 primary subdivisions of
the thorax, composed of the pronotum, the propleuron, and the prosternum. The anterior of the three thoracic
segments. protocerebrum The largest and most anterior part of the
brain, which includes the optic lobes.
The dorsal lobes of the brain,
innervating linter alial the
compound eyes and ocelli. protonymph The second instar of a mite. proventriculus The portion of the foregut, just before
the midgut, that controls entry of food into the midgut; often lined
with sclerotized teeth that grind the food.
The valve between the foregut and midgut. proximad Toward the end or portion nearest the
body. proximal Nearer to the body or to the base of an
appendage. Referring to the part of
an appendage that is closest to the body. prozonite The anterior portion of a millipede tergum
when the tergum is divided by a transverse groove. pruinose Covered with a whitish waxy powder. pseudarolium jpl., pseudarolial
A pad at the apex of the tarsus
resembling an arolium. pseudocercus
ipl., pseudocerci~ See urogomphi. pseudocubitus A vein appearing as the cubitus, but actually
formed by the fusion of the branches of M and Cu, (Neuroptera). pseudomedia A vein appearing as the media, but
actually formed by the fusion of branches of Rs (Neuroptera). pseudopupa A coarctate larva; a larva in a quiescent
pupalike condition, one or two instars before the true pupal stage (Coleoptera,
Meloidae). pseudovipositor See oviscapt.
pteralia See axillary
sclentes. pterygote A winged insect, or a wingless insect
believed to have been derived from winged ancestors. pteropleural bristles Bristles on the pteropleuron (Diptera). pteropleuron jpl., pteropleura1
A sclerite on the side of the thorax just below the base of the wing, and
consisting of the upper
part of the mesepimeron (Diptera). pterostigma A thickened opaque spot along the costal
margin of the wing, near the wing tip lalso called the stigmal (Odonata). pterothorax The wing‑bearing segments of the
thorax (mesothorax and metathoraxl. pterygote Winged; a member of the subclass
Pterygota. ptilinum A temporary bladderlike structure that can
be inflated and thrust out through the frontal lor ptilinal~ suture, just
above the bases of the antennae, at the time of emergence from the puparium
(Diptera) See brain hormone. pubescence. The short, fine, often closely set setae
on the body. pubescent Downy, covered with short fine hairs. pulvilliform Lobelike or padlike; shaped like a
pulvillus; pulvilliform empodium. pulvillus (pl., pulvilli) A pad or lobe beneath each tarsal claw (Diptera). punctate Pitted or beset with punctures. punctate. Having fine, impressed points or pits. punctiform.
With impressed pits or depressions) puncture A tiny pit or depression. pupa (pl., pupae) The stage between the larva and the adult
in insects with complete metamorphosis, a nonfeeding and usually
an inactive stage. pupariation Formation of the puparium by larvae of
Diptera. puparium (pl., puparia) A case formed by the hardening of the last larval skin, in
which the pupa is formed. pupate To transform to a pupa. pupiparous Giving birth to larvae that are full grown
and ready to pupate. pygidial plate. A specialized area of the tergum of the
last externally visible segment of the metasoma; it is usually flattened
and defined laterally by ridges or grooves. pygidium The last dorsal segment of the abdomen. pyloric valve The valve between the midgut and hindgut. <Q terms> quadrangle A cell immediately beyond the arculus
(Odonata, Zygoptera) quadrate Four‑sided. qualitative defenses of
plants Toxins and small‑molecular‑weight
compounds (such as alkaloids) that are active against
the physiological systems of phytophagous insects. quantitative defenses of
plants Complex, digestibility‑reducing
substances (such as tannins) that reduce the ability of
insects to feed on plants. queen substance A pheromone produced by the queen honey
bee and serving various functions in the hive as well as during
mating and swarming flights. <R terms> radial cell A cell bordered anteriorly by a branch of
the radius; the marginal cell (Hymen6ptera) radial cross vein A cross vein connecting Rl and the branch
of the radius immediately behind it. radial sector The posterior of the two main branches of
the radius. radicle. The basal part of the scape often strongly
defined by a constriction; it articulates with the torulus. radius The longitudinal vein between the subcosta
and the media. raptorial Fitted for grasping prey; raptoriai front
legs. reaction chain A continuous series of behavioral acts,
each of which is dependent on completion of the preceding act. reclinate Inclined backward or upward. rectal pad A portion of the rectum containing
enlarged cells, responsible for active water and ion uptake from the contents
of the rectum. rectum The posterior region of the hindgut. recumbent. Referring to a seta lying parallel to the
body surface.regulatory control The
use of enforceable regulations to
prevent the spread of a pest or to suppress or eradicate it. recurrent vein One of two transverse veins immediately
posterior to the cubital vein (Hymenoptera); a vein at the base of the
wing between the costa and the subcosta, extending obliquely from the
subcosta to the costa (Neuroptera).
recurved Curved upward or backward. releaser An environmental or communicative
stimulus that triggers a fixed action pattern. releaser pheromone A pheromone that acts via the central
nervous system to produce a quick behavioral response. releasing mechanism An innate capacity to respond in a
particular way to a specific stimulus . remote To move posteriorly. reniform Kidney‑shaped. resilin A rubberlike, proteinaceous constituent
of the insect procuticle. resting potential The slight charge that can be measured in
an unstimulated nerve cell. reticulate. Covered with a network of lines; meshed or
webbed. Like a network. retina The receptive apparatus of an eye. retinula cell A monopolar sensory neuron within an
ommatidium of the compoun‑l eye. retractile Capable of being pushed out and drawn back
in. rhabdom The central, rodlike element in an
ommatidium, consisting of several rhabdomeres, one from each retinula cell. A rodlike light‑sensitive structure
formed of the inner surfaces of adiacent sensory cells in the omma tidium of
a compound eye. Riker mount A thin glass‑topped exhibition case
filled with cotton. rostrum Beak or snout. round dance A torm of recruitment in the honey bee, used
when a food source close to the hive is communicated to other
bees. royal jelly A nutritive substance produced by glands
in the heads of worker honey bees and fed to the larvae. Larvae fed this
diet throughout development produce queens. r‑strategist A species characterized by having rapid
development, high motility, and a high reproductive rate relative to a K‑strategist
. rudimentary Reduced in size, poorly developed, embryonic.
rugose Wrinkled. rugose. Wrinkled <S terms> saprophagous feeding on dead or decaying plant or animal
materials, such as carrion, dung, dead logs, etc. saprophagous Feeding on dead organic matter. scape The most basal segment of the antenna. The first primary division or segment of the
antenna; it articulates apically
with the pedicel and basally with the torulus. scapula (pl., scapulae) One of two sclerites on the mesonotum immediately lateral of
the notauli (Hymenoptera); also called parapsis. scarabaeiform larva A grublike larva, that is, one with the body thickened and
cylindrical, with a well‑developed head and
thoracic legs, without prolegs, and usually sluggish. scavenger An animal that feeds on dead plants or
animals, or decaying materials, or on animal wastes. scent gland A gland producing an odorous substance. scientific name A latinized name, internationally recognized,
of a species or subspecies. The scientific name of a species
consists of the generic and specific names, and that of a subspecies consists
of the generic, specific, and
subspecific names. Scientific names are always printed in italics. sclerite A more or less rigid cuticular plate. A hardened body‑wall plate bounded
by sutures or membranous areas. A hardened plate of the integument; it is
separated from other such plates by sutures or membrane. sclerotin Cuticular protein that has been hardened
and darkened through cross‑linkage of the molecules. sclerotization The process of becoming hardened. sclerotized Hardened.
Referring to the body integument; relatively stiff and usually darkly
pigmented areas compared with
usually colorless and flexible membranous areas. scolopidium A sensillum located beneath the cuticle
and modified for the reception of vibrations . scolopophorous organ See campaniform
sensillum. scolytoid larva A fleshy larva resembling the larva of a
scolytid beetle. scopa (pl., scopae). In Apiformes, a brush-like structure of
short stiff hairs of equal length used for collecting pollen. A small, dense tuft of hair. scramble competition Competition in which many individuals
"scramble" for a limited resource, such as food. scraper The sharpened anal angle of the front wing
jtegmenl of a cricket or long‑horned grasshopper, a part of the stridulating
mechanism. scrobal groove. A horizontal groove on the mesopleuron
that may be continuous with the episternal groove anteriorly and ends
at the pleural groove posteriorly. scrobe (adj., scrobal). A groove or furrow; antennal scrobe. A groove in the body integument for the
reception or concealment
of an appendage, e.g., a longitudinal depression of the head above each
torulus for reception of the scape
or a groove on the mesopleuron for reception of the mesofemur; the scrobe of
the mesepisternum is a small
pit. sculpture. Markings or a pattern of impressions or
elevations on the surface of a structure. scutellum (pl., scutella; adj., scutellar). The middle region of the mesonotum or
metanotum, behind the scutum. In Apocrita,
only the mesoscutellum is evident and is simply named the scutellum, whereas
in Symphyta both the mesoscutellum
and metascutellum are present. A
sclerite of the thoracic notum; the mesoscutellum, appearing as a more
or less triangular sclerite behind the pronotum (Hemiptera, Homoptera,
Coleoptera). scutum (pl., scuta; adj., scutal). The anterior sclerite of a notum, in front of
the scutellum. In Apocrita, the mesoscutum
is functionally only the area in front of the transscutal articulation; the
axilla, although morphologically
part of the mesoscutum, is treated separately (also see axilla). The middle division of a t horacic
notum, just anterior to the scutellum. sebaceous glands Glands secreting fatty or oily material. secondary defense A defensive mechanism that is brought into
play only in the presence of a threat--for example, an aggressive
display. secondary pest An insect that does not normally attain
pest status except when insecticides destroy its natural enemies. secondary plant
substance A substance produced by a
plant that plays no role in the basic metabolism of the plant. sectorial cross vein A cross vein connecting two branches of
the radial sector. segment. A ring or subdivision of the body or of an
appendage between areas of flexibility, and bearing intrinsic muscles. A subdivision of the body or of an
appendage, between joints or articulations. seminal vesicle An expansion of the vas deferens of the
male in which sperm are stored. A
structure, usually saclike, in which
the seminal fluid of the male is
stored before being discharged; usually an enlargement of the vas deferens. semiaquatic Living in wet places or partially in
water. sense cone or sense peg A minute cone or peg, sensory in function. sensillum (pl., sensilla) An integumental sense organ, consisting of sensory neurons and
associated cuticular structures. A simple sense organ, such as a seta, or
one of the structural units of a compound sense organ. An organ capable
of detecting external stimuli. sensory filtering The process of receiving only certain
specific stimuli among the many potential stimuli impinging on the
body. sensory neuron A neuron capable of generating an action
potential in response to an external stimulus lsuch as physical displacement,
temperature, humidity, chemicals, etc.l. serial homology Homology within an insect due to the
repetition of components of an organ system in each body segment. serrate Toothed along the edge like a saw; serrate
antenna. sessile Attached or fastened, incapable of moving
from place to place; attached directly, without a stem or petiole. One structure
attached to another, without a distinct constriction (cf. pedunculate,
petiolate). seta (pl., setae; adj., setal). A slender, hair-like, usually sensory extension
of the cuticle, connected to the body wall by a
socket. A bristle. A movable hair of the integument,
typically forming a sensillum. setaceous Bristlelike; setaceous antenna. setate Provided with bristles. setulose Bearing short, blunt bristles. sigmoid
Shaped like the letter S. sibling species Closely related species that are difficult
to distinguish by ordinary means. sign stimulus A stimulus for which an animal has evolved
a specific response pattem. simple Unmodified, not complicated; not forked,
toothed, branched, or divided. social parasite An insect that invades or lays its eggs in
the nest of another insect and develops on food in the nest. spatulate Spoon‑shaped; broad apically and
narrowed basally, and flattened. species A group of individuals or populations that
are similar in structure and physiology and are capable of interbreeding
and producing fertile offspring, and that are different in structure and/or
physiology from other such
groups and normally do not interbreed with them. spectral vein. A wing vein that is indicated only by a
ridge or furrow on the wing surface; it has no trace of pigment and cn
only be seen with reflected light (cf. tubular, nebulous veins). sperm duct A tube connecting the bursa copulatrix of
ditrysian Lepid6ptera to the vagina. sperm follicle A tubelike subdivision of the testis in
which spermatogenesis occurs. sperm precedence In multiple matings, the tendency for
sperm from the most recent mating to fertilize the eggs. spermatheca (pl., spermathecae) A saclike structure in the female in which
sperm from the male are received and often
stored. A small sac associated with
the median oviduct of the female, in which sperm are stored following
copulation. spermatocyte A cell that divides to form the
spermatozoa of male animals. spermatogenesis The production of sperm cells. spermatogonium A primary germ cell of the male. spermatophore A capsule containing sperm, produced by
the males of some insects. A sac
produced by accessory glands of
male insects and transferred to the female reproductive tract, containing
sperm and often proteinaceous
material. spermatozoon (pl., spermatozoai) A functional, usually motile, sperm cell. spinasternum An intersegmental sclerite of the thoracic
venter that bears a median apodeme or spina, associated with or united
with the sclerite immediately anterior to it; also called the intersternite.
spindle‑shaped Elongate and cylindrical, thickened in the
middle and tapering at the ends. spine A thornlike outgrowth of the
cuticle. spinneret A structure with which silk is spun,
usually fingerlike in shape. spinose Beset with spines; spinose costa in
Diptera. spiracle (adj.,
spiracular). A small, round or oval
lateral opening on a body segment through which air enters the tracheae. An external opening of the tracheal
system; a breathing pore. spiracular plate A platelike sclerite next to or surrounding
the spiracle. spur A movable spine (when on a leg segment, usually
located at the apex of the segment. spiracular bristles Bristles very close to a spiracle (Diptera). spurious claw A false claw; a stout bristle that looks
like a claw (spiders). spurious vein A veinlike thickening of the wing membrane
between two true veins; an adventitious longitudinal vein between
the radius and the media, crossing the r‑m cross vein (Diptera,
Syrphidae). squama (pl., squamae) A membranous lobe at the extreme base of the wing of Diptera;
also called calypter. A scalelike
structure; a calypter; the palpiger (Odonata). stadium (pl., stadia) The period between molts in a developing arthropod. stalked With a stalk or stem; with a narrow
stemlike base; of veins, fused together to form a single vein. stemmata ( sing.; pl.,
stemmai) The lateral eyes of insect
larvae. Simple eyes located on the sides of the head of many insect
larvae. sternacostal suture lor sulcus1 A suture of the thoracic
sternum, the external mark of the sternal apophysis or furca, separating
the basisternum from the sternellum. sternal apophysis lo‑ sternal arml See furca. sternaulus (pl., sternauli). The horizontal lateroventral carina or groove near the lower
margin of the mesopleuron, extending
from the lower end of the epicnemial carina toward the mesocoxa. sternellum The part of the eustemum posterior to the
sternacostal suture jsulcusl. sternite A subdivision of a sternum; the
ventral plate of an abdominal segment. sternite. The sclerotized subdivision of a sternum
bounded by grooves or by membranous lines or areas (also see sternum). sternopleural bristles
Bristles on the stemopleuron (Diptera). sternopleuron (pl., sternopleural) A sclerite in the lateral wall of the
thorax, just above the base of the middle leg (Diptera). sternite.
Ventral plate sternum (pl., sterna; adj.,
sternal). The ventral division of a
body segment, which may be subdivided into sternites; usually
only refers to the segments of the abdomen/metasoma and to the
prothorax. The sterna of the mesothorax
and metathorax are considered to be invaginated within the thorax. A sclerite on the ventral side of the
body; the ventral sclerite of an abdominal segment. A ventral sclerite of the insect thorax or abdomen. stigma (pl., stigmata) A thickening of the wing membrane along
the costal border near the apex. A
thickly sclerotized and
usually darkly pigmented area on the forewing margin at the apex of the
costal vein. In Chalcidoidea, a knob-like
enlargement of the apex of the stigmal vein. stigmal vein A short vein extending posteriorly from
the costal margin of the wing, usually a little beyond the middle of the
wing (Hymenoptera) stimulus filtering See Sensory
filtering. stipes (pl., stipites; adj.,
stipital). A major sclerite of the
maxilla, articulating basally with the cardo, apically with the galea and
lacinia, and laterally with the maxillary palpus. stipes ~pl., stipites)
The second segment or division of a maxilla, which bears the palp, the
galea, and the lacinia lateral lobes of
the millipede gnathochilarium. stomodaeum The foregut. stomodeal nervous
system A set of small ganglia and
their connections, Iying on the sutface of the foregut. stomodeum The foregut of insects. storage excretion The removal of metabolic wastes by isolation
within certain tissues or cells. stria jpl., stnae)
A groove or depressed line. striate With grooves or depressed lines. stridulate To make a noise by rubbing two structures
or surfaces together. stripe A longitudinal color marking. stylate With a style; stylelike; stylate antenna.
. style A bristlelike process at the apex of an
antenna; a short slender, fingerlike process. stylet A thin, sclerotized lance formed of
modified mouthparts, capable of piercing a plant or animal. A needlelike structure;
one of the piercing structures in sucking mouthparts. stylopized Infected by stylopoid beetles. stylus (pl. styli) A short, slender, fingerlike process. A ventral, unsegmented appendage on the
abdomen of bristletails. subalare A small sclerite in the upper part of the
pleuron that articulates with the axillary sclerites. subcuticular space The narrow space between the endocuticle
and the epidermal cells, formed during molting. sub-. Latin prefix meaning "under";
also used commonly to mean "somewhat" or "almost" (e.g.,
subequal is synonymous
with almost equal). subalare lor subalar
sclente) An epipleurite located posterior to the pleural wing process. subantennal groove. In Apiformes, 1-2 fine grooves between the
torulus and the clypeus. subantennal sulcus A groove on the face extending ventrally
from the base of the antennae. subapical Located just proximad of the apex. subbasal Located just distad of the base. subclass A major subdivision of a class, containing
a group of related orders. subcosta The longitudinal vein between the costa
and the radius. subcoxa Leg segment of primitive arthropods basad
of the coxa, hypothesized to be incorporated into the thoracic wall to form
the thoracic pleurites (see anapleurite,
catapleunte). subequal Approximately, or almost, equal in size or
length. subesophageal ganglion The
knotlike swelling at the an terior end of the ventral nerve cord, usually
just below the esophagus. A composite ganglion that innervates the
mouthparts, located in the head below the digestive tract. subfamily A major division of a family, containing a
group of related tribes or genera. Subfamily names end in nae. subgenal carina A ridge bordering the gena ventrally; it
extends from the hypostomal carina to the anterior or facial articulation
of the mandible. subgenal suture (or sulcus) The horizontal suture below the gerla,
just above the bases of the mandibles and maxillae, a lateral
extension of the epistomal suture. subgenital plate A platelike sternite that underlies the
genitalia. subgenual organ An organ on the tibia of many insects,
consisting of a group of scolopidia and sensitive to vibrations transmitted
through the legs. subgenus (pl., subgenera) A major subdivision of a genus, containing
a group of related species. In scientific names, subgeneric
names are capitalized and placed in parentheses following the genus name. subimago The first of two winged instars of a
mayfly after it emerges from the water. submarginal cell One or more cells Iying immediately behind
the marginal cell (Hymendptera). submarginal vein A vein immediately behind and paralleling
the costal margin of the wing (Hymen6ptera). submentum The basal part of the labium. The basal sclerite of the labium
articulating apically with the mentum; in Apoidea,
an often V-shaped sclerite (often called the lorum) with an arm articulating
with each cardo and medially
articulating with the mentum). submetapleural carina. A ridge on the ventral margin of the lower
part of the metapleuron, between the bases of the mesocoxae
and metacoxae. subocular suture lor sulcus1 A suture extending ventrally
from the compound eye. subocular groove. A groove extending from the ventral margin
of the eye to the anterior or facial articulation of the mandible. suborder A major subdivision of an order,
containing a group of related superfamilies or families. subquadrangle A cell immediately behind the quadrangle
(Odonata, Zygoptera). subspecies A subdivision of a species, usually a geographic
race. The different subspecies of a species ordinarily are not
sharply differentiated. They intergrade with one another and are capable of
interbreeding. IFor names of subspecies,
see scientific name. I subtriangle A cell or group of cells proximad of the
triangle (Odonata, Anis6ptera). successions Groups of species that successively occupy
a given habitat as the conditions of the habitat change. sulcate With a groove or furrow. sulcus (pl., sulcili) A groove formed by an infolding of the
body wall; a groove or furrow. superfamily A group of closely related families. Superfamily
names end in ‑oidea. superficial cleavage A type of embryonic development in which
the cleavage nuclei migrate to the surface of the egg; cell membranes
then form about each nucleus. superior appendage One of the two upper appendages at the end
of the abdomen, a cercus (Odonata). supernormal stimulus A stimulus that exceeds normal with
respect to size or other properties and elicits an exaggerated
response. superparasitoid A parasitoid that produces several
offspring per individual host. superposition eye A type of compound eye occurring in noctumal
insects, in which the ommatidia are not surrounded by a
shield of pigment. supinate To turn the trailing edge of the wing
downward. supplement An adventitious vein formed by a number of
cross veins being lined up to form a continuous vein, located behind
and more or less parallel to one of the main longitudinal veins IOdonata; supra‑alar
bristles A longitudinal row of
bristles on the lateral portion of
the mesonotum, immediately above the wing base
(Diptera). suture. An external inelike groove in the body wall, or a narrow membranous area
between sclerites; the boundary between
two fused sclerites; the line of juncture of the elytra (Coleoptera). A line of indentation in the cuticle, usually
forming an intemal strengthening ridge. A line or membranous area on the cuticle indicating the jucntion
of 2 formerly separate plates or sclerites (also see groove). swimmeret An abdominal appendage that functions as a
swimming organ (Crustacea). symbiont An organism living in symbiosis with
another organism . symbiont An organism living in intimate association
with another organism. symbiosis A living together, in a more or less
intimate association, of two species, which benefits both. symmetry A definite pattern of body organization;
bilateral symmetry, a type of body organization in which the various parts are
arranged more or less symmetrically on either side of a median vertical
plane, that is where the right and left
sides of the body are essentially similar. sympatric speciation Division of a species into two or more
descendant species within the same area. synapsis (pl.,
synapses) The point of interaction
between adjacent neurons or between a neuron and a muscle or gland, involving
a chemical neurotransmitter. synchronous muscle A muscle in which each contraction is
initiated by the reception of a neuronal impulse. synonyms Two or more names for the same thing
(taxon). synergist A substance that enhances the effectiveness
of a second substance. systematics The study of the relationships among
organisms. systemic insecticide An insecticide that is absorbed by a plant
or animal and transported throughout it. <T terms> taenidia Cuticular ridges that support the walls of
tracheae. taenidium (pl., taenidia) A circular or spiral thickening in the inner wall of a trachea.
tandem running A form of recruitment behavior in which
one individual follows another, maintaining antennal contact. tagma (pl., tagmata) A group of segments of the body
specialized for a given function, e.g., the head, thorax, and abdomen
of insects. A cluster of associated
body segments. tandem One behind the other, the two connected or
attached together. tapetum A basal layer of tracheae in ar;
ommatidium that reflects light. tarsal claw A claw at the apex of the tarsus, derived
from the pretarsal segment of the leg. tarsal formula The number of tarsal segments on the
front, middle, and hind tarsi, respectively. tarsomere. A subdivision of the tarsus; each tarsus
has 3-5 tarsomeres in Hymenoptera. tarsus (pl., tarsi; adj., tarsal). The 5th segment of a leg, attached basally to
the tibia and subdivided into tarsomeres. The leg segment immediately beyond the
tibia, sometimes consisting of one or more "segments" or subdivisions. The segment of the insect leg distal to
the tibia, usually subdivided into tarsomeres and bearing the pretarsus
with its claws. taxis (pl., taxes) A stereotyped orientation movement directed
toward or away from a source of stimulation. taxon (pl., taxa) A group of organisms classified together. taxonomy The science of classification into
categories of varying rank, and the describing and naming of these categories. The practice of classifying organisms. tegmen (pl., tegmina) A somewhat thickened forewing, serving as
a protective covering of the hindwing, as in grasshoppers
and cockroaches. The thickened or
leathery front wing of an orthopteran. tegula (pl., tegulae) A small, sclerotized flap overlying the
base of the forewing of certain insects. tegular (pl., tegulae). A small, scale-like sclerite covering the base of teh forewing,
basal to the humeral plate. telopod Itelopodite) The portion of the leg beyond
the coxopodite. telotrophic ovariole Meroistic ovariole in which the nurse
cells remain in the germarium. telson The posterior part of the last abdominal
segment Crustacea); the posterior spinelike tail of the Xiphosura; the posterior
nonmetameric portion of the body. temporal memory The ability to compensate for the passage
of time during locomotory behavior such as foraging from the nest. tenaculum A minute structure on the ventral side of
the third abdominal segment that serves as a clasp for the furcula (Collembola).
teneral A term applied to recently molted, pale,
soft‑bodied individuals. tentorial pits Pitlike depressions on the surface of the
head that mark the points of union of the arms of the tentorium with the
outer wall of the head. There are usually two tentorial pits in the epistomal
suture and one at the lower end of
each postoccipital suture. tentorium A set of apodemes that form the intemal
bracing of the head. The endoskeleton
of the head, usually consist ing of
two pairs of apodemes. terga.
dorsal plates or sclerites tergum (pl., terga; adj., tergal). A dorsal sclerite of a body segment, which may
be subdivided into tergites; specifically
used for the abdomen/metasoma (also see laterotergite). A sclerotized subdivision of a tergum bounded
by grooves, or membranous lines or areas (also see laterotergite,
tergum). A sclerite on the dorsal side of
the body; the dorsal sclerite of an abdominal segment. terminal At the end; at the posterior end (of the
abdomen1; the last of a series. termitophile A symbiont living in the nest of termites. terrestrial Living on land. territoriality Occupation of a site that is defended
from other individuals of the same sex and species. testaceous.
brownish-yellow or amber color testis (pl., testes) The sex organ in the male that produces
sperm. testicular follicles Tubules in which the sperm are formed. thecogen cell A cell that surrounds the glial cell and the
outer section of a sensory neuron. thelytoky A form of parthenogenesis in which only females
are produced from unfertilized eggs, males being very rare or
absent. thorax (pl., thoraces; adj.,
thoracic). The principal middle
division of the body to which the legs and wings are attached,
between the head and abdomen (cf. mesosoma).
The central tagma of an insect's body, bearing the legs and
(when present) the wings. The body
region behind the head, which bears the legs and wings. thyridium. Part of the gastrocoelus In Ichneumonidae
which is the usually transverse impression anterolaterally on metasomal
tergum 2. The gastrocoelus includes
the thyridium, which is the surface area with specialized sculpture,
while the gastrocoelus is the impression itself. tibia (pl., tibiae; adj., tibial). The 4th segment of a leg, between the femur and
the tarsus. The fourth segment of the
insect
leg, beyond the femur and before the tarsus. tibial spur A large spine on the tibia, usually
located at the distal end of the tibia. tormogen cell An epidermal cell secreting a ring of
cuticle that connects a cuticular hair to the cuticle. An epidermal cell
associated with a seta, which forms the setal membrane or socket. torulus (pl., toruli). A paired socket on the front of the head
on which the scape is articulated. toxicogenic Producing disease symptoms as a result of
an introduced toxin. toxicognath A poison jaw (centipede); a modified
leg. trachea (pl., tracheae) A cuticle‑lined airconducting tube
of the insect body. A tube of the
respiratory system, lined with
taenidia, ending externally at a spiracle, and terminating internally in the
tracheoles. tracheal gill A heavily tracheated extension of the
body, permitting extraction of oxygen from water. tracheole A delicate tubule extending from a
trachea, the site of gas exchange between the tracheal system and the tissues. The fine terminal branch of the
respiratory tubes. transscutal
articulation. A line of weakness
across the mesonotum between the forewing bases, which secondarily separates
the posterolateral angles of the mesoscutum beside the scutellum (also see
axilla, scutum). translucent Allowing light to pass through, but not
necessarily transparent. transverse Across, at right angles to the
longitudinal axis. transverse suture A suture across the mesonotum (Diptera). trap crop A crop planted because of its attractiveness
to certain pests and then destroyed or treated so as to destroy the insects . triangle A small triangular cell or group of cells
near the base of the wing (Odonata, Anisoptera). tribe A subdivision of a subfamily, containing a
group of related genera. Names of tribes end in ‑ini. trichobothria Minute sensory hairs on the tarsi
(spiders). trichogen cell An elaidermal cell that secretes a
cuticular process, such as a hair.
The epidermal cell from which a seta develops. trichoid sensillum A seta modified for reception of stimuli. trichome A hairlike outgrowth of a plant that may
serve various functions, including defense against insect attack. tripectinate Having three rows of comblike branches. tritocerebrum The ventral lobes of the brain. The most posterior part of the brain, which
connects to the ventral nerve cord. triungulin larva The active first‑instar larva of the
Strepsiptera and certain beetles that undergo hypermetamorphosis. trivial movements Movements of an animal within its normal
habitat, not involving dispersal. trochantellus. The basal end of the femur; it looks like
a 2nd segment of the trochanter. trochanter The second segment of the insect leg,
between the coxa and femur. trochantin A small sclerite in the thoracic wall
immediately anterior to the base of the coxa. trophallaxis The exchange of alimentary canal liquid
among colony members of social insects and guest organisms, either
mutually or unilaterally; trophallaxis may be stomodeal (from the mouthl or
proctodeal (from the anusj. trophocyte See nurse
cells. trophogenic
polymorphism Polymorphism resulting
from differences in the quantity or quality of food provided to the
larvae. tropism The orientation of an animal with respect
to a stimulus, either positive (turning toward the stimulus) or negative
(turning away from the stimulus). truncate Cut off square at the end; blunt or
obtuse. truss cell See hypostigmatic
cell. tubercle A small knotlike or rounded protuberance.
tylus The clypeal region of the head (Hemiptera). tubular vein. A pigmented wing vein that is hollow and
therefore appears darker laterally and lighter medially; it is visible
with both reflected and transmitted light (cf. nebulous, spectral veins). tymbal A sclerotized plate in the sound‑producing
organ of a cicada. tympanal hood One of a pair of tubercles or rounded
prominences on the dorsal surface of the first abdominal segment ILepidoptera).
tympanic organ The eardrumlike structure of certain
insects, consisting of a thin portion of integument and associated scolopidia
that perceive sound. tympanum (pl., tympana) A vibrating membrane; an auditory
membrane or eardrum. types Specimens designated when a species or group
is described to serve as the reference if there is any question about what that
species or group includes. The type of a species or subspecies lthe holotype)
is a specimen; the type of a
genus or subgenus is a species; and the type of a tribe, subfamily, family,
or superfamily is a genus. <U terms> uncus. In Chalcidoidea, a short, narrow stub near
the apex of the stigmal vein directed towards the postmarginal vein. unisexual Consisting of or involving only females. univoltine Having but a single generation a year. uric acid Chemical commonly used by terrestrial
insects for excretion of nitrogenous wastes. urine Fluid containing excreted wastes. urogomphi (sing., urogomphus) Fixed or
movable cercuslike processes on the last segment of a beetle larva (also called
pseudocerci or corniculi). uropod One of the terminal pair of abdominal
appendages, usually lobelike (Crustacea). <V terms> vagina The terminal portion of the female
reproductive system, which opens to the outside. valvifer A basal sclerite of a valve of the ovipositor,
articulating with the tergum. valvifers The basal plates of the ovipositor,
derived from the basal segment of the gonopods. valvulae The three pairs of processes forming the
sheath and piercing structures of the ovipositor. vannus A fan‑shaped lobe at the posterior
margin of the hindwing of certain insects. vas deferens (pl., vasa
dekrentia) The sperm duct leading
away from a testis. vas efferens (pl., vasa
efferentia) A short duct
connecting a sperm tube in the testis with the vas deferens. vector An organism that transmits a pathogen
from one host to another. vein. (adj.,
veinal). A narrow, usually dark thickening
of a wing arising at the wing base and branching towards the apex
(also see nebulous, spectral, tubular veins). A sclerotized rod supporting the wing membrane (collectively
called the venation of a wing). A
thickened line in the wing. venter The
ventral side. The lower or
under surface of an organism . ventrad Toward the ventral side or underside of
the body; downward. ventral Referring to the lower surface of an
organism. ventral diaphragm A ventral muscular sheath that assists in
circulating the hemolymph around the nerve cord. ventral nerve cord Paired nerve Iying along the lower surface
of the hemocoel, containing segmentally arranged ganglia. ventriculus
Midgut. verbenone An inhibitory pheromone produced by bark
beetles of both sexes, inhibiting arrival of further individuals. vermiform Wormlike. vertex The top of the head,
between the eyes and anterior to the occipital suture. vermiform larva A legless wormlike larva, without a welldeveloped
head. vertex. The top of the head between the eyes, from
the anterior margin of the median ocellus to the occiput. vesicle A sac, bladder, or cyst, often extensible. vestigial Small, poorly developed, degenerate, nonfunctional.
vibrissae, oral See oral
vibrissae. visceral nervous system A series of nerve fibers and ganglia
closely associated with the gut and reproductive organs. vitellarium Portion of the ovariole in which
vitellogenesis takes place. vitellogenesis Yolk formation in the developing egg. vitellogenins Female‑specific proteins synthesized
by the fat body and taken up by maturmg oocytes. vitelline membrane The cell wall of the insect egg; a thin
membrane Iying beneath the chorion. vitellogenesis Transfer of vitellogenins to the developing
oocyte with consequent increase in size of the oocyte. vitellogenin Yolk precursor molecule. viviparous Producing living young that have been
nourished internally by the mother. volsella (pl., volsellae). A paired, median inner appendage of the male genitalia. vulva Opening of the vagina l = ovipore). vulvar lamina The posterior margin IusuallY prolonged
posteriorly) of the eighth abdominal sternite Ifemale Amsoptera ). <W terms> waggle dance A form of recruitment in the honey bee in
which direction and distance to a food source are indicated. wireworm An elateriform larva; a larva that is
slender heavily sclerotized, with few hairs on the body, and with thoracic legs but
without prolegs; the larva of a click beetle. <X terms> [No terms presently available] <Y terms> Y‑vein Two adjacent veins fusing distally,
forming a Y shaped figure; for example, the anal veins in the front wing. <Z terms> zoophagous Feeding on living animals. |