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SELECTED REFERENCES for Biological Pest Control:

Ali, A. & M. S. Mulla. 1983. Evaluation of the planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala, as a predator of chironomid midges and mosquitoes in experimental ponds. Mosquito News 43: 46-49.

Alio, A. Y., A. Isaq & L. F. Delfini. 1985. Field trial on the impact of Oreochromis spilurus spilurus on malaria transmission in northern Somalia. WHO/VBC/85.910. 18 p.

Anderson, J. R., J. O. Washburn & D. E. Egerter. 1986a. Life cycle of the pathogen Lambornella clarki and its impact on Aedes sierrensis. Univ. of Calif. Mosq. Control Res., Ann. Rept. 1986. p. 10-21.

Anderson, J. R., J. O. Washburn & M. E. Gross. 1986b. Mass production, storage and field release of Lambornella clarki, a pathogen of Aedes sierrensis. Univ. of Calif. Mosq. Control Res., Ann. Rept. 1986. p. 12-22.

Anonomous. 1981. Data sheet on Nothobranchius spp., N. guentheri and N. rachovi [as a predator of mosquito larvae] distribution, life cycle, biology, growth, reproduction, aging and behaviour.WorldHealth Organization, WHO/VBC/81.829; VBC/BCDS/81.16, Geneva.

Ataur-Rahim, M. 1981. Observations on Aphanius dispar (Ruppell 1828), a mosquito larvivorous fish in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 75: 359-62.

Axtell, R. C. & D. R. Guzman. 1987. Encapsulation of the mosquito fungal pathogen Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) in calcium alginate. J. Amer. Mosq. Control Assoc., 3: 450-59.

Axtell, R. C. & D. A. Rutz. 1986. Role of parasites and predators as biological control agents in poultry production facilities. Misc. Publ. Ent. Soc. Amer. 61: 88-100.

Axtell, R. C., S. T. Jaronski & T. L. Merriam. 1982. Efficacy of the mosquito fungal pathogen, Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales). Proc. Calif. Mosq. Vect. Control Assoc. 50: 41-42.

Bay, E. C. 1965. Preliminary findings concerning the adaptability of annual fishes to California mosquito habitats. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 33: 29-30.

Bay, E. C. 1969. Fish predators. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 37: 15-16.

Bay, E. C. 1972. Mosquito fish a controversial friend to mosquito control. Pest Control 40: 32-33.

Bay, E. C. 1974. Predator-prey relationships among aquatic insects. Ann. Rev. Ent. 19: 441-53.

Bay, E. C., C. O. Berg, H. C. Chapman & E. F. Legner.

1976. Biological control of medical and veterinary pests, pp. 457-79. In: Theory and Practice of Biological Control, C. B. Huffaker & P. S. Messenger (eds.). Academic Press, New York, N.Y.

Beesley, C. 1974. Simulated predation of single-prey (Culex peus) and alternative prey (Culex peus; Chironomus sp. 51) by Anax junius Drury (Odonata: Aeschnidae). Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 42: 73-76.

Berg, C. O. 1973. Biological control of snail borne diseases: a review. Exp. Parasitol. 33: 318-30.

Blaustein, L. 1986. Green sunfish: friend or foe of rice field mosquitoes? Proc. Calif. Mosq. Vect. Contr. Assoc. 54: 90.

Bonnet, D. D. & A. M. K. Hu. 1951. The introduction of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis (Theobald) into the Territory of Hawaii. Proc. Hawaii Ent. Soc. 14: 237-42.

Brown, B. J. & E. G. Platzer. 1977. The effects of temperature on the infectivity of Romanomermis culicivorax J. Nematol. 9: 16-72.

Brown, B. J., E. G. Platzer & D. S. Hughes. 1977. Field trials with the mermithid nematode Romanomermis culicivorax in California. Mosq. News 37: 603-08.

Brown-Westerdahl, B., R. K. Washino & E. G. Platzer. 1982. Successful establishment and subsequent recycling of Romanomermis culicivorax (Mermithidae: Nematoda) in a California rice field following post parasite applications. J. Med. Ent. 19: 34-41.

Case, T. J. & R. K. Washino. 1979. Flatworm control of mosquito larvae in rice fields. Science 206: 1412-14.

Cech, J. J., Jr. & A. L. Linden. 1987. Comparative larvivorous performances of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, and juvenile Sacramento blackfish, Orthodon microlepidotus, in experimental paddies. J. Amer. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 3: 35-41.

Chapman, H. C. 1974. Biological control of mosquito larvae. Ann. Rev. Ent. 19: 33-59.

Christie, J. D., J. Edward, K. Goolaman, B. O. James, J. Simm, P. S. Dugat & R. Treinen. 1981. Interactions between St. Lucian Biomphalaria glabrata and Helisoma duryi, a possible competitor snail in a semi-natural habitat. Acta Tropica 38: 395-417.

Collings, F. H. & R. K. Washino. 1978. Microturbellarians as natural predators of mosquito larvae in northern California rice fields. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Vect. Contr. Assoc. 46: 91.

Collins, F. H. & R. K. Washino. 1979. Factors affecting the density of Culex tarsalis and Anopheles freeborni in northern California rice fields. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 47: 97-98.

Couch, J. N., S. V. Romney & B. Rao. 1974. A new fungus which attacks mosquitoes and related Diptera. Mycologia 66: 374-79.

Coykendall, R. L. (ed.) 1980. Fishes in California mosquito control, Sacramento, United States of America. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. Press. 90 pp.

Daoust, R. A. 1983a. Pathogens of Tabanidae (horse flies), pp. 223-29. In: Bibliography on Pathogens of Medically Important Arthropods (1981), D. W. Roberts, R. A. Daoust & S. P. Wraight (eds.). WHO/VBC/83.1.

Daoust, R. A. 1983b. Pathogens of Muscidae (muscid flies), pp. 230-39. In: Bibliography on Pathogens of Medically Important Arthropods (1981), D. W. Roberts, R. A. Daoust & S. P. Wraight (eds.). WHO/VBC/83.1.

Davey, R. B. & M. V. Meisch. 1977a. Dispersal of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, in Arkansas rice fields. Mosq. News 37: 777-78.

Davey, R. B. & M. V. Meisch. 1977b. Control of dark rice-field mosquito larvae, Psorophora columbiae by mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis and green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus, in Arkansas rice fields. Mosq. News. 37: 258-62.

Des Rochers & R. Garcia. 1984. Evidence for persistence and recycling of Bacillus sphaericus. Mosq. News 44: 160-73.

Downs, C. W., C. Beesley, R. E. Fontaine & J. J. Cech, Jr. 1986. Operational mosquito production: brood stock management. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 54: 86-88.

Egeter, D. E., J. R. Anderson & J. O. Washburn. 1986. Dispersal of the parasitic ciliate Lambornella clarki: implications for ciliates in the biological control of mosquitoes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 83: 7335-39.

Ellis, R. A. & J. H. Borden. 1969. Laboratory rearing of Notonecta undulata Say (Hemiptera: Notonectidae). J. Ent. Soc. Brit. Columbia 66: 51-53.

Ellis, R. A. & J. H. Borden. 1970. Predation by Notonecta undulata (Heteroptera: Notonectidae) on larvae of the yellow fever mosquito. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 63: 963-73.

El Rayah, El Amin. 1975. Dragonfly nymphs as active predators of mosquito larvae. Mosq. News 35: 229-30.

Farley, D. G. & J. R. Caton. 1982. A preliminary report on the use of mosquito fish to control mosquitoes in an urban storm drain system. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 50: 57-81.

Farley, D. G. & L. C. Younce. 1977. Effects of Gambusia affinis (Baird & Girard) on selected non-target organisms in Fresno county rice fields. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 45: 87-94.

Federici, B. A. 1981. Mosquito control by the fungi Culicinomyces, Lagenidium and Coelomomyces, pp. 555-72. In: Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases 1970-1980, H. D. Burges (ed.). Academic Press, London. 949 p.

Focks, D. A. & M. D. Boston. 1979. A quantified mass-rearing technique for Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus Coquillet. Mosq. News 39: 616-19.

Focks, D. A., S. R. Sacket, K. O. Klotter, D. A. Dame & G. T. Carmichael. 1986. The integrated use of Toxorhynchites amboinensis and ground level ULV insecticide application to suppress Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Ent.23: 531-19.

Focks, D. A., J. A. Seawright & D. W. Hall. 1979. Field survival, migration and ovipositional characteristics of laboratory-reared Toxorhynchites rutilus rutilus (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Ent. 16: 121-27.

Frances, S. P., D. J. Leel, R. C. Russell & C. Panter. 1985. Seasonal occurrence of the mosquito pathogenic fungus Culicinomyces clavisporus in a natural habitat. J. Aust. Ent. Soc. 24: 241-46.

Garcia, R. 1973. Strategy of mosquito control, pp. 43-47. In: Integrated Pest Management--a Curriculum Report. R. H. McCabe (ed.). Assoc. Res. Corp., Miami, Florida.

Garcia, R. 1987. Strategies for the management of mosquito populations with Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (H-14), pp. 145-50. In: Proc. 4th Symposium Arbovirus Research in Australia (1986), T. D. St. George, B. H. Kay & J. Blok (eds.). Q.I.M.R., Brisbane.

Garcia, R. & C. B. Huffaker. 1979. Ecosystem management for suppression of vectors of human malaria and schistosomiasis. Agro-Ecosystems 5: 295-315.

Garcia, R. & E. F. Legner. 1999. Chapter 28, Biological Control of Medical and Veterinary Pests. In: Principles and Application of Biological Control. Academic Press, San Diego CA. 1046 p.

Garcia, R. & A. W. Sweeney. 1986. The use of microbial pathogens for the control of mosquitoes. Agriculture, Ecosystems & the Environment 15: 201-08.

Garcia, R. W., G. Voigt & B. S. Des Rochers. 1974. Studies of the predatory behavior of notonectids on mosquito larvae. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 42: 67-69.

Geden, C. J. 1984. Population dynamics, spatial distribution, dispersal behavior and life history of the predaceous histerid, Carcinops pumilio (Erichson), with observations of other members of the poultry manure arthropod community. Ph.D. dissertation, Dept. of Entomology, Univ. of Mass., Amherst. 220 p.

Geden, C. J. & R. C. Axtell. 1988. Predation by Carcinops pumilio (Coleoptera: Histeridae) and Macrocheles muscaedomesticae (Acarina: Macrochelidae) on the housefly (Diptera: Muscidae): Functional response, effects of temperature and availability of alternative prey. Environ. Ent. 17: 739-44.

Geden, C. J., R. F. Stinner & R. C. Axtell. 1988. Predation by predators of the house fly in poultry manure: effects of predator density, feeding history, interspecific interference and field conditions. Environ. Ent. 17: 310-29.

Geden, C. J., J. G. Stoffolano, Jr. & J. S. Elkinton. 1987. Prey-mediated dispersal behavior of Carcinops pumilio (Coleoptera: Histeridae). Environ. Ent. 16: 415-19.

George, J. A., B. A. L. Nagy & J. W. Stewart. 1983. Efficacy of Dugesia tigrina (Tricladida: Turbellaria) in reducing Culex numbers in both field and laboratory. Mosq. News 43: 281-87.

Gerberg, E. J. & W. M. Visser. 1978. Preliminary field trial for the biological control of Aedes aegypti by means of Toxorhynchites brevipalpis, a predatory mosquito larva. Mosq. News 38: 197-200.

Gerberich, J. B. 1985. Update of annotated bibliography of papers relating to the control of mosquitoes by the use of fish for the years 1965-1981. WHO/VBC/91.7. 3 p.3

Goldberg, L. H. & J. Margalit. 1977. A bacterial spore demonstrating rapid larvicidal activity against Anopheles sergentii, Uranotaenia unguiculata, Culex univittatus, Aedes aegypti and Culex pipiens. Mosq. News 37: 355-58.

Greathead, D. J. & J. Monty. 1982. Biological control of stableflies (Stomoxys spp.): results from Mauritius in relation to fly control in dispersed breeding sites. C.I.B.C. Biocontrol News and Info. 3(2): 105-09.

Hackett, L. W. 1937. Malaria in Europe. Oxford Univ. Press. 336 pp.

Hauser, W. J., E. F. Legner, R. A. Medved & S. Platt. 1976. Tilapia--a management tool for biological control of aquatic weeds and insects. Bull. Amer. Fisheries Soc. 1: 15-16.

Hauser, W. J., E. F. Legner & F. E. Robinson. 1977. Biological control of aquatic weeds by fish in irrigation channels. Proc. Water Management for Irrigation and Drainage. ASC/Reno, Nevada, Jul. 20-22: pp 139-45.

Hazelrig, J. E. 1974. Notonecta unifasciata as predators of mosquito larvae in simulated field habitats. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 42: 60-65.

Hazelrig, J. E. 1975. Laboratory colonization and sexing of Notonecta unifasciata Guerin reared on Culex peus Speiser. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 43: 142-44.

Hildemann, W. H. & R. L. Wolford. 1963. Annual fishes--promising species as biological control agents. J. Trop. Med. 66: 163-66.

Hoy, J. B. & D. E. Reed. 1970. Biological control of Culex tarsalis in California rice fields. Mosq. News 30: 222-30.

Hoy, J. B. & D. E. Ìeed. 1971. The efficacy of mosquitofish for control of Culex tarsalis in California rice fields. Mosq. News 31: 567-72.

Hoy, J. B., E. E. Kauffman & A. G. O'Berg. 1972. A large-scale test of Gambusia affinis and chlorpyrifos for mosquito control. Mosq. News 32: 161-71.

Hoy, J. B., A. G. O'Berg & E. E. Kauffman. 1971. The mosquito fish as a biological control agent against Culex tarsalis and Anopheles freeborni. Mosq. News 31: 146-52.

Hurlbert, S. H. & M. S. Mulla. 1981. Impacts of mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, predation of plankton communities. Hydrobiologia 83: 125-51.

Hurlbert, S. H., J. Zedler & D. Fairbanks. 1972. Ecosystem alteration by mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) predation. Science 175: 639-41.

James, H. G. 1964. Insect fauna associated with the rock pool mosquito Aedes artropalpus (Coq.). Mosq. News 24: 325-29.

Jaronski, S. T. & R. C. Axtell. 1982. Effects of organic water pollution on the infectivity of the fungus Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) for larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae): field and laboratory evaluation. J. Med. Ent. 19: 255-62.

Jaronski, S. & R. C. Axtell. 1983a. Persistence of the mosquito fungal pathogen Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) after introduction into natural habitats. Mosq. News 43: 332-37.

Jaronski, S. & R. C. Axtell. 1983b. Effects of temperature on infection, growth and zoosporogenesis of Lagenidium giganteum, a fungal pathogen of mosquito larvae. Mosq. News 43: 42-45.

Jaronski, S., R. C. Axtell, S. M. Fagan & A. J. Domnas. 1983c. In vitro production of zoospores by the mosquito pathogen Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) on solid media. J. Invert. Pathol. 41: 305-09.

Kerwin, J. L. & R. K. Washino. 1984. Efficacy of Romanomermis culicivorax and Lagenidium giganteum for mosquito control: strategies for use of biological control agents in rice fields of the Central Valley of California. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 52: 86-92.

Kerwin, J. L. & R. K. Washino. 1987. Ground and aerial application of the asexual stage of Lagenidium giganteum for control of mosquitoes associated with rice culture in the Central Valley of California. J. Amer. Mosq. Control Assoc. 3: 59-64.

Kerwin, J. L., C. A. Simmons and R. K. Washino. 1986. Oosporogenesis by Lagenidium giganteum in liquid culture. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 47: 258-70.

Kligler, I. J. 1930. The epidemiology and control of malaria in Palestine. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, IL. 240 p.

Knight, A. L. 1980. Host range and temperature requirements of Culicinomyces clavisporus. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 36: 423-25.

Kramer, V. L., R. Garcia & A. E. Colwell. 1987. An evaluation of the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, and the inland silverside, Menidia beryllina, as mosquito control agents in California wild rice fields. J. Amer. Mosq. Control Assoc. 3: 626-32.

Kramer, V. L., R. Garcia & A. E. Colwell. 1988. An evaluation of Gambusia affinis and Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis as mosquito control agents in California wild rice fields. J. Amer. Mosq. Control Assoc. 4: 470-78.

Lacey, L. A. & A. H. Undeen. 1986. Microbial control of blackflies and mosquitoes. Ann. Rev. Ent. 31: 265-96.

Lamborn, R. H. 1890. Dragon Flies vs. Mosquitoes. D. Appleton Co., New York. 202 p.

Legner, E. F. 1968. Parasite activity related to ovipositional responses in Hippelates collusor. J. Econ. Ent. 61: 1160-63.

Legner, E. F. 1970. Advances in the ecology of Hippelates eye gnats in California indicate means for effective integrated control. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 38: 89-90.

Legner, E. F. 1977. Response of Culex spp. larvae and their natural insect predators to two inoculation rates with Dugesia dorotocephala (Woodworth) in shallow ponds. Mosq. News 37: 435-40.

Legner, E. F. 1978a. Efforts to control Hydrilla verticillata Royle with herbivorous Tilapia zillii (Gervais) in Imperial County irrigation canals. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Vect. Control Assoc. 46: 103-04.

Legner, E. F. 1978b. Mass culture of Tilapia zillii (CIchlidae) in pond ecosystems. Entomophaga 23: 51-56.

Legner, E. F. 1978c. Part I: Parasites and predators introduced against arthropod pests. Diptera. In: Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds: a world review. C. P. Clausen (ed.). pp. 335-39; 346-55. Agric. Handbk. No. 480, ARS, USDA, U. S. Govt. Printing Off., Wash., D.C. 545 p.

Legner, E. F. 1979. Advancements in the use of flatworms for biological mosquito control. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 47: 42-43.

Legner, E. F. 1983. Imported cichlid behavior in California, pp. 8-13. Intern. Symp. on Tilapia in Aquaculture, Nazareth, Israel.

Legner, E. F. 1986. Importation of exotic natural enemies. pp. 19-30. In: J. M. Franz (ed.), "Biological Control of Plant Pests and of Vectors of Human and Animal Diseases." Fortschritte der Zool. Bd. 32: 341 p.

Legner, E. F. 1987. Inheritance of gregarious and solitary oviposition in Muscidifurax raptorellus Kogan & Legner (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Canad. Ent. 119: 791-808.

Legner, E. F. 1988a. Muscidifurax raptorellus (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) females exhibit postmating oviposition behavior typical of the male genome. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 81: 522-27.

Legner, E. F. 1988b. Hybridization in principal parasitoids of synanthropic Diptera: the genus Muscidifurax (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Hilgardia 56(4): 36 p.

Legner, E. F. 1989. Wary genes and accretive inheritance in Hymenoptera. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 82: 245-49.

Legner, E. F. 1991. Estimations of number of active loci, dominance and heritability in polygenic inheritance of gregarious behavior in Muscidifurax raptorellus [Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae]. Entomophaga 36: 1-18.

Legner, E. F. & E. C. Bay. 1970. Dynamics of Hippelates eye gnat breeding in the southwest. Calif. Agric. 24(5): 1, 4-6.

Legner, E. F. & H. W. Brydon. 1966. Suppression of dung-inhabiting fly populations by pupal parasites. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 59: 638-51.

Legner, E. F. & E. J. Dietrick. 1972. Inundation with parasitic insects to control filth breeding flies in California. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control. Assoc. 40: 129-30.

Legner, E. F. & E. J. Dietrick. 1974. Effectiveness of supervised control practices in lowering population densities of synanthropic flies on poultry ranches. Entomophaga 19: 467-78.

Legner, E. F. & T. W. Fisher. 1980. Impact of Tilapia zillii (Gervais) on Potamogeton pectinatus L., Myriophyllum spicatum var. exalbescens Jepson, and mosquito reproduction in lower Colorado desert irrigation canals. Acta. Oecologica, Oecol. Appl., 1: 3-14.

Legner, E. F. & R. A. Medved. 1973. Influence of Tilapia mossambica (Peters), T. zillii (Gervais) (Cichlidae) and Mollienesia latipinna LeSueur (Poeciliidae) on pond populations of Culex mosquitoes and chironomid midges. Mosq. News 33: 354-64.

Legner, E. F. & R. A. Medved. 1974. Laboratory and small-scale field experiments with planaria (Tricladida, Turbellaria) as biological mosquito control agents. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 42: 79-80.

Legner, E. F. & C. A. Murray. 1981. Feeding rates and growth of the fish Tilapia zillii (Cichlidae) on Hydrilla verticillata, Potamogeton pectinatus and Myriophyllum spicatum var. exalbescens, and interactions in irrigation canals of southeastern California. Mosq. News 41: 241-50.

Legner, E. F. & G. S. Olton. 1969. Migrations of Hippelates collusor larvae from moisture and trophic stimuli and their encounter by Trybliographa parasites. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 62: 136-41.

Legner, E. F. & F. W. Pelsue, Jr. 1980. Bioconversion: Tilapia fish turn insects and weeds into edible protein. Calif. Agric. 34(11-12): 13-14.

Legner, E. F. & F. W. Pelsue, Jr. 1983. Contemporary appraisal of the population dynamics of introduced cichlid fish in south California. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 51: 38-39.

Legner, E. F. & R. D. Sjogren. 1984. Biological mosquito control furthered by advances in technology and research. Mosq. News 44: 449-56.

Legner, E. F. & S.-C. Tsai. 1978. Increasing fission rate of the planarian mosquito predator, Dugesia dorotocephala, through biological filtration. Entomophaga 23: 293-98.

Legner, E. F. & R. W. Warkentin. 1990. Rationale for the desert pupfish, Cyprinodon macularius, as a complement to Gambusia in mosquito control. Calif. Mosq. & Vect. Contr. Assoc., Inc. 57: 142-45.

Legner, E. F., R. A. Medved & W. J. Hauser. 1975a. Predation by the desert pupfish, Cyprinodon macularius on Culex mosquitoes and benthic chironomid midges. Entomophaga 20: 23-30.

Legner, E. F. , R. A. Medved & F. Pelsue. 1980. Changes in chironomid breeding patterns in a paved river channel following adaptation of cichlids of the Tilapia mossambica-hornorum complex. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 73: 293-99.

Legner, E. F., D. J. Greathead & I. Moore. 1980. Population density fluctuations of predatory and scavenger arthropods in accumulating bovine excrement of three age classes in equatorial East Africa. Bull. Soc. Vect. Ecol. 5: 23-44.

Legner, E. F., G. S. Olton, R. E. Eastwood & E. J. Dietrick. 1975b. Seasonal density, distribution and interactions of predatory and scavenger arthropods in accumulating poultry wastes in coastal and interior southern California. Entomophaga 20: 269-83.

Legner, E. F., G. A. Olton & F. M. Eskafi. 1966. Influence of physical factors on the developmental stages of Hippelates collusor in relation to the activities of its natural parasites. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 59: 851-61.

Legner, E. F., R. D. Sjogren & I. M. Hall. 1974. THE biological control of medically important arthropods. Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 4: 85-113.

Legner, E. F., T.-C. Tsai & R. A. Medved. 1976. Environmental stimulants to asexual reproduction in the planarian, Dugesia dorotocephala. Entomophaga 21: 415-23.

Lenhoff, M. H. & R. D. Brown. 1970. Mass culture of hydra: improved method and application to other invertebrates. Lab. Anim. 4: 139-54.

Levy, R. & T. W. Miller, Jr. 1978. Tolerance of the planarian Dugesia dorotocephala to high concentrations of pesticides and growth regulators. Entomophaga 23: 31-34.

Levy, R., B. C. Hertlein, J. J. Peterson, D. W. Doggett & T. W. Miller, Jr. 1979. Aerial application of Romanomermis culicivorax (Mermithidae: Nematoda) to control Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes in southwest Florida. Mosq. News 39: 20-25.

Lindquist, A. W. 1940. The introduction of an indigenous blowfly parasite, Alysia ridibunda Say, into Uvalde County, Texas. Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 33: 103-12.

Lloyd, L. 1987. An alternative to insect control by "mosquitofish" Gambusia affinis, pp. 156-63. In: Proc. 4th Symposium Arbovirus Research in Australia 4: 156-163, 1986, T. D. St. George, B. H. Kay & J. blok (eds.). Q.I.M.R., Brisbane.

Lord, J. C. & D. W. Roberts. 1985. Effects of salinity, pH, organic solutes, anaerobic conditions and the presence of other microbes on production and survival of Lagenidium giganteum (Oomycetes: Lagenidiales) zoospores. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 45: 331-38.

Luh, P. L. 1981. The recent status of biocontrol of mosquitoes in China, pp. 54-77. In: Biocontrol of Medical and Veterinary Pests, M. Laird (ed.). Praeger, New York.

Madsen, H. 1983. Distribution of Helisoma duryi, an introduced competitor of intermediate hosts of schistosomiasis, in an irrigation scheme in northern Tanzania. Acta Tropica 40: 297-306.

Mandeville, J. D., B. A. Mullens & J. A. Meyer. 1988. Rearing and host age suitability of Fannia canicularis (L.) for parasitization by Muscidifurax zaraptor Kogan & Legner. Canad. Ent. 120: 153-59.

Markofsky, J. & J. R. Matias. 1979. Waterborne vectors of disease in tropical and subtropical areas; and a novel approach to mosquito control using annual fish, p. H-1, H-17. In Proc. University Seminar on Pollution and Water Resources, Halasi-Kun (ed.). Vol. 21: Columbia University.

McCray, E. M., Jr., D. J. Womeldorf, R. C. Husbands & D. A. Eliason. 1973. Laboratory observations and field tests with Lagenidium against California mosquitoes. Proc. Calif. Mosq. Control Assoc. 41: 123-28.

McCullough, F. S. 1981. Biological control of the snail intermediate host of human Schistosoma spp.: a review of its present stature and future proposals. Acta Tropica 38: 5-13.

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