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GENERAL INDEX

DISCOVERIES IN NATURAL HISTORY

& EXPLORATION

Entomology, Economic Botany, Biological Pest Control, Archeology

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<A words> Acacia Psyllid, Acizzia uncatoides (Ferris & Klyver) Acari (Biocontrol in Grapes) Acarina Acarina (associated species) Acarina (distribution) Acarina (field investigations) Acarina (mass production) Acarina (overview) Acarina (taxonomic ambiguities) Acarina for Biological Control of Armored Scale Insects Acarina for Biological Control of Phytophagous Mites Acarina in the Marine Environment Accessory Gland Secretions Accretive Inheritance Acholonu, Catherine Acizzia uncatoides (Ferris & Klyver) Acrobasis indigenella (Rascal Leafcrumpler) Acroceridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Active Polygenic Loci Acuminate egg Adelphoparasitism Adult Entomophage Nutritionm Adult Parasitoid Food Advanced Biological Control Aeroscopic Plate Aeroscopic Plate & Ovisorption Aesthetic Important Plants AFRICA (Pictures) Africa Wildflowers African cichlid fish African honeybees African Lakes (biome) African Prehistory African Rock Inscriptions Africanized bees (in California) Afrotropical Regional Section Agaonidae <Habits >; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Agaves Age & Sex Ratio Age-structured Population Systems Agravidity Agricultural Chemicals & Resistance Agriotypidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Agroecosystem (biome) Agroecosystems Agroecosystems (Kinds of) Agromyzidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Agrotis sp. Alabama (Pictures) Alabama argillacea (Hübner) Alaska (Pictures) Aldrovandi, U. Aleochara spp. Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) Alfalfa Weevil, Hypera postica (short-term crops) Algeria (Pictures) Alithal eggs Alligatorweed, Alternanthera phylloxeroides (Martius) Grisebach Allomones Allozymes Aloes Alternanthera phylloxeroides (Martius) Grisebach Alternate hosts (colonization) Altieri, Manuel A. Alysia spp. Amblyseius californicus (McGregor) Ambrosia spp. American Samoa (Pictures) Ampulicinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Amyelois transitella (Walker) Analysis of Biological Weed Control Projects Analysis of Successes in Biological Control Anastrepha spp. Anatomy Andrenidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Andres, Lloyd A. Androgenesis Anesthetizing (culture) Anhydropic eggs Anhydropic species Annual Fish Anoplura Ant Activity & Parasitoid Fecundity Antagonists of Snails Anthicidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Anthocoridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Anthomyiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Anthonomus grandis Boheman Anthophoridae (= Nomadidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Anthribidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Anticarsia gemmatalis Antlions Antolin, M. Antonina graminis (Maskell) Ants (as predators) Ants (general) Anystidae(Acarina) Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) Taxonomy Aonidiella aurantii (natural enemy exploration) Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett) Apanteles glomeratus Apanteles-type Oviducts Aphaereta spp. Aphelinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Aphid Biocontrol in Glasshouses Aphid Biocontrol in Glasshouses Aphidiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Aphids Apidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Apioceridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Apochrysidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Apoidea <Overview> Apomictic Apozygidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Apparent Mortality Appendicular Ovipositor Apple Leafhopper, Edwardsiana froggatti (Baker) Apple Maggot, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) Application Time (pesticides) Aquatic Fungi Aquatic Midges Aquatic Weeds ARCHEOLOGY IN AMERICA Archeological Sites in America Area Covered (searching) Area Effecitvely Traversed Area of Discovery Argentina (Pictures) Arizona (Pictures) Arizona Biological Control, Inc. Arkansas (Pictures) Arrhenotokous & Thelytokous Reproduction Arrhenotokous / Thelytokous Reproduction (cytology) Arrhenotokous / Thelytokous Reproduction (early hypotheses) Arrhenotokous / Thelytokous Reproduction (genetics) Arrhenotokous / Thelytokous Reproduction (history) Arrhenotokous / Thelytokous Reproduction (modern hypotheses) Arrhenotokous / Thelytokous Reproduction (sex determination) Arrhenotokous Reproduction (Generalities) Arrhenotoky Arrhenotoky vs. Thelytoky Arrowhead Scale, Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana) Arthropods (against medically important pests) Arthropods in Quarantine Arthropophagous Arthropods Arthur, A. P. Artificial Media (continuous culture) Asaphinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Ascalaphidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Ash Whitefly, Siphonius phillyraea (Haliday) Asian Citrus Psyllid Diaphorina citri Kuwayama <ch-124.htm> Asilidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Aspidiotus destructor Signoret Astatinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Asterodiaspis variolosa (Ratzeburg) Attraction of Natural Enemies AUGMENTATION Augmentation (Life Tables) Augmentation (Trichogramma spp.) Augmentation in Corn (Trichogramma spp.) Augmentation in Cotton (Trichogramma spp.) Augmentation of Natural Enemies in Forests Augmentation of Natural Enemies in Weed Control Augmentation of Plant Pathogens Augmentation to Enhance Natural Enemy Impact Augmentation With Microbial Pesticides Augmentative Biological Control Augmentative Strategies (Introduction) Augmentative Strategies (Misc. crops) Augmentative Strategies (Misc. crops) Augmentative Strategies (Misc. natural enemies) Augmentative Strategies (Trichogramma spp.) Augmentative Strategies with Predatory Mites Augmentative Strategies with Trichogramma spp. Augmentive & Inundative Strategies With Natural Enemies Aulacidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Australasia (Biological Control) Australencyrtus Johnston & Tiegs Australia (Pictures) Australia Wildflowers Australomalotylus Risbec Austria (Pictures) Austroniidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Austrosystasinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Austroterobiinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Autocidal & Pheromonal Control Automictic Autoparasitism Autoparasitism (colonization) Autumn Color (Pictures) Average Abundance (importance of single species) Average Abundance of Species Avocado Brown Mite Axtell, Richard C. Azygotic <B words> Bacillus popilliae for Scarab Control Bacillus thuringiensis (biological properties) Bacillus thuringiensis (characteristics) Bacillus thuringiensis (new isolates) Bacillus thuringiensis details Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis DeBarjac (H-14) (mosquito control) Background & Overview (Biological Control) Bacteria (against medically important pests) Bacteria (biocontrol use) Baculoviruses (occuluded) Balance (populations) Barbados (Pictures) Bartlett, Blair R. Bassett's Cricket Ranch, Inc. Bassi, Agustino Bathon, H. Bdellidae (Acarina) Beauveria bassiana Beegle, Clayton C. Bees Beet Leafhopper (natural enemy exploration) Beetles Beginning Biological Control Behavior in Natural Enemy Culture Behavior of Hosts in Culture Behavioral and Ecological Phenomena & Progeny Number Behavioral and Ecological Phenomena & Sex Ratio Behavioral, Ecological and Physiological Factors affecting the Sex Ratio Belgium (Pictures) Bellini, R. Bellows, Tom S., Jr. Belostomatidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Bembicinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Beneficial Insectary Benetech Insectary BENEFICIAL ORGANISMS (Pictures) Bennett, Fred D. Bermuda (Pictures) Bermuda Cedar Scales, Carulaspis minima (Targ.-Tozz.) & Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc.) Bernays, E. A. Berothidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Bethylidae <Habits >; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Bethyloidea (= Chrysidoidea) <Overview> Beverage Plants and Beverages Bibliographies (of key researchers) Bibliography (plants) Biliotti, E. & R. Biliotti Bio Ag Services Insectary Bio-Agronomics Insectary BIO CONTROL Bibliography Biofac Insectary Biological Characteristics of Arthropophagous Arthropods Biological Check Method BIOLOGICAL CONTROL Biological Control & Pest Control Science Biological Control & Pesticide Use Biological Control & Plant Resistance Biological Control (importance) Biological Control by Vertebrates Biological Control Contributions to Taxonomy Biological Control From Naturally Occurring Organisms Biological Control History Biological Control in Australasia Biological Control in China & Korea Biological Control in Cities & Towns Biological Control in Cities & Towns (Introduction) Biological Control in Deciduous Orchards Biological Control in Eurasia Biological Control in Forests Biological Control in Glasshouses Biological Control in Grapes (Introduction) Biological Control in India Biological Control in Japan Biological Control in Pacific Islands Biological Control in Range, Forage & Grain Crops (Introduction) Biological Control in Southeast Asia Biological Control in the 18th Century Biological Control in the Early 19th Century Biological Control in the Ethiopian Region Biological Control in the Late 19th Century Biological Control in the Middle East Biological Control in the Nearctic North of Mexico Biological Control in the Neotropics Biological Control in the Neotropics (Overview) Biological Control in Tropical & Subtropical Orchards Biological Control Notable Projects (worldwide) Biological Control of and by Acarina Biological Control of and by Nematodes Biological Control of and Implementing Vertebrates Biological Control of Arthropods in Grapes Biological Control of Arthropods in Range, Forage & Grain Crops Biological Control of Arthropods in Row & Short‑term Crops Biological Control of Coccidae Biological Control of Houseflies Biological Control of Hymenoptera Biological Control of Medical & Veterinary Pests Biological Control of Medically Important Pests (introduction) Biological Control of Mosquitoes Biological Control of Noxious Plants & Weeds Biological Control of Plant Pathogens Biological Control of Plant Pathogens (Introduction) Biological Control of Snails Biological Control of Synanthropic Diptera Biological Control of Tephritidae Biological Control of Tephritidae (Introduction) Biological Control of Tephritidae (specific examples) Biological Control of Vertebrates Biological Control of Weeds (introduction) Biological Control Organizations Biological Control Organizations in Forestry Biological Control Organizations in Noxious Plant Control Biological Control Precepts Biological Control Research Effort (size of) Biological Control Research Organization Biological Control Results in Specific Areas (Neotropics) Biological Control Strategies (adoption) Biological Control Successes Biological Control Using Pathogens Biological Control Using Pathogens (Introduction) Biological Data in Taxonomy BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL Biological Pest Management Insectary Biology of Predators BIOLOGY.REF Bionomics of Acarina Biosteres spp. Attacking Fruitflies Biotactics Insectary Biotic Insecticide Biotypes Biparental Males Bird Lice Bird Species Observed in California Birds Used in Biological Control Black Sage, Cordia macrostachya (Jacquin) Roemer & Schultes Black Scale, Saissetia oleae (Bernard) Black Widow Spider, Latrodectus mactans (Fab.) Blackberries, Rubus constrictus LeFavre & Mueller & Rubus ulmifolius Schott Blastobasidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Blatella spp. Blatta spp. Blepharoceridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Bodenheimer, F. S. Boisgiraud Boll Weevil, Anthonomus grandis Boheman Bombyliidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Booklice Bosch, Robert van den Bostrichidae (Biocontrol in Grapes) Botany Index Bottleneck (culture) Bozeman Bio-Tech Insectary Brachyscelidiphaginae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Bracon hebetor (Ashmead) Braconidae (Parasitoids of Diptera) Braconidae <Habits>; <Adults-1> & <Adults-2> & <Adults-3>; & <Juveniles> Bradynobaenidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Braulidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Brazil (Pictures) Breakdown of Riverside Biocontrol Unit Brentidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Bristletails Bromeliads & Orchids BRONZE AGE Europeans in America Bronze Age Index Bronze Age Visitors to America Brown Soft Scale, Coccus hesperidum L. Browning, H. W. Brown-tail Moth, Nygmia phaeorrhoea (Donovan) Buena Biosystems Insectary Bunting Biological Insectary Bush fly (Musca vetustissima) Butterflies (familiar species) Butterflies (general) <C words> Cacti & Other Desert Plants Caddisflies California (Pictures) California Birds California Red Scale (ideal biocontrol candidate) California Red Scale (natural enemy exploration) California Red Scale Taxonomy California Red Scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) Calliceratidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Calliphoridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Caltagirone, Leo E. Caltec Agri Marketing Services Camerobiidae (Acarina) Canada (Natural Biological Control) Cantharidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Carabidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Carbon dioxide (anesthetic) CARIBBEAN (Pictures) Carob Moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Carpocapsa pomonella (L.) Carulaspis minima (Targ.-Tozz.) Cassava Mealybug in Africa--Phenacoccus manihoti (short-term crops) Cassava Mealybug, Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero Caste Bias Caste Bias (characteristics) Caste Determination (generalizations) Castle (1903) Caudate Larva Causes of Genetic Change in Natural Enemy Culture Cecidomyiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Ceinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Cellular defense reactions Ceraphronidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Ceraphronoidea <Overivew> Ceratopogonidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Cercerinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melanoplus (L.) Cereal Leaf Beetle, Oulema melanoplus (short-term crops) Cerocephalinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Ceroplastes destructor Newstead Ceroplastes rubens Maskell Chalcididae (Parasitoids of Diptera) Chalcididae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Chalcidoidea <Overview-1>, <Overview-2> <General References> Chalcids Chamaemyidae (Ochthiphilidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Channing, William F. Chaparral Biome Chapman, A. J. Characteristics of Host-feeding Characteristics of the Habitat (Plant Pathogens) Characteristics of the Habitat that Attract or Repel Natural Enemies Charipinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Chemical Communication Chemical Control Drawbacks Chemical Substances Affecting Behavior Chemical surface disinfection (culture) Chemical Usage (environmental management) Chewing Lice Cheyletidae (Acarina) Chicken cockerels Chile (Pictures) Chilling (diapause) China & Korea (Biological Control) Chioaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) Chironomid Midges, Chironomus spp. ; Chironomid Midges (biocontrol) Chironomidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Chironomus spp. Chlorohydra viridissima (Pallas) Chloropid Gnats (Hippelates, Leptoconops, etc.) Chloropidae (Oscinidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Chondrilla juncea L. Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach) Chromeurytominae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Chrysaugidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Chrysididae (+ Cleptidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Chrysididae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead Chrysomphalus. aonidum (L.) Chrysopidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Cicadas Cicadellidae (Biocontrol in Grapes) Cicindelidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Circulifer tenellus (natural enemy exploration) Cities & Towns (Biological Control) Citricola Scale, Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) Citriculus Mealybug, Pseudococcus citriculus Green Citrophilus Mealybug, Pseudococcus fragilis Brain Citrus Blackfly, Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby Citrus Mealybug Biocontrol in Glasshouses Citrus Mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso) Citrus Psyllid (Asian) Diaphorina citri Kuwayama <ch-124.htm> Citrus red mite Citrus Whitefly, Dialeurodes citri Ashmead CLASSIC PERIOD IN AMERICA (150 AD - 900 AD) Classical Biological Control Classical Biological Control in Deciduous Orchards Classical Biological Control in Short Term Crops Classical Biological Control.of Weeds Classification of Hymenoptera by the Female's Reproductive System Clausen, Curtis P. Clausen's 3‑Host Generation/ 3‑Year Rule Clean Cultivation (adverse effects) Cleavage Cleonyminae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Cleptoparasitoid Cleridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Clidemia hirta (L.) Climate Affecting Insects (examples) Climate as a Factor in the Natural Control of Organisms Climatic Effects (conclusions) Climatic Effects (overview) Cloned or Selected Lines (tests for) Coast Agri-Pro-tect Dept. (Insectary) Coccidae Coccidae (Biocontrol in Grapes) Coccinella undecimpunctata Coccinellidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Coccus hesperidum L. Coccus pseudomagnoliarum (Kuwana) Cockroaches (general) Cockroaches, Blatella, Blatta, Periplaneta, & Supella (Biocontrol) Coconut Leaf-mining Beetle, Promecotheca reichei Baly Coconut Moth, Levuana irridescens Bethune-Baker Coconut Scale, Aspidiotus destructor Signoret Codling Moth (natural enemy exploration) Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella L. [= Cydia pomonella (L.)] Coefficient of Heritability Coelocybinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Coelomomyces Coexistence Principle Coffee Mealybug Taxonomy Coffee Mealybug, Planococcus kenyae (LePelley) Cold room (quarantine) Coleman, N. J. Coleophora laricella Hübner Coleophora laricella Hübner (forestry biocontrol) Coleoptera (Biocontrol in Grapes) Coleoptera (General) COLEOPTERA (parasites/predators) <General Characteristics> COLLEMBOLA Colletidae (= Hylaeidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Colombian Defoliator (forestry) Colombian Defoliator, Oxydia trychiata (Guenée) Colonization (Ecological Factors Influencing Success or Failure) Colonization of Natural Enemies Colonization of Natural Enemies (detailed procedures) Colonization of Natural Enemies (evaluation) Colonization of Natural Enemies (factors influencing establishment) Colonization of Natural Enemies (liberation procedure) Colonization of Natural Enemies (overview) Colonization of Natural Enemies (recovery) Colonization of Natural Enemies (release numbers) Colonization of Natural Enemies (sampling and distribution) Colonization of Natural Enemies (success prediction) Colorado (Pictures) Colotrechinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Colydiidae <Habits.>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Common Egg Shapes in Parasitoids Communication (Chemical) Communication Equipment (quarantine) COMMUNITY INSTRUCTION Compere, George Compere, George & Harold Compere Competing Herbivores and Natural Enemies Competing Natural Enemies Competition Competition Curve Competitive Antagonists & Antibiotic Production Competitive Displacement (examples) Competitive Displacement (mechanisms) Competitive Displacement (overview) Competitive Displacement and Biological Control Competitive Displacement of Non-homologues Competitive Displacement Principle Competitive Displacement, Exclusion and Coexistence Competitive Exclusion Principle Complexities (in populations) Comstock Mealybug, Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) Conditions Favoring the Adoption of Biological Control Strategies Coniferous Forest biome Coniopterygidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Connecticut (Pictures) Conopidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Consequences of Pesticide Use in the Neotropics Consequences of Thelytoky Conservation Conservation of Biological Weed Control Organisms Conservation of Natural Enemies in Forests Conservation of Plant Pathogens Conservation to Enhance Natural Enemy Impact Considerations on Geographical Origin (of the pest) Constricted Waist (Petiolate Abdomen) Consumer Dynamics Contagious diseases (culture) Contaminants in Host Cultures Contamination in Natural Enemy Culture Continuous Culture on Artificial Media Control (population) Coppel, Harry C. Coquillett, D. W. Cordia macrostachya (Jacquin) Roemer & Schultes Corn Earworm (natural enemy exploration) Corpus allatum Corpus cardiacum Corrodentia (General) CORRODENTIA (predators) <General Characteristics>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Corydalidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Cosmopterigidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Cost Effectiveness Costa Rica (Pictures) Costs of Classical Biological Control Costs of Natural Enemy Production Cotton Bollworm (natural enemy exploration) Cottony-cushion scale (ideal biocontrol candidate) Cottony-cushion Scale, Icerya purchasi Maskell Courtship & Copulation Crabroninae <Habits>; >Adults> & <Juveniles> Cratominae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Crawford, Frazer Creating Pesticide Resistant Enemies Crickets Crozier, R. H. Ctenopharygodon idella Valenciennes (mosquito control) Csd gene Ctenoplectridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Cuba (Pictures) Cuban Laurel Thrips, Gynaikothrips ficorum Marchal Cucujidae (incl. Passandridae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Culex tarsalis Coquillett Culicidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Culicinomyces clavosporus Couch, Romney & Rao Cultivation & Habitat Disturbance Cultural Control Methods Culture of Hosts For Natural Enemies CULTURE of Natural Enemies Culture of Natural Enemies Culture of Natural Enemies (behavior) Culture of Natural Enemies (contamination) Culture of Natural Enemies (diapause) Culture of Natural Enemies (genetic change causes) Culture of Natural Enemies (genetic change) Culture of Natural Enemies (genetic diversity) Culture of Natural Enemies (mating) Culture of Natural Enemies (quality assessment) Culture of Natural Enemies (rearing density) Culture of Natural Enemies (sex-ratio changes) Culture of Natural Enemies (techniques) Cunaxidae (Acarina) Curculionidae (Biocontrol in Grapes) Cuscuta spp. Cyclopoid Larva Cyclops vernalis Fisher Cyclotornidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Cydia (Carpocapsa) pomonella (natural enemy exploration) Cydia pomonella L. [= Carpocapsa pomonella (L.)] Cynipidae (Parasitoids of Diptera) Cynipidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Cynipinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Cynipoidea <Overview> Cyprinodon spp. Cyrtidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Cytoplasmic Genome Cytoplasmic Polyhedrosis Viruses Czech Republic (Pictures) <D words> da Cuhna & Kerr Dactylopius ceylonicus Dacus cucurbitae Coquillet Dacus cucurbitae Coquillet (short-term crops) Dacus dorsalis Hendel Dahlsten, Donald L. Damselflies Danube River Landscapes Darmstadt (Institute für Biologische Schädlingsbekämpfung, Darmstadt) Darwin, Erasmus Dascillidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Databases (Riverside Municipal Museum) DDT Check Method De Reamur Death Rates DeBach, Paul H. Deciduous Orchards Deciduous Orchards (Classical Biological Control) Deciduous Orchards (management of 2ndry Pests) Deciduous Orchards Biocontrol (introduction) Defense Reactions of Host (overview) Delaware (Pictures) Delayed & Interrupted Oviposition Delayed Density Dependence Dendroctonus micans (Kugelmann) Dendroctonus micans (Kugelmann) (forestry biocontrol) Denmark (Pictures) Deployment of Wary Genes For Control Dermacentor andersoni Stiles Dermacentor spp. Dermaptera (General) DERMAPTERA (predators) <General Characteristics>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Dermestidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Designs (Experimental) Detailed Case Histories of Salient Worldwide Biological Control Projects Detecting Predation/Parasitism Determination of Progeny Number Detoxification Enzyme Differences Deuterotoky Development & Use of Beneficial Plant Pathogens Development of the Egg Development Rate of Parasitoid Dialeurodes citri Ashmead Diapause Diapause (direct & indirect action) Diapause (endocrine processes) Diapause (overview) Diapause (perception) Diapause (sensitive stages) Diapause (theories & experiments) Diapause in Developmental Stages and the Imago Diapause in Natural Enemy Culture Diapause in Parasitic Insects Diapause Termination (characteristics) Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) Diaphorina Psyllid, Diaphorina citri (Kuwayama) & <ch-124.htm> Diapriidae (Parasitoids of Diptera) Diapriidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Diatraea saccharalis (Fab.) Dickler, E. DICTIONARY (Morphology) DICTIONARY (Scientific Terms) dictionary of Insect Scientific & Common Names Dictyospermum Scale, Chrysomphalus dictyospermi (Morgan) Dicyclus pallinervosus Walker Dietrick, Everett J. Dietrick, Everett J. -- Rincon-Vitova Diets (synthetic) Dilaridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Diparinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Diploid Azygote Diplura Diptera (General) DIPTERA (parasites/predators) <General Characteristics>; <Adults>; <Juveniles> Direct Density Dependence Direct Effects of the Cytoplasmic Genome Direct Pests Dirhinoides Masi Dirhinoides mathuri Mani & Dubey Dirhinus Dirhinus anthracia Walker Dirhinus bakeri (Crawford) Dirhinus banksi Rohwer Dirhinus frequens Masi Dirhinus himalayanus Westwood Dirhinus intermedius Mani & Dubey Dirhinus luciliae Rohwer Dirhinus luzonensis Rohwer Dirhinus pachycerus Masi Dirhinus sarcophagae Froggatt Dirhinus vlasovi Nikolskaya Dirrhinoidea Girault Dirrhinus crythroceras Cameron Dirrhinus Dalman Dirrhinus ruficornis Cameron DISCOVERIES IN NATURAL HISTORY & EXPLORATION Discovery & Importation of Natural Enemies Discovery of New Natural Enemies (introduction) Discovery of New Natural Enemies (planning & preparation) Discovery of New Natural Enemies (purpose & need) Disposal in Quarantine District of Columbia (Pictures) Ditropinotellinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Diuraphis noxia Mordwilko Diurnal Activity of Natural Enemies DNA Restriction Fragment Analyses Dobbins, J. R. Dobsonflies Dodder, Cuscuta spp. Dolichopodidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Dominance Dominica (Pictures) Dominican Republic (Pictures) Doutt, Richard L. Dragonflies Drawbacks of Chemical Control Drawings of Beneficial Species Drift of Pesticides Drilidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Drosophilidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Drugs from Plants Dryinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Dufour's Gland Dugesia (mosquito suppression) Dust & Gaseous Pollutants Dye Materials Dynamics in Short Term Crops Dytiscidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Dzierzon, Johannes <E words> Earias fabia. Earias insulana Boisduval EARLY HUMANS in America Early Stages of Ontogeny Earwigs East Asian Regional Section East Palearctic Regional Section Eastern United States (Natural Biological Control) Ecological Data in Taxonomy Ecological Factors affecting the Sex Ratios Ecological Factors Influencing Success or Failure of Colonization Ecological Roles For Natural Enemies Ecologically Incomplete Parasitism Ecologically Selective Pesticide Ecology Ecology of Parasitoids Ecology of Predators Economic Botany Economic Gains from Biological Control Economic Plants Index Economics Ectoparasitoid Ectrephidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Edwardsiana froggatti (Baker) Egg Development Egg Resorption Egg Size & Shape Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms Elasmidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Elateridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Elatoidinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Electrophoresis & Isoelectric Focusing Elm Leaf Beetle, Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller) Embioptera Embolemidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Embryology / Ontogeny / Anatomy Empididae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Encapsulation (phagocytosis) Encumbered Host Defenses Encumbered Natural Enemies Encyrtidae (Parasitoids of Diptera) Encyrtidae <Habits>; <Adults-1> & <Adults-2>; & <Juveniles> Encyrtiform egg Encyrtus vindemiae Rondani Endoparasitoid Endophilic Flies (in Medical Entomology) Endoskeleton England (Pictures) Enhancing Natural Enemies (mechanisms) Enhancing Natural Enemy Impact Enhancing Natural Enemy Impact (further details) Eniaca Kirby Eniacella bicornuticeps Girault Eniacella Girault Eniacella rufricornis Girault Eniacomorpha Girault Enicocephalidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Entomology (An Introduction) Entomophaga / Host Interactions (Host Type & Quality) Entomophage Abundance & Insecticides Entomopoxviruses ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT Environmental Management (chemical usage) Environmental Management (Introduction) Environmental Management (text) Environmental Management (Types) Environmental Manipulation Ephemeroptera Epipyropidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Equilibrium Level Equilibrium Value Eriophyidae (Biocontrol in Grapes) Erotolepsiinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Eruciform Larva Erythraeidae (Acarina) Essential Oils Establishing Phytophagous Biological Control Agents Establishing Quarantine Facilities Establishment of Natural Enemies (factors influencing) Estimation of the Costs of Classical Biological Control Estimations of the Number of Active Polygenic Loci Ethiopia (Pictures) Ethiopian Region (Biological Control) Ethnic Diversity in America Before Columbus Ethological Selection Eucallipterus tiliae L. Eucalyptus Longhorn Borer Eucalyptus Snout Beetle, Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal Eucharitidae (= Eucharidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Eucnemidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Eucoilidae (Parasitoids of Diptera) Eucoiliform Larva Eucoilinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Eulophidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Eumenidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Eunotinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Eupalopsellidae (Acarina) Eupatorium odoratum L. Eupatorium shrubby weed, Eupatorium odoratum L. Eupelmidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Eurasia (Biological Control) EUROPE (Pictures) Europe Wildflowers European corn borer (control by augmentation) European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (short-term crops) European Cornborer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) European Earwig, Forficula auricularia L. European Fruit Lecanium, Lecanium corni (Bouche) European Pine Shoot Moth (forestry) European Pine Shoot Moth, Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiffermüller) European Red Mite (natural enemy exploration) European Spruce Sawfly (forestry) European Spruce Sawfly, Gilpinia hercyniae (Hartig) European Wood Wasp (forestry) European Wood Wasp, Sirex noctilio F. Eurytomidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Euseius concordis Eutrichosomatinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> EVALUATION Evaluation of Colonization Attempts Evaluation of Natural Enemies Evaluation of Natural Enemy Impact Evaniidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Evanioidea <Overview> Evolution (poly & monophagy) Examples of Stability Exclusion Exclusion / Inclusion of Natural Enemies Exit from the Host Exophilic Flies (in Medical Entomology) Exoskeleton Expansion of Biological Control into New Study Areas Experimental Designs Experimental Designs For Life Tables EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES Experimental Techniques (Introduction) Experimental Techniques to Evaluate Natural Enemies Explorations (maximizing success potential) Explorations (problems) Explorations (reducing risks) Explorations (targets and procedure) Explorations For Aquatic Vertebrates & Invertebrates EXPLORATIONS FOR NATURAL ENEMIES Explorations For New Natural Enemies (introduction) Explorations For New Natural Enemies (planning & preparation) Explorations For New Natural Enemies (purpose & need) Explorations For Parasitic & Predaceous Arthropods Explorations For Phytopathogens Explorations For Phytophagous Arthropods Explorations For Terrestrial Scavengers Explorations For Terrestrial Vertebrates Exposure to Pesticides in Beneficials Extinction of Pleistocene Animals Extrachromosomal Phenomena & Progeny Number Extranuclear Events Influencing Behavior & Fecundity Extranuclear Influences on Behavior Extranuclear Inheritance and Polygenes in Arrhenotoky Eye gnats <F words> Fabritius, Klaus Factitious hosts (culture) Factors Affecting Research in Biological Control Facultative Hyperparasitoids Facultative Sex Regulation Facultative Sex Regulation (history) Fat cells (parasitoids) Fatty Oils & Waxes Federici, Brian A. Feeding Tube Fell, Barry Femaleness Fertilizer & Management Fibers & Fiber Plants Fideliidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Figites spp. Figitidae (Parasitoids of Diptera) Figitidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Fiji (Pictures) Finney, Glenn L. Firebrats Fish (Biocontrol of Medically Important Pests) Fisher, Theodore W. Fishflies Fitch, Asa Fitness Fitness (improving) Fitness of Natural Enemies Flanders, Stanley E. Flatworms (Turbellarian) Fleas Fleschner, Charles A. Flies in Accumulated Wastes, Musca domestica L., Stomoxys spp., etc. Flies in Field Dung, Musca autumnalis, Musca vetustissima, Haematobia spp. Florida (Pictures) Florida red scale (ideal biocontrol candidate) Florida Red Scale, Chrysomphalus ficus Ashmead [= C. aonidum (L.)] Flower Diseases (Antagonists) Fluted Scales (Misc.), Icerya spp. Fly Parasitoides (Keys) Food of Parasitoids Food Utilization by Natural Enemies Foothill Agricultural Research Insectary Forage (For Animals) Forage Crops Force of Natural Control Force, Donald C. Foreign Collaborators FOREIGN EXPLORATION Foreign Exploration (introduction) Foreign Exploration (planning & preparation) Foreign Exploration (purpose & need) Forest Biological Control (detailed examples) Forest Biological Control (Larch Casebearer) Forest Biological Control (Lepidoptera) Forest Biological Control Strategies Forest Products: Wood & Cork Forest Resources Forestry Biological Control (Coleoptera) Forestry Biological Control (Hymenoptera) Forestry Biological Control Organizations Forests Forests Biological Control (overview) Forficula auricularia L. Formalin (culture) Formicidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Formicoidea <Overview> Founder Principle France (Pictures) Franz, Jost M. Frozen pupae (culture) Fruit Diseases (Antagonists) Fruit Flies (Biocontrol) Fruit Flies (California) Fruits of Temperate Regions Fruits of Tropical & Subtropical Regions Frustrated Host-feeding Functional Aspects of Arrhenotokous Reproduction Fungi (against medically important pests) Fungi (biocontrol use) Fungi (generalizations) Fungi (major subdivisions) Fungi (terrestrial) Fungi Detailed Characteristics Fungi Salient Biological Properties Fungi: Mycology, Study of Fungi Future of Biological Control of Medically Important Pests Future of Biological Weed Control Future of Insect Pathology Future of Integrated Control Future Possibilities for Biological Control <G words> Galendromus annecteres Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard) Garcia, Richard Garden's Alive Insectary Gasteruptiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Gastrulation Gause's Law Gelastocoridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> General Biological Control References General Ecology of Parasitoids Generalist and Specialist Natural Enemies Generalist Natural Enemies Generalit (natural enemy) Generalities on Modeling of Arthropod Populations Genetic & Extrachromosomal Phenomena (progeny number) Genetic Change & Diversity in Natural Enemy Culture Genetic Considerations in Biological Control (Acquisition, Breeding, Mass Releases) Genetic Considerations in Host Cultures Genetic Distance (direct estimation) Genetic Engineering Genetic Systems of Resistance in Beneficials Genic Balance #1 Genic Balance #2 Genomic DNA Genotypic frequency (culture) Geographic Origin of the Pest Geographic Races (Photoperiodicity) Georgia (USA) (Pictures) Gerling, Dan Germany (Pictures) Gerridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Gerson, Uri Gilpinia hercyniae (Hartig) Gilstrap, Frank E. Glands Glasshouse Biocontrol (aphids) Glasshouse Biocontrol (citrus mealybug) Glasshouse Biocontrol (leafminers) Glasshouse Biocontrol (Lepidoptera in Vegetables) Glasshouse Biocontrol (Lepidoptera on Ornamentals) Glasshouse Biocontrol (Lygus bugs) Glasshouse Biocontrol (ornamental plants) Glasshouse Biocontrol (overview) Glasshouse Biocontrol (spider mites) Glasshouse Biocontrol (vegetable crops) Glasshouse Biological Control of Aphids Glasshouse Biological Thrips Control Glasshouse Leafminer Control with Parasitoids Glasshouses GLOSSARY of Scientific Terms Goedaert, Johannes Goeden, Richard D. Golden Oak Scale, Asterodiaspis variolosa (Ratzeburg) Goniozus legneri Gordh Gonipterus scutellatus Gyllenhal Gonzalez, Daniel Gonzalez, Roberto H. Gordh, Gordon Gothilf, Shmuel Y. Grain Crops Granados, Robert R. Granuloses Viruses Grape Phylloxera, Daktulosphaira vitifolii Grapeleaf Skeletonizer, Harrisina brillians B. & McD. Grapes (Biological Control) Grapholitha molesta (Busck) Grass Carp (mosquito habitat control) Grasshoppers Greany, Patrick D. Greater European Spruce Beetle (forestry) Greater European Spruce Beetle, Dendroctonus micans (Kugelann) Greathead, David J. Greece (Pictures) Green Guava Mealybug, Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) Green Vegetable Bug, Nezara viridula (L.) Greenhouse Whitefly Control Green's Mealybug, Pseudococcus citriculus Green Gregarious Parasitism Gregarious Parasitoids Grinnell's Axiom Ground Covers Growth Rates Gryllacridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Gryllidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Guam (Pictures) Guatemala (Pictures) Guide to Insect Families with Predatory & Parasitic Species Gums & Resins Gynaikothrips ficorum Marchal Gypsy Moth (forestry) Gypsy Moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) Gyrinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> <H words> Habitat (overview) Habitat (Plant Pathogens) Habitat Characteristics that Attract or Repel Natural Enemies Habitat Diversity vs. Similarity Affects Population Stability Habitat Effects on Natural Enemies Habitat Influences (Misc.) Habitat Specific Habitat, Host‑finding and Host Acceptance Haematobia spp. Hagen, Kenneth S. Halictidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Haliplidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Halizoa Förster Halizoa rufipes Ashmead Hall, Irvin M. Hallez' Law Hansen-Nadler Insectary Harmony Farm Supply (Insectary) Harpaz, I. Harrisina brillians B. & McD. Hartig Harvesting, Mowing & Weed Control Hassan, Sherif A. Haustellate Mouth Parts Hawaii (Pictures) Hawaii, USA (Pictures) Heliodinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Heliothis armigera Hübner Heliothis spp. Heliothis zea (natural enemy exploration) Helodidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Heloridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Hemerobiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Hemiptera (General) HEMIPTERA (predators) <General Characteristics> Hemisarcoptes spp. Hemisarcoptidae (Acarina) Herbertinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Herbivore Ecological Attributes Heritability Heteronomous Parasitoids Heterorhabitid Nematodes Hexacola (= Trybliographa) spp Hibernal diapause Hibiscus Mealybug, Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) High Temperature & Sex Ratio Hippelates collusor (Townsend) (medical entomology) Hippelates spp. (biological control) Hispid Beetle, Promecotheca cumingi Baly Hister caffer Erichson Hister chinensis Quensel Hister nomas Erichson Histeridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Historical Summary History (Nutrition of Natural Enemies) History of Bacillus thuringiensis History of Biological Control History of Food Plants History of Plant Control with Natural Enemies History of Sex Determination (parasitoids) History of Taxonomy Holland (Pictures) Holloway, James K. Holly Leafminer, Phytomyza ilicis Curtis Holometabolous Larvae (Mandibulate Mouth Parts) Homogeneous Environments (Interspecific competition) Homogeneous Environments (Single species) Homoptera Homoptera (Biocontrol in Grapes) Homopterous Insects as Ideal Candidates Hoppers Horizontal Life Table Horogenes molestae (Uchida) Horseflies (in Medical Entomology) Host / Parasitoid Density & Progeny Number Host / Parasitoid Density & Sex Ratio Host Acceptance Host Attack & Paralysis Host Availability & Sex Ratio Host Behavior in Culture Host Culture Host Culture (genetic considerations) Host Culture (purpose of) Host Culture Contaminants Host Culture Intraspecific Competition Host Culture Physical Environment Host Culture Quality Host Culture Techniques Host Defense Reactions Host Defense Reactions (overview) Host Defenses (encumbered) Host Densities Dependent on 1-2 Species Host Density & Progeny Number Host Density & Sex Ratio Host Density Dependence Host Discrimination Host Finding Host Food Host Food Affects Suitability for Parasitization Host Location Host Plant Ranges Host Preferences & Progeny Number Host Regulation Host Size & Progeny Number Host Size & Sex Ratio Host Suitability Host Transport Host‑feeding Host-Parasitoid Systems Host-Pathogen Systems Housefly (Biocontrol of) Huber, A. M. Huffaker, Carl B. Huger, J. Human Migrations & Language Humidity Humidity & Light Intensity & Sex Ratio Humidity & Progeny Number Humoral Reactions Hungary (Pictures) Hunterellus hookeri Howard Hurpin, B. Hybridization Studies in Taxonomy Hydra (mosquito control) Hydrophilidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Hydropic eggs Hydropic species Hygrobiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Hylaeidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Hymenoptera (biocontrol) Hymenoptera (Principal Families) HYMENOPTERA (predators/parasites) <Overview-1>, <Overview-2> Hymenopteran Males (recombinant) Hymenopteriform egg Hymenopteriform larva Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) (short-term crops) Hypericum perforatum L. Hypermetamorphosis Hyperparasitism #1 Hyperparasitism #2 Hypoviruience <I words> Ibaliidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Ice Plant Scales, Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi (Vallot) & Pulvinaria delottoi Gill Icerya purchasi Maskell Icerya spp. Ichneumonid flies Ichneumonidae (Parasitoids of Diptera) Ichneumonidae <Habits>; <Adults-1> & <Adults-2> & <Adults-3>; & <Juveniles> Ichneumonoidea <Overview> Idaho (Pictures) Ideal Candidates For Biological Control Identification Accuracy Identification of Principal Groups of Insects Idiobiont, #2 Igbo Column Writing Igbo / Ogam Dictionary Illinois (Pictures) Images of Beneficial Species Imaginal Diapause Imago or Adult Parasitoid Impact Enhancement (Introduction) Impact Enhancement (manipulative methods) Impact of Natural Enemies Impaternate Importance of Single Species Importation of Natural Enemies Importation of Natural Enemies For Introduced Pests in Forests Importation of Natural Enemies For Native Pests in Forests Improving Fitness of Natural Enemies Improving Tolerance to Pesticides In breeding--Out breeding In Vitro Culture of Diptera In Vitro Culture of Hymenoptera In Vitro Parasitoid Culture In Vitro Predator Culture In Vitro Rearing For Augmentation Incompatibility Factors INDEXES Index (Archeology) Index (Bronze Age Visitors) Index (Economic Botany) Index (Entomology) Index (Ethnic Diversity) Index (General Index) Index (Human Migrations) Index (Invertebrate Zoology) Index (Mycology--Fungi) Index (Publications E. F. Legner) India (Biological Control) Indiana (Pictures) Indirect Hyperparasitism Indispensable Mortality Individual Countries Induced Resistance (plant pathogens) Induction of Diapause Industrial Plants & Plant Products Inheritance (extranuclear) Inocelliidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Insect Adult Head Structure (specializations) INSECT BEHAVIOR & REPRODUCTION Insect Body Regions (principal) Insect Body Wall Insect Cephalization and Differentiation of Appendages Insect Composition of the Cuticula Insect Development of Appendages Insect Differentiation of the Main Regions Insect External Morphology Insect Head Insect Head (generalized) Insect Head Capsule of Immature Insects (specializations) Insect Head Evolution INSECT IDENTIFICATION, #2 INSECT MORPHOLOGY Insect Morphology (Introduction) Insect Morphology (Preface) Insect Mouth Parts Insect Nutrition (contemporary applications) Insect Orders Insect Origin of the Mouth Parts INSECT PREDATORS & PARASITES Insect Parasitoidism Insect Parasitoids Insect Pollination Insect Predation INSECT RESEARCH GROUPS INSECT TAXONOMY Insectaries Insecticides & Entomophage Abundance INSECTS & NATURAL CONTROL Instability (populations) Instant Fish Integrated Control #1, Integrated Control #2, Integrated Control #3 Integrated Control (Conclusions) Integrated Control (definition) Integrated Control (outline) Integrated Control Strategies (adoption) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) Integration of Other Pest Control Methods Intergrades (sex) International Institute of Biological Control International Organization for Biological Control Interpreting Life Tables Interspecific Competition Intraspecific Competition in Host Cultures Introducing New Natural Enemies For Biological Control of Weeds Introduction & Scope of Biological Control Introduction / Augmentation of Natural Enemies Introductions (of natural enemies) Inundative Strategies With Natural Enemies Investment in Biological Control Iotonchiidae Iowa (Pictures) IPM Laboratories, Inc Ireland (Pictures) Iridoviruses Irreplaceable Mortality Island Biogeographic Theory Island Theory ISOPTERA Isozymes Israel (Pictures) Italy (Pictures) Ithonidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Ixodidae <J words> Jackknife Method (stand. error) Japan (Biological Control) Japanese Beetle, Popillia japonica Newman Johnson, Marshall W. Judgments of Natural Enemy Capability Jumping bristletails Justification of Need for Biological Control

<K words> Kairomones Kansas (Pictures) Katydids Keiraninae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Kentucky (Pictures) Kenya (Pictures) Key Factor Key Pest KEY TO PARASITOIDS OF MEDICAL DIPTERA KEYS TO PRINCIPAL FAMILIES Keys to Parasitoids of Flies Killer Bees Killer Bees (in California) Kirby & Spence Klamath Weed, Hypericum perforatum L. Klee, W. G. Klingauf, F. Koebele, Albert Koinobiont, #2 Kollär Korea & China (Biological Control) Koster's Curse, Clidemia hirta (L.) Krieg, A. Krogh's Hyperbola Kuida Ag Supply Co Kunafin Insectary Kwajalein Atoll (Pictures) <L words> Laboratories For Mass Production Lacewings Ladybird Beetles (general) Lagenidium giganteum Couch Lambornella clarki Corliss & Coats Lampyridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> LANDSCAPES OF THE WORLD Langenbruch, A. Languages & Human Migrations Lantana, Lantana camara L. Lantana camara L. Larch Casebearer, Coleophora laricella Hübner Larch Casebearer (biocontrol) Larch Sawfly, Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) Larch Sawfly (forestry) Larrinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Larval Anatomy Larval Competition & Progeny Number Larval Competition & Sex Ratio Larval Feeding Larval Respiration Latex Products Lathridiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Latrodectus mactans (Fab.) Latvia (Pictures) Leaf and Stem Diseases (induced resistance) Leaf Diseases (Antagonists) Leaf Diseases (Conservation) Leaf Diseases (parasitism) Leafminer Biocontrol in Glasshouses (ornamentals) Leafminer Biocontrol in Glasshouses (vegetable crops) Learning Lebbeck Mealybug, Nipaecoccus viridis (Maskell) Lecanium corni (Bouche) Leeuwenhoek, Antoni van Legner, E. Fred (Publications) Legner, E. F. (Publications Index) Legner, E. F. (Research Areas) Legumes & Nuts & Seeds Lenteren, Joop C. van L'Organisation Internationale de Lutte Biologique. Lepidoptera (Biocontrol in Grapes) Lepidoptera (General) LEPIDOPTERA (predators/parasites) <General Characteristics> Lepidoptera Biocontrol on Ornamentals in Glasshouses Lepidoptera Biocontrol on Vegetables in Glasshouses Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) Lepidosaphes newsteadi (Sulc.) Leptinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Leptoconops spp. Leptofoeninae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Leucospidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Levuana irridescens Bethune-Baker Liberation Procedure During Colonization Life Table Data Analysis LIFE TABLES Life Tables and Evaluation of Natural Enemies Life Tables & Evaluation (Introduction) Life Tables (Augmentation) Life Tables (Definitions & Data Collection) Life Tables (Kinds of Data) Life Tables (Misc. Applications) Life Tables (Use For Biological Control Systems) Lighting (quarantine) Limitation of Animal Density Limiting Factor Limnobiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Linnaeus Liopteridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Lister, Martin Location of Host Lonchaeidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Long-day forms Longevity (affected by ovisorption) Long-tailed Mealybug, Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) Louisiana (Pictures) Louriciinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Low Temperature & Sex Ratio Luck, Robert F. Lycaenidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Lycidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Lygaeidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles>> Lygus Bug Biocontrol in Glasshouses Lymantria dispar (L.) <M words> M. & R. Durango, Inc. Insectary Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) Macromesinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Macrotype egg Maine (Pictures) Major Cereals Major Subdivisions of Fungi Malaxation Male Reproductive System Male Sterility (reduced) Maleness Mallophaga Malthus Management (Environmental) Management (Theoretical Aspects) Management of Crops With Mechanical Devices Management of Vegetation Mandibulate Larva Mandibulate Mouth Parts Mandibulate Mouth Parts of Holometabolous Larvae Manipulation of Natural Enemies Manner and Place of Oviposition Mantidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Mantids Mantispidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Marking Prey Marking Studies (natural enemies) Marshall Islands (Pictures) Martignoni, M. E. Maryland (Pictures) Maskell, W. M. Mass Production Facilities Mass Production of Acarina Massachusetts (Pictures) Mating Mating & Progeny Number Mating & Sex Ratio Mating in Natural Enemy Culture Mauritius (Pictures) Mayflies Mayr, Ernst McMurtry, James A. Mealworm Project Measurement of Biological Control (difficulties) Measuring the Force of Natural Control Mechanical Devices (crop management) Mechanisms of Competitive Displacement Mecoptera (General) MECOPTERA (predators/parasites) <General Characteristics>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Medical Pests Medically Important Diptera (natural enemy exploration) Medically Important Pests (biocontrol) Medicinal Plants Mediterranean Fruit Fly Mediterranean Fruit Fly Parasites Megachilidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Megaliths Megalyridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Megalyroidea <Overview> Megaspilidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Melandryidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Melanization Melittidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Melittobia sp. Mellininae <Habits><Adults> & <Juveniles> Meloidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae (short-term crops) Melon Fly, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett Melyridae (= Malachiidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Membranous egg Mermithid Nematodes Mermithidae Mesocyclops aspericornis Daday Mesoserphidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Mesostoma Flatworms Messenger, Paul S. Metamerism and the Principal Body Regions Metaphycus helvolus Compere Methocidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Methods Employed in Implementation Mexican Fruit Fly Mexico (Pictures) Michigan (Pictures) Microbial Pesticides Microbial Pesticides For Augmentation Microbial Pesticides for Short Term Crops Microcoryphia Microorganisms Microorganisms & Sex Ratio Microsporidia Microsporidians (Medical Entomology) Microtype egg Middle East (Biological Control) Milichiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Mills, Nicholas J. Minnesota (Pictures) Minor Cereals & Small Grains Miridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Misc. Families <General Habitss> Misc. Fruit Flies Misc. Natural Enemies for Weed Control Misc. Orthorrhapha <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Miscogasterinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Mississippi (Pictures) Missouri (Pictures) Mites (Biocontrol in Grapes) Mites (Biocontrol of and by) Mites (bionomics) Mites (field investigations) Mites: Tetranychus spp. (natural enemy exploration) Models of Fly Breeding in Organic Wastes Molecular Methods (Misc.) Molecular Techniques Molecular Techniques in Biological Control Monaco (Pictures) Monitoring Populations (natural enemy enhancement) Monomachidae 0<Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Mononychelus progressivus Monootene-type Oviducts Monophagy (evolution) Monoserphidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Montana (Pictures) Monte Verde, Chile Mordellidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Morgan, Philip B. Mormoniella Ashmead Mormoniella brevicornis Ashmead Morphology Morphology Dictionary Morphology Terminology Morphotypes Mortality in Beneficials (Pesticide-induced) Morulae Mosquitoes Mosquitoes (biocontrol) Mosquitoes, Culex tarsalis Coquillett Mosquitofish Moths Mowing, Harvesting & Weed Control mtDNA Müller-Kogler, E. Multiple age-class systems (homogenous environments) Multiple age-class systems (single species) Multiple Cropping Systems Multiple Introductions (natural enemies) Multiple locus CSD Multiple Parasitism #1 Multiple Parasitism #2 Multiple Sex Allelism Multiple vs. "The Best" Species. Multiple-locus Hypothesis Multispecies Population Systems Murakami, Y. Musca autumnalis Musca domestica L. Musca vetustissima Muscardine Disease Muscidifurax Girault & Sanders Muscidifurax Parasitoid Complex Muscidifurax raptor Girault & Sanders, (ovipositor) Muscidifurax raptorellus Kogan & Legner Muscidifurax raptoroides Kogan & Legner Muscidifurax uniraptor Kogan & Legner Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan & Legner Mutillidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Mycetophagidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Mycetophilidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Mycology: The Study of Fungi Mycorrhizae Mydaidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Myiodactylidae <Habits>; Adults> & <Juveniles> Mymaridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Mymariform Larva Mymerommatidae (= Callimomidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Mynah Bird Myrmeleontidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles Mythimna Moth, Mythimna separata (Walker) Mythimna separata (Walker) Mythimna separata (Walker) in New Zealand) Myzocallis annulata (Hartig) <N words> Nabidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Nachtsheim (1913) Nantucket Pine Tip Moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) Nasonia Ashmead Nasonia brevicornis Ashmead Nasonia vitripennis (research) Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) (Parasitoid of Diptera) Natural Control NATURAL CONTROL & NATURAL ENEMIES Natural Control (force of) Natural Control in Short Term Crops Natural Enemies (principal groups) Natural Enemies Employed in Weed Control Natural Enemies in Integrated Control Natural Enemy Capability (judging) Natural Enemy Culture Natural Enemy Culture (behavior) Natural Enemy Culture (contamination) Natural Enemy Culture (diapause) Natural Enemy Culture (genetic change causes) Natural Enemy Culture (genetic change) Natural Enemy Culture (genetic diversity) Natural Enemy Culture (mating) Natural Enemy Culture (quality assessment) Natural Enemy Culture (rearing density) Natural Enemy Culture (sex-ratio changes) Natural Enemy Culture (techniques) Natural Enemy Evaluation Natural Enemy Exploration (Conclusions) Natural Enemy Exploration (future direction and emphasis) Natural Enemy Groups Natural Enemy Identification Natural Enemy Introductions Natural Enemy Utilization of Food Natural Enemy-Free Space Natural Population at its Origin Naturally Occurring Biological Control in Canada Naturally Occurring Biological Control in Eastern United States Naturally Occurring Biological Control in Western United States Naturally Occurring Organisms Nature of Parasitoidism Nature's Control Insectary Naucoridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Navel Orangeworm, Amyelois transitella (Walker) Nearctic North of Mexico (Biological Control) Nearctic Regional Section Nebraska (Pictures) Need for Biological Control Nefoeninae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Nematode Pathogens of Arthropods Nematodes Nematodes (against medically important pests) Nematodes (biocontrol use) Nematodes (biological characteristics) Nematodes (Overview) Nematodes (Van Driesche & Bellows account) Nematodes Against Weeds Nematodes Attacking Arthropods Nematodes Attacking Weeds (Overview) Nematodes in Quarantine Nemestrinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Nemopteridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Nemourea rileyi Neodiparinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Neoseiulus anonymus Neoseiulus idaeus NEOTROPICAL ARTIFACTS & ART Neotropical Regional Section Neotropics NEOTROPICS (Pictures) Neotylenchid Nematodes Nepidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Nesting Boxes Netherlands (Pictures) Neuroptera (General) NEUROPTERA (predators) <General Characateristics> Neurosecretory Cells Neutral females Nevada (USA) (Pictures) New Hampshire (Pictures) New Jersey (Pictures) New Mexico (Pictures) New York (Pictures) New Zealand (Pictures) Newell, Irv M. Nezara viridula (L.) Nezara viridula (L.) (short-term crops) Nezara viridula (natural enemy exploration) Nicholson, A. J. Niklas, O. F. Nipaecoccus viridis (Maskell) Nitidulidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Noctuidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Noctuids in New Zealand, Agrotis sp. & Mythimna separata (Walker) Nomadidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> North America Wildflowers North Carolina (Pictures) North Dakota (Pictures) Norway (Pictures) Nosema rileyi Notonectidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Notonectids (mosquito control) Noxious Plants & Weeds Number of Active Polygenic Loci Numerical Response Nutrition (host-feeding) & Progeny Number Nutrition of Adult Entomophage Nutrition of Natural Enemies Nutrition of Natural Enemies (History) Nutrition of Natural Enemies (Overview) Nutritional Influences on Sex Ratio Nutritional Requirements in Development of Natural Enemies Nygmia phaeorrhoea (Donovan) Nyland, Edo (websites) Nymphidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Nyssoninae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> <O words> Oak Aphid, Myzocallis annulata (Hartig) Oak Woodland Biome Oatman, Earl R. Occasional pest Occluded baculoviruses Occurrence of Parasitoidism in Insects Ochteridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Odonata (General) ODONATA (predators) <General Characteristics>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Odors (attraction) Oecophylla smaragdina Ogam / Igbo Dictionary OGAM Writing System Ogam Translation Ohio (Pictures) Oinophilidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Olethreutidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Oligonychus punicae (Hirst) Olive scale (ideal biocontrol candidate) Olive Scale (natural enemy exploration) Olive Scale, Parlatoria oleae (Colvee) Olmec Culture (Mexico) Ontogeny Oogenesis / Ovisorption (general characteristics) Oogenesis / Ovisorption (history) Oogenesis‑Ovisorption (oosorption, egg resorption) Oosorption Operophtera brumata (L.) Operophtera brumata (L.) (forestry biocontrol) Ophion-type Oviducts Opius spp. Attacking Fruitflies Optimal Foraging Opuntia inermis deCandolle Opuntia stricta Haworth Opuntia vulgaris Orange Spiny Whitefly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) Orb-weaving spiders (ideal biocontrol candidates) Orders of Insects Oreochromis hornorum (Trewazas) Oreochromis mossambica (Peters) Organization of the Ripe Egg Organizations Active in Biological Control Oriental Fruit Fly, Dacus dorsalis Hendel Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck) Origin of Natural Populations Origin of the Pest Ormocerinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Ormyridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Ornamental Plants Ornamental Plants Biocontrol in Glasshouses Ornamental Trees Orphnephilidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Ortalidae (Otitidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Orth, Robert E. Orthoptera (General) ORTHOPTERA (predators/parasites) <General Characteristics>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Orussidae <Overview>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) Oryctolagus spp. Osmylidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Ostomatidae <Habits>; <Adults & <Juveniles> Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (biocontrol) Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (history & control) Ostrinia nubilalis (Hübner) (short-term crops) Other Pest Control Methods Otitidae (Ortalidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Oulema melanoplus (L.) Oulema melanoplus (L.) (short-term crops) Out breeding--In Breeding Overview (BioControl) Ovigenesis Ovigenesis-ovisorption (physiology) Oviposition Restraint Oviposition Restraint & Progeny Number Oviposition Restraint & Sex Ratio Ovipositor (Hymenoptera) Ovisorption Ovisorption & Ovulation Effects Ovisorption & Ovulation Effects on Progeny Number Ovisorption (effect on longevity) Ovisorption Rate Ovisorption --Variability of process in Hymenoptera Ovulation Oxaeidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Oxydia trychiata (Guenée) Oxydia trychiata (Guenee) (forestry biocontrol) <P words> Pachycrepoideus vindemiae Rondani PACIFIC Area (Pictures) Pacific Islands Pacific Islands Wildflowers Panama (Pictures) Panonychus citri (McGregor) Panstenoninae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Paperbark Tree, Melaleuca quinquenervia Paralysis of the Host Parasaphodinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Parasites Parasites & Predators of Houseflies Parasitism of Pathogens and Nematodes Parasitization (photo) Parasitoid Culture In Vitro Parasitoid Density & Progeny Number Parasitoid Density & Sex Ratio Parasitoid Ecology Parasitoid Food Parasitoids (Synanthropic Flies) Parasitoidism (nature of) Parasitoidism in Insects (occurrence of) Parasitoid-Pathogen-Host Systems Parasitoids of Flies Pareniaca bakeri Crawford Pareniaca Crawford Pareniaca trichophthalma Masi Parlatoria oleae (Colvee) Parrella, Michael P. Parthenogenesis Parthenogenesis (cytology) Parthenogenesis (overview) Partial ovisorption Pasteur, Louis Patchy Environments (Interspecific competition) Patchy Environments (Single species) Paternal Sex Ratio Pathogens Pathogens in Biological Control Pathogens of Pest Arthropods in Quarantine Pathogens of Weeds in Quarantine Pathological State (diapause) Paussidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Paxylommatidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Pear Psylla, Psylla pyricola Foerster Pectinophora gossypiella (natural enemy exploration) Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) Taxonomy Pedicellate egg Pelecinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Pemphredoninae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Penn, Sinthya Pennsylvania (Pictures) Pentatomidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Peradeniidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Percent Parasitization Perilampidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Periodic Colonization Periplaneta spp. Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy Peru (Pictures) Pest Groups Pest Resurgence Pesticide Resistance [Van Driesche & Bellows (1996) Account] Pesticide Resistance in Beneficial Organisms Pesticide Resistance in Beneficials (differences in population ecology) Pesticide Resistance in Beneficials (differential preadaptation) Pesticide Resistance in Beneficials (documentation bias) Pesticide Resistance in Beneficials (fitness costs) Pesticide Resistance in Beneficials (food limitation) Pesticide Resistance in Beneficials (genetic variation.fitness cost) Pesticide Resistance in Beneficials (life history characteristics) Pesticide Resistance in Beneficials (overview) Pesticide Resistance in Beneficials: Intrinsic Tolerance Pesticide Tolerance Pesticide Treatment Area Pesticide Use & Biocontrol Pesticide-induced Mortality in Beneficials Pest-Upset Versus Pest Resurgence Petersen, James J. PETROGLYPHS & PICTOGRAPHS Phaenopria spp. Phaenopsitylenchidae Phagocytes Phagocytosis Phalacridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Phasic castration Pheidole megacephala F. Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero Phenacoccus manihoti Matile-Ferrero (short-term crops) Phengodidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Pheromonal Control Pheromone Traps For Parasitoids Pheromones Philanthinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Phoridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Photoperiod & Diapause Photoperiod & Sex Ratio Photoperiodic Induction of Diapause Photoperiodicity in Geographic Races PHOTOS (Biocontrol Specialists) Photos of Beneficial Species Phototaxis (culture) Phthorimaea operculella (natural enemy exploration) Phycitidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Phygadeuon spp. Phyllosphere Phylloxeridae (Biocontrol in Grapes) Phymatidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Physical attack (gregarious larvae) Physical Environment of Host Cultures Physical Selectivity of Pesticides in Natural Enemies Physiological Factors affecting the Sex Ratio Physiological Phenomena & Progeny Number Physiological Phenomena & Sex Ratio Physiological Resting Time Physiologically Selective Pesticide Phytologia Phytomyza ilicis Curtis Phytopathogens for Weed Control Phytophagous Insect Feeding Habits Phytoseiidae (Acarina) Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (importation) Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (in strawberries) Phytotoxins from Plant Pathogens Pierce’s Disease on grapes Pimentel, David Pine Needle Scale, Chioaspis pinifoliae (Fitch) Pink Bollworm (natural enemy exploration) Pink Bollworm Taxonomy Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) Pipunculidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Pireninae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Place of Oviposition Planarians (mosquito suppression) Planidium Larva Planococcus citri (Risso) Planococcus kenyae (LePelley) Planococcus kenyae (LePelly) Taxonomy Plant Attributes as Weeds Plant Pathogen Biocontrol Mechanisms Plant Pathogen Conservation Plant Pathogen Deployment Plant Pathogens Plant Pathogens (standards) Plant Processing Materials Plant Products Plant Property Effects on Natural Enemies Plant Resistance Plant Resistance & Biological Control Plant Sciences, Inc./Koppert (Insectary) Plant-Feeding Insect Biology Plant-Parasitic Nematodes (Conservation) Plant-Parasitic Nematodes (parasitism) PLANTS OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE Plants Used for Food Plants Used With Foods Platner, Gary R. Platygastridae (= Platygasteridae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Platymesopus macellariae Brèthes Plecoptera (General) PLECOPTERA (predators/parasites) <General Characteristics>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Pleistocene Animal Extinction Plum Curculio, Conotrachelus nenuphar Plumariidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Poland (Pictures) Polar Body Political and Economic Framework For Biological Control Political Economy of Biological Control Research & Research Needs Pollination (Insect) Pollutants (Gases & Dust) Polyembryony in Entomophages Polygenes in Arrhenotoky Polygenic Loci Polyootene-type Oviducts Polyphagy (evolution) Polyploidy Polypodeiform Larva Polystoechotidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Pompilidae (= Psammocharidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Pompiloidea <Overview> Popillia japonica Newman Population Biology Population Equations Population Regulation Population Stability Population Stability Tests Population Structure & Mating Systems Population Theories Population Theories POPULATIONS OF ANIMALS Populations (Introduction) Portugal (Pictures) Post Natal Development POST-CLASSIC PERIOD IN AMERICA (900 AD - 1521 AD) Potato Tuberworm (natural enemy exploration) Potential Biological Control Successes in the Neotropics Potential pest Power of Increase Precepts (Biological Control) Precepts in Biological Control (conclusions) Precepts of Biological Control (examples) PRECLASSIC PERIOD IN AMERICA (1800 BC - 150 AD) PRE-COLUMBIAN AMERICA Precolumbian Contacts in America PRE-COLUMBIAN History Predator Biology & Ecology Predator Culture In Vitro Predator Resistance to Insecticides Predators Predators of Snails Predatory mites Predatory Mites in Augmentative Strategies Prediction of Colonization Success Prediction of Success (laboratory) Preface Preferences For Hosts Premating Period Prenatal Development in Hymenoptera Specifically Preoviposition Period Prepupa Prey Enhancement Prickly Pear Cactus, Opuntia inermis deCandolle & Opuntia stricta Haworth Primary Quarantine Facilities Principal Groups of Insect Parasites & Predators (detailed) Principal Groups of Insect Parasites & Predators (list only) PRINCIPAL NATURAL ENEMY GROUPS Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) Pristiphora erichsonii (Hartig) (forestry biocontrol) Problems and Calculations Proctotrupidae (= Serphidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Proctotrupoidea <Overview > Progeny Defense Progeny Number Progeny Number & Ovisorption / Ovulation Progeny Number (overview) Progeny Provisioning Projects (Biological Control) Prolonged Culture Promecotheca cumingi Baly Promecotheca reichei Baly Proovigenic Parasitoids Prospalangia Brèthes Prospalangia platensis Brèthes Protelean Parasites Protocol in Quarantine Operations Protopod Larva Protozoa (against medically important pests) Protozoa (biocontrol use) Protozoa (biological characteristics) Protozoa (Overview) Protuberances of the Insect Body Wall Protura (Proturans) Pselaphidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Pseninae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) Pseudococcidae (Biocontrol in Grapes) Pseudococcus citriculus Green Pseudococcus citriculus Green Pseudococcus comstocki (Kuwana) Pseudococcus fragilis Brain Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni-Tozzetti) Pseudoplusia includens Walker Psocids Psocoptera PSOCOPTERA <General Characteristics>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Psychidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Psychological Selection Psychopsidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Psylla pyricola Foerster Pteromalidae (Parasitoids of Diptera) Pteromalidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Pteromalinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Pteromalus abnormis Boheman Pteromalus muscarum Hartig Pteromalus subgen. Halizous Thomson Pteromalus vitripennis Walker Puerto Rico (Pictures) Pulvinaria delottoi Gill Pulvinariella mesembryanthemi (Vallot) Puncturevine, Tribulus terrestris L. & Tribulus spp. Pupa (parasitoid) Pupfishes (mosquito control) Purple Scale, Lepidosaphes beckii (Newman) Pyemotidae (Acarina) Pyralidae (Biocontrol in Grapes) Pyralidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Pyraustidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Pyrgotidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Pythidae (= Salpingidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> <Q words> Quality Assessment of Natural Enemy Culture Quality Control Quality of Host Culture QUARANTINE Quarantine (arthropod pathogen handling) Quarantine (arthropods) Quarantine Equipment and Amenities Quarantine Establishing Quarantine Facilities Quarantine Identification Quarantine Location and Utilities Quarantine (nematode handling) Quarantine Operations Protocol Quarantine (overview) Quarantine Packaging for Shipment Quarantine Permits Quarantine Procedures Quarantine Protocol Quarantine Records & Reports Quarantine Structural Design Quarantine (U..S. Dept. Agriculture Regulations) Quarantine Voucher Specimens Quarantine (weed pathogen handling) Quantitative Impact of Natural Enemies (assessment) <R words> Rabbits, Oryctolagus spp. Ragweeds, Ambrosia spp. Random Searching (animals) Raphidiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Rate of Parasitoid Development Ratzeberg Real Mortality Rearing Density in Natural Enemy Culture Rearing Natural Enemies to Enhance Impact Recombinant Hymenopteran Males Records (quarantine) Recovery of Natural Enemies During Colonization Recruitment Red Scale (California), Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) Red scale [California) (ideal biocontrol candidate)] Reduced dosages (pesticides) Reduviidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Red Wax Scale, Ceroplastes rubens Maskell REFERENCES (Biology) REFERENCES (General) REFERENCES (Host & Natural Enemy Culture) REFERENCES (Medical/Veterinary Entomology) REFERENCES (Pooled) REFERENCES (Van Driesche & Bellows 1995) Refrigerated Hosts (culture) Refrigerator (quarantine) Regulation (Populations) Regulative Factor Release Numbers during Colonization of Natural Enemies Removal of Natural Enemies by Hand Removal of Natural Enemies by Insecticide Treatment Reproductive Strategies of Parasitoids Reproductive System (male) Repulsion of Natural Enemies Research Areas (E. F. Legner) Residual Mortality RESISTANCE Resistance to Insecticides (predators) Resistance to Pesticides Resistant Predators (insecticides) Resource Allocation For IPM Research Retaining Genetic Diversity in Natural Enemy Culture Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisduval) Rhagionidae (Leptidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh) Rhagoletis spp. Rhode Island (Pictures) Ribosomal DNA Rhine River Landscapes Rhinoceros Beetle, Oryctes rhinoceros (L.) Rhipiceridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Rhipiphoridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Rhizophagidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Rhodesgrass Mealybug, Antonina graminis (Maskell) Rhodesgrass scale (ideal biocontrol candidate) Rhopalosomidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiffermüller) Rhyacionia buoliana (Schiff.) (forestry biocontrol) Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock) Rhysodidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Rice (Biocontrol) Rice Leaf Roller Ridsdill-Smith, James Riley, Charles Valentine, <ch-35.htm> Rincon-Vitova Insectaries, Inc Ripa-Schaul, Renato Ripe Egg (organization) Riverside Municipal Museum (insect databases) R-locus Rock Inscriptions (Africa) Rocky Mountain Wood Tick Rodolia cardinalis (Mulsant), vedalia beetle <PHOTO> Rodolia koebelei (Horn) Role of Parasitoids and Predators in Natural Control Romanomermis culicivorax Ross & Smith Root Diseases (Antagonists) Root Diseases (Conservation) Root Diseases (parasitism) Roproniidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Rosen, David Rotoitidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Row & Short Term Crops (Introduction) Row Crops Rubus constrictus LeFavre & Mueller Rubus ulmifolius Schott Rubber and Other Latex Products Rufous Scale, Selenaspidis articulatus (Morgan) Rush Skeletonweed, Chondrilla juncea L. Russia (Pictures) Russian Wheat Aphid, Diuraphis noxia Mordwilko <S words> Sacadodes pyralis Dyar Sacciform Larva Sagebrush, Grassland & Range biomes Saissetia oleae (Bernard) Saissetia oleae (natural enemy exploration) Saldidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Salvinia molesta D. S. Mitchell Salvinia, Salvinia molesta D. S. Mitchell Sampling and Distribution Sampling and Distribution (devices) Sampling During Colonization Efforts Sampling Routine Sanitation (culture) Sapygidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Sarcophagidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Sawflies (general) Sawflies, (mostly phytophagous) <General Characteristics> Scale Insects Scarabaeidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Scatophagidae (Cordyluridae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Scelionidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Scenopinidae <Habits>; Adults> & <Juveniles> Schlinger, Everet I. Schuster, M. F. SCIENTIFIC & COMMON NAMES Scientific Names (plants) Scientists (Biological Control) Sciomyzidae Sclerogibbidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Scolebythidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Scoliidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Scolioidea <Overview> Scope of Biological Control Scope of Biological Noxious Plant Control Scorpionflies Scotland (Pictures) Screening Natural Enemies Scriven, Glenn Sea People Searching in Animals Searching Outside the Native Range (for natural enemies) Seasonal Forms & Diapause Secondary Pests in Deciduous Orchards Securing Natural Enemies in the Native Range Segmentation Selective Breeding & Progeny Number Selective Breeding & Sex Ratio Selective Breeding of Natural Enemies Selective Formulation (pesticides) Selective Pesticides Selective Pesticides --Van Driesche & Bellows (1998) Selective Use of Pesticides Selenaspidis articulatus (Morgan) Semiochemicals Semiochemicals (environmental management) Semiochemicals (insect nutrition) Senecio jacobaea L. Sensitive Stages to Diapause Sequencing (genomes) Serology Serphidae (now with Proctotrupidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Sesiidae (Biocontrol in Grapes) Sespe Creek Insectary Sex Determination (parasitoids) Sex Intergrades Sex Ratio (overview) Sex Ratio (Theoretical Considerations) Sex Ratios Sex Regulation (facultative) Sex Regulation Considerations Sex-ratio Changes in Natural Enemy Culture Shorey, Harry H. Short Term Crops (dynamics) Short-day forms Short-Term Crops Shrubs, Flowers, Vines Sialidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Sierolomorphidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Sierra Ag Insectary Signiphoridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Silkworm Diseases Silphidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Silverfish Single age-class systems (Interspecific competition). Single age-class systems (Single Species) Single Larval Parasitoid Importations Single Pupal Parasitoid Single Species (importance of) Single Species Determining Abundance Single Species in Determining the Average Abundance Single Species Populations Siphonaptera Siphonius phillyraea (Haliday) Sirex noctilio F. Sirex noctilio F. (forestry biocontrol) Sisyridae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Size of Biocontrol Research Effort Slash & Burn Sleeve cages (culture) Smith, Harry S. (publications). Smith, Harry Scott Smith, Owen J. Smith, Ray F. Smoking & Chewing Products Snails (biocontrol) Snakeflies Socio-Economics of Biological Control Sodium hypochlorite (culture) Soil and the Rhizosphere Solitary Parasitism Solitary Parasitoids Son-killer Trait Sources of Taxonomic Expertise South & Central America Wildflowers South Africa (Pictures) South and East Asian Regional Section South Carolina (Pictures) South Dakota (Pictures) Southeast Asia Southern Green Stink Bug, Nezara viridula (short-term crops) Southern Green Stinkbug (natural enemy exploration) Spain (Pictures) Spalangia abenabooi Girault ? Spalangia astuta Förster Spalangia atherigonae Risbec Spalangia cameroni Perkins Spalangia drosophilae Ashmead Spalangia endius Walker Spalangia formicaria Kieffer Spalangia gemina Bou…ek Spalangia hirta Haliday Spalangia homalaspis Förster Spalangia hyaloptera Förster Spalangia Latreille Spalangia longepetiolata Bou…ek Spalangia melanogastra Masi Spalangia mors Girault ? Spalangia muscae Howard Spalangia muscarum Girault Spalangia muscidarum Richardson Spalangia muscidarum var. stomoxysiae Girault Spalangia muscidarum var. texensis Girault Spalangia nigra Latreille Spalangia nigripes Curtis Spalangia nigroaenea Curtis Spalangia orientalis L. F. Graham Spalangia philippinensis Fullaway Spalangia rugosicollis Ashmead Spalangia rugulosa Förster Spalangia stomoxysiae Peck Spalangia sundaica L. F. Graham Spalangiinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Spalding Laboratories Spanandry Spatial Complexity and Asynchrony Spatial Distribution of Parasitoids Special Reports Special Research Groups & Integrated Control Special Terms (Hyperparasitism, Autoparasitism, Multiple Parasitism, etc.) Specialist Specializations in the Adult Head Structure Specializations in the Head Capsule of Immature Insects Species Targeted For Biological Control in Cities in Towns Specifications (for this text) Specificity to Host Plant Spermatheca and Spermathecal Gland Spermathecae in Hymenoptera (types) Sphaerulariidae Sphecidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Sphecinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Sphecoidea <Overvew> Sphegigaster spp. Spices and Other Flavoring Substances Spider Mite Biocontrol in Glasshouses Spiny Blackfly, Aleurocanthus spiniferus (Quaintance) Spiny Bollworms, Earias insulana Boisduval, E. fabia, etc. Spoor Effect Spotted Alfalfa Aphid, Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) Springtails Stability of Insect Populations (examples) Stage-frequency Analysis Stalked egg Staphylinidae (Identification) Staphylinidae (Parasitoids of Diptera) Staphylinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Statistical Sampling Steady Densities Steady Density (populations) Steady State (populations) Steinernematid & Heterorhabitid Nematodes Steinernematidae & Heterorhabditidae (Van Driesch & Bellows) Steinhaus, Edward Steinhaus, Edward A. (publications) Stelidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Stem Diseases (Antagonists) Stenotritidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Stephanidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Stephenoidea <Overview> Stictonotus insuetus Walker Stigmaeidae (Acarina) Stilbopterygidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Stilleto Effect Stilpnus spp. Stimulation to Theories in Population Dynamics and Ecology Stizinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Stomoxys spp. Stoneflies Storeyinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Strange Mortalities (Biocontrol Scientists) Strategies in Forest Biological Control Stratiomyiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Strawberries (biocontrol) Strepsiptera (General) STREPSIPTERA (parasites) <General Characteristics>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Strip-cutting Subtropical Orchards Successes in Biological Control Sucking lice Sugar-cane Beetle Borer, Rhabdoscelus obscurus (Boisduval) Sugar-cane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (Fab.) Sugar-cane Leafhopper, Perkinsiella saccharicida Kirkaldy Sugars, Starches & Cellulose Products Suicides (of Biocontrol scientists) Supella spp. Superparasitism #1 Superparasitism #2 Suppliers of Biological Control Organisms Suppression (Populations) Sweden (Pictures) Sweetbriar Development, Inc Insectary Sweetpotato Whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Swirski, E. Switzerland (Pictures) Symbovine Flies (in Medical / Veterinary Entomology) Sympherobiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Synanthropic Diptera Synanthropic Diptera (Biocontrol) Synanthropic Diptera (Parasitoids) Synanthropic Fly Parasitoids (Key) Synovigenic Parasitoids Synthetic Diets Synthetic Diets in Natural Enemy Culture Syrphidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Systematics <T words> Tabanidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Tachinaephagus Ashmead Tachinaephagus javensis Subba-Rao (Identification) Tachinaephagus stomoxcida Subba-Rao Tachinaephagus stomoxicida Subba-Rao (Identification) Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead (culture) Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead (Identification) Tachinidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Tadpole shrimp Tanada, Y. Tanaostigmatidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Tanning, Dye & Processing Materials Tansy Ragwort, Senecio jacobaea L. Target Plants for Weed Control Taxonomic Categories of Predaceous & Predatory Arthropods Taxonomic Expertise Taxonomic Groups Important to Biological Control Taxonomy Taxonomy (File Names) Taxonomy (Overview) Taxonomy Ecological Data Taxonomy Hybridization Studies Taxonomy Importance to Biological Control Taxonomy of California Red Scale, Aonidiella aurantii (Maskell) Taxonomy of Coffee Mealybug, Planococcus kenyae (LePelly) Taxonomy of Natural Enemies, Websites Taxonomy of Pink Bollworm, Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) Techniques For Evaluation Techniques in Host Culture Techniques of Natural Enemy Culture Techniques to Evaluate Natural Enemies Teleaform Larva Telford, A. D. Telsontails Temperature & Progeny Number Temperature (high) & Sex Ratio Temperature (low) & Sex Ratio Temperature cabinets (quarantine) Tenebrionidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Tennessee (Pictures) Tenthredinidae <Overview>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Tenuipalpidae (Biocontrol in Grapes) Tephritidae Termination of Diapause Terminology in Insect Morphology Termites Terrestrial Fungi Tetracampidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Tetradonematidae Tetranychidae Tetranychidae (Biocontrol in Grapes) Tetranychus spp. (natural enemy exploration) Tetranychus urticae Biocontrol in Glasshouses Tetranychus urticae Koch Tetranychus urticae Koch (augmentative control) Tettigoniidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Texas (Pictures) The Imago or Adult Parasitoid The R-locus The Role of Parasitoids and Predators in Natural Control Thelytokous Reproduction Thelytoky Thelytoky (consequences) Thelytoky vs. Arrhenotoky Theoretical Aspects of Management Theoretical Considertions on Sex Ratio Therevidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Therioaphis trifolii (Monell) Thompson, Stanley Nelson Thompson, W. R. Three-Host Generation / 3-Year Rule Three‑Year / 3-Generation Rule (Clausen's) Three-Year Rule Thripidae (Biocontrol in Grapes) Thrips (general) Thrips Biocontrol in Glasshouses Throscidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Thynnidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Thysanoptera (Biocontrol in Grapes) Thysanoptera (General) THYSANOPTERA (predators/parasites) <General Characteristics>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Thysanura (General) THYSANURA (predators/parasites) <General Characteristics>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Ticks (Rocky Mountain Wood ) Ticks, Dermacentor spp. Tilapia zillii (Gervais) Timberlake, Paul H. Tinocallis platani (Kaltenbach) Tiphiidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Tiphioidea <Overview> Tipulidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Tools (quarantine) Topographical Environment & Sex Ratio Tortricidae (Biocontrol in Grapes) Tortricidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Torymidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Toxorhynchites spp. Trap Method Tree Aphids, Eucallipterus tiliae L. & Tinocallis platani (Kaltenbach) Trends & Future Possibilities Tribulus spp. Tribulus terrestris L. TriCal Biosystems, Inc Insectary Trichogramma Augmentation in Corn Trichogramma Augmentation in Cotton Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley) Trichogramma spp Trichogramma spp in (augmentative strategies) Trichogramma spp. (augmentation) Trichogrammatidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Trichomatidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) Trichopria spp. Trichoptera (General) TRICHOPTERA (predators) <General Characteristics>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Trigonalyidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Trigonalyoidea <Overview> Trinidad (Pictures) Triops longicaudatus (LeConte) Trioza erythrea (Del Guernica) Trioza Psyllid, Trioza erythrea (Del Guernica) Trogidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Trogossitidae (= Ostomidae) <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Tropical & Subtropical Orchards True Bugs True Flies Trybliographa spp Trypoxylinae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Tunica propria Turbellarian Flatworms Twisted-wing parasites Two-Spotted Spider Mite Type I Spermatheca Type II Spermatheca Type III Spermatheca Types of Life Tables Types of Spermathecae in Hymenoptera Typhlodromalus limonicus Typhlodromus occidentalis Nesbit Tyroglyphus phylloxerae <U words> U. S. Dept. of Agriculture Regulations Uganda (Pictures) Ukraine (Pictures) Unaspis yanonensis (Kuwana) Uniparental Unique Insect Control Insectary UNITED STATES (Pictures) United States Department of Agriculture Urolepis rufipes (Ashmead) Urolepis Walker Uruguay (Pictures) Utah (Pictures) <V words> Vacuum pumps (quarantine) Valle del Cauca, Colombia Van den Bosch, Robert Van Driesche, R. G. Van Lenteren, Joop C. Vanhorniidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Vegetable Crops Biocontrol in Glasshouses Vegetable Foods Vegetation Diversity & Patch Size Vegetation Management Vellidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Vermont (Pictures) Vertebrates Vertebrates (Biocontrol by) Vertebrates (Biocontrol of) Vertical Life Table Vesiculate Larva Vespidae <Habits>; <Adults> & <Juveniles> Vespoidea <Overview> Veterinary Pests Virginia (Pictures) Viruses (against arthropods) Viruses (against medically important pests) Viruses (biocontrol use) Viruses (Overview) Viruses as Insect Control Agents Visual Counts VITA: E. F. Legner Vitellogenesis (yolk formation) Volatile Plant Compounds (attract natural enemies) Volterra-Gause Principle <W words> Walking sticks Walnut aphid (ideal biocontrol candidate) Walnut Aphid, Chromaphis juglandicola (Kaltenbach) Walsh, Benjamin Warkentin, Richard Wary Genes (Medical Entomology) Washington State (Pictures) Wasps Water (Environmental Management) Water Hyacinth, Eichhornia crassipes (Martius) Solms WEBSITES (Insect Related) Websites (taxonomy of beneficial organisms) Webspinners Weed Pathogens in Quarantine Weeds Welling, M. West Virginia (Pictures) Western United States (Natural Biological Control) Wild Flowering & Native Plants White Peach Scale, Pseudaulacaspis pentagona (Targ.) White Wax Scale, Ceroplastes destructor Newstead White, Ernest B. White, Walter Whiteflies Whiting Scheme (sex determination) Whiting, A. R. & P. W. Whtie Ants Wind Tunnels Window of Susceptibility (sex change) Winter Moth (forestry) Winter Moth, Operophtera brumata (L.) Wisconsin (Pictures) Wolfskill, F. W. Woolly Whitefly, Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) Workers (Biocontrol) Worm-like Insect Prototype Wyoming (Pictures) Wysoki, M. <X words> Xanthogaleruca luteola (Müller) <Y words> Yasumatsu, K. Yellow ring (ovisorption) Yellow Scale, Aonidiella citrina (Coquillett) Yuccas Yugoslavia (Pictures) Yu, Hyo-Sok <Z words> Zimmermann, G. Zoogeographical Data in Taxonomy Zoraptera Zwolfer, H. Zygogenetic Zygogenesis