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Salient aspects of the Bronze Age are now described by Fell. "In northern Europe bronze weapons
and implements first began to replace the stone artifacts of the Neolithic
inhabitants when trade routes to the Mediterranean lands permitted imports
from the south. The change from stone
and malleable copper to the more durable and more valuable bronze equipment
is dated to about 2000 BC." At this
time, which marks the opening of the Bronze Age, the most numerous and
conspicuous man-made features of the landscape were the massive drystone
monuments that had been erected during the last phases of the Neolithic, from
about 2200 BC onward. These great
monuments, called megaliths (from Greek roots
meaning huge stones) have remained an
impressive feature of the European landscape ever since, and today tens of
thousands of tourists visit the megalithic sites every year, to gaze with
wonder at these mysterious works of our ancestors. When the English Pilgrims began to settle northeastern North
America in the early 1600s they found that the forests and open hillsides
carried similar ancient stone monuments.
Governor John Winthrop (the Younger) of
Connecticut had become during his student years one of the first Fellows of
the infant Royal Society, and after his arrival in America was regarded by
the colonists as a fount of information on all matters to do with natural
history and antiquities. hew wrote
papers for the early volumes of the Philosophical Transactions (published by the Royal Society in London) and thus drew
attention to the salient features of scientific interest in his new world
across the Atlantic. Among his papers
is found evidence of inquiries from settlers as to what could be the meaning
of the strange stone "forts" they were encountering. it was noted that the Algonquian Indians
did not use stone in their constructions (save for some rare instances), and
the Indians themselves shunned the stone chambers and could throw no light on
their origins. Toward the close
of the nineteenth century the opinions of a few influential archaeologists in
North America were that no European had set foot in America until the time of
Columbus. Since such opinions
precluded any possibility that the stone monuments of new England might be
related to the megalithic monuments of Europe, the entire subject fell out of
favor. Americans were sent to Europe
to study Stone Age and Bronze Age archaeology, and few, if any, though to pay
attention to the problems raised by the New England megaliths. So deeply ingrained is this view of the
age long isolation of America that when in 1976 Fell published his reasoned
thoughts on the parallels between American and European archaeological sites,
his book America BC was dismissed by
most archaeologists as ignorant rubbish.
In reality, much of Fell’s reasoning was based on a careful comparison
of engraved inscriptions found on the associated stonework, both in European
sites (especially Portugal and Spain) and in American contests. Fell recorded, for example, well-known
Iberian scripts of the late Bronze Age, found on hundreds of rocks in
Pennsylvania, and his decipherments, utilizing Professor David Diringer's
tales in The Alphabet (Hutchinson,
1968). Such works as Resurrección
María de Azukue's Diccionario Vasco-Español-Frances (Bilbao, 1969) enabled me to recognize and report Basque
gravestones and boundary marker stones, apparently dating from about the era
of 900 BC. European
epigraphers and linguists, such as the foremost Basque scholars, carried out
detailed checks on Fell’s findings, confirmed most of them, and, as already
noted, in the latest volume of the Gran Enciclopedia Vasca [a discussion is] now given over to matters raised by these
American Basque inscriptions, and the analysis by Imanol Agiŕe in his Vinculos de la Lengua Vasca gives a virtual total confirmation of his findings: the inscriptions, in Agíre's opinion, do
date from about 900 BC, and they do carry Basque phrases in the appropriate
Iberian alphabets of that period.
These findings have been the object of much discussion by
archaeologists. For a current summary
of the subject, reference may be made to the Occasional Publications of the Epigraphic Society, Volume 9 (1981), where some fifty
opinions, pro and con, are set out.
In general, it can be said in summary that linguists and epigraphers
agree that the American inscriptions are genuine and ancient, and that many
of them relate to the Bronze Age. Since
linguists and eipgraphers concur that the American inscriptions do include
genuine products of Bronze Age scribes, and that the scripts and languages
used show that the scribes came from European and North African lands, there
is no longer any basis for doubting that the monuments of North America that
resemble megaliths are indeed just that--megaliths. By this it should be understood monuments produced by colonists
from Europe in Bronze Age times. Now, a
popular book is not the proper place to review the tedious details of various
scripts and various languages employed and inscribed by these visitors, who
came from so many different lands.
Besides, Fell already wrote about these matters in America BC and Saga America, as well as in
around a hundred or so technical papers.
The most entertaining and attractive entrance to the subject is
through visiting some of the sites where American megalithic monuments can be
seen, and also through visiting the corresponding sites in Europe where, of
course, there is no dispute at all as to the authorship or antiquity of
megaliths.
Visual presentation rather than written descriptions form the best
introduction to the monuments, and in the atlas of photographs that are
presented here. European and American
examples of each of the major categories of megaliths are arranged in
comparable groups of similar structures. Radiocarbon
and amino-acid dating has only recently been applied to the determination of
dates of American megaliths [as of 1982 here], but analogous features
suggesting early European penetration into North America include the low
circular burial mounds that are called disk barrows. Already noted
previously the investigation of one of these, presently under way in New
England by James Whittall. it has so
far been learned that Whittall's site was under continuous occupation, at
least for ceremonial purposes, from about 5000 BC (amino-acid date 7200
Before Present), until about 500 BC.
Over that span of time a number of burials occurred and, as noted....
these include a Europoid skeleton. Associated stone artifacts resemble tools
of the era called Archaic in America (8000 to
500 BC), corresponding to the entire span of the Neolithic and Bronze Age in
Europe. Sometime before, AD 900,m
stonework structure was added around the margins of the barrow. These findings by Whittall point strongly
to European arrivals in North America long before Bronze Age times. Other
radiocarbon dates show that some of the megalithic chambers in New England
are of later date, one in Vermont, for example, yielding charcoal from the
foundation layer that gave a carbon date of about AD 200. As for those
megalithic monuments that contain no artifacts or charcoal, dates can only be
guessed at from indirect evidence.
The guesses made in that way suggest that most of them were probably
built during Bronze Age and Iron Age times, as indeed many of the European
megaliths can be shown to postdate the Neolithic period also. So massive and enduring are megaliths
that, whenever they were built, the affected the living space of later
peoples, and certainly Bronze Age Europeans utilized the Neolithic megaliths.
........" ”.....further comments will be restricted to the actual
megalithic monuments, merely noting here that the disk barrow, with its
contained female skeletons lying in flexed positions, is regarded in Europe
as a feature of the early Bronze Age and that therefore it is relevant to
note here that similar features occur in New England in districts where
megalithic monuments occur. Fell’s
own opinion, of course, remained unaltered; it is that the megalithic
monuments of northeastern North America were used during the Bronze Age and
therefore may have been constructed either shortly before or during the
Bronze Age. The term dolmen is a Breton word meaning a stone table. it aptly describes many of the smaller
examples of the megalithic monuments that go under this name. Such smaller examples, a meter or less in
height are shown in Figs. 25, 26, 27, 28., 29. & 30. As can be seen,
they comprise an upper, horizontal slab of stone, the capstone, which is supported on several vertical slabs, like a table,
with an internal cavity. European
archaeologists believe that the central cavity originally contained a burial
and that the entire structure was originally buried in earth that has
subsequently disappeared through erosion.
it is known that some examples had partial earth cover still intact a
century or so ago. Such bared burial
chambers are often distinguished from other dolmens under the name cromlech. Of the
examples shown, Figs. 25 & 26 are European, Fig. 25 from Carrazeda,
Portugal, and Fig. 26 from the Orkney Islands. The remaining four examples are all
American. Fig. 27 shows an example at Gay Head, on the island of Martha's Vineyard, Massachusetts; a faintly visible
ogam inscription occurs on one of the stones at the entrance to the small
chamber within.... The others, Fig 28., Fig 29. & Fig. 30, are all located
at Westport, Massachusetts. Similar ones occur in the Boston area. Nothing is known of any former burial
relics in these small cromlechs."
[Please see review of structures in <Megaliths>] Very much
large examples, with massive capstones and relatively shorter vertical
supports, form conspicuous dolmens.
These seem unlikely to have been covered by earth at any stage. A collapsed
dolmen was found in Vermont. The
finder, John Williams, also found a remarkable sculpted ax and halberd that
are cut into one end of the squared capstone (detail in Fig. 31). "A similar occurrence has been
reported from an early Bronze Age burial cairn at Nether Largie North, in
Scotland, ax heads being engraved on one end of the capstone and a halberd
with streamers on another upright stone of the same burial cist. it is difficult to conceive of any
Amerindian carving such devices and, as stated, the Algonquians of the New
England region have no knowledge of the authors of these stone monuments. The example
from Scotland cited above postdates the Neolithic period, to which megaliths are
customarily assigned, and suggests that dolmens are not restricted to a
single period. Still more striking
evidence is seen in examples from France..... The elaborately carved Tuscan columns that serve as the
supports for the massive capstone indicate that this dolmen cannot antedate
the Roman era. Also, dated Roman
coins have been found under dolmens in France, and other evidence proves that
they served as sites for some kind of ceremony even as late as the Middle
Ages, when the church authorities regarded such assemblies s the practice of
witchcraft. By analogy, then, there
are no grounds for insisting that dolmens are restricted to the archaeology
of the Neolithic period, as do some British authorities. The largest
of the dolmens utilize natural boulders, sometimes weighing up to 90 tons,
supported precariously, so it would seem, on the underlying peg stones, yet
their duration through 4,000 years shows their builders to have had a fine
sense of stable construction. An
example is depicted in Fig.
33, from Ireland, and another in Trelleborg, Sweden, is shown in Fig. 34. Corresponding examples from North America
are illustrated in Fig. 32, Fig. 35, Fig. 36 & Fig. 38. , Fig. 35 shows the dolmen
at Lynn, Massachusetts, locally known as the Cannon Stone. Fig. 32 is an example
from near Lake Lujenda, northern Minnesota,
discovered recently by David Harvey, and the first to
be reported from that state. The
other examples are from Bartlett, New Hampshire (Fig. 36), and North
Salem, New York (Fig. 38). It difficult
to distinguish the North American examples from the European ones and believe
that both sets were produced by ancient builders who shared a common
culture. When the evidence of
inscriptions is taken into account, ..... the relationship of the American
examples to those of northern Europe becomes undeniable.
A second category of megaliths is supplied by the underground stone
chambers, and on some of these, too, the American ones included, inscriptions
are found that use European scripts appropriate to the Bronze Age, as well as
later graffiti, which have no bearing on the date of construction. They fall in several categories, according
to the mode of construction. Some are
in the form of rectangular chambers, up to twenty feet in length by ten feet
in width, often with the long axis pointed toward the sunrise direction for
either the equinoxes or for one of the solstices. One at Danbury, Connecticut, carries
engraved on a fallen lintel stone the ancient symbol of the equinox, a circle
divided into equal halves, one half deeply engraved to represent night, the
other left clearly visible; this chamber, as John Williams and his colleagues
proved, faces the sunrise on the equinox days: that is, it is oriented due
east and points to a notch on the horizon within which the sun appears on the
days of the vernal and autumnal equinox.
The mode of
construction follows patterns appropriate to the type of stone naturally
available. Where large slabs can be
obtained, these are used as capstones to form the roofing, as in the Danish
chambers called Jaettestuer ("giants,
salons") Fig. 39 shows an example
at Aarhus, Denmark. North American examples include a large chamber at South Woodstock, Vermont (Fig. 40). The entrances
commonly have a massive lintel stone supported on either two vertical slabs
(called orthostats), as [one found at Mystery Hill,
North Salem, New Hampshire] or on a drystone vertical column of slabs on
either side (Fig. 41, Mystery Hill).
Alternatively, the construction may utilize natural features of the
environment, as at Concord, Massachusetts (Fig. 42), and at Gungywamp, near Groton, Connecticut (Fig. 43). The chamber may
be wholly subterranean, as in one of the White River examples in Vermont (Fig. 44), or may stand
free, as at Mystery Hill..... [See Fell 1982]. In the latter case the details of the wall construction are
visible externally (Fig. 45, Vermont) as
drystone and internally (Fig. 46, Mystery Hill),
the latter example showing some degree of trimming of the blocks. The internal chamber is usually
rectangular (Fig. 47, South
Woodstock, Vermont), but exceptionally, as in Fig. 46, the chamber may have lateral passages. Some chambers are covered by mounds, as in
the example shown in Fig. 48,, South
Woodstock. Where large capstones are
not available locally, corbelling is utilized to produce a roofing, as in the
chamber at Upton, Massachusetts (Fig. 49). Chambers of the latter type seem to be
related to the similar constructions called fougou in Cornwall, England, believed to date from the Iron Age and to
have been used in and after Roman times.
The function of a fougou is unknown, but food storage or places of
refuge are considered possibilities.
The New England tradition is that these chambers were built by the
colonists as "root cellars," for storing vegetables. But inquiries disclose that they were
already present on some sites at the time of the arrival of the colonists,
who, in any case, found that root vegetables survive the winter frost well
when buried in straw in the soil, but tend to decay from mold if placed in
the so called root cellars. The
enormous labor of construction, as opposed to the simplicity of building a
log cabin, denies another legend, that the colonists built the chambers to
live in while they were constructing their first farmhouses. Chambers are also found on mountainsides
where no farm has ever existed but where a good astronomical viewpoint is
obtained. Like the
dolmens, megalithic buildings continued to be utilized, and also to be
constructed, until Roman times. Fig. 50 and 2-30 depict Pictish broch construction at Baile Chladaich, northwestern Scotland. The brochs are believed to be defensive
structures made around 100 BC. Some other
distinctive megaliths occur in both Europe and North America. These include phallic monuments of
standing stones, called also dall or menhir. ...... [They ] are
associated with male fertility. So
also the megaliths called men-a-tol (Cornish "Hole
in the stone") or just "holey-stones," are [associated] with
the fertility goddesses. The
well-known stone rings and monuments such as Stonehenge are
also a feature of the megalithic industry. .... [These are noted] in connection with astronomical
observatories and calendar regulation.
For, although the English archaeologist Glyn Daniel
denies any connection of these structures with astronomy, competent
astronomers, notably the Thoms, father and son, of the Department of
Astronomy, Edinburgh University, and Gerald Hawkins,
Fred Hoyle, and John Carlson in
America have all concluded that an intimate connection exists between these
ring structures and the development of astronomical science." (Please
also see Figs. 37 & 51 ), [Please see review of these structures in
<Megaliths>] What the Excavations Reveal
Fell (1982)
continues that his professional work as an oceanographer had taken me to
various remote oceanic islands, and while there he had learned of the
existence of unexplained inscriptions cut in caves or painted in rock
shelters. These raised questions as
to who had made the inscriptions and when they had been made. Fell’s first paper on Polynesian rock art
has appeared under the aegis of the Royal Anthropological Institute in
1941. His colleagues began to look
out for inscriptions, too, when they know of his interest, and he gradually
assembled a considerable collection of photographs and casts as the years
went by. He soon became convinced
that Stone Age humans were by no means an ignorant, land-tied savage. On the contrary, he appeared to him to have
been a resourceful and accomplished mariner, who could cross ocean gaps between
Pacific islands greater than the total span of the Atlantic Ocean. As
oceanography advanced, methods were developed of sending various ingenious
devices down to the ocean floor to take samples by boring into the muds on
the bottom. Since mud accumulates
extremely slowly far away from the effluence of rivers, even just an inch
deep in the ocean floor takes us back to a time of deposition of the mud that
amounts to thousands of years. Also,
since bones and shells of marine animals fall to the bottom, they are
preserved there in the mud and become fossils. This fact led to Fell’s becoming involved in paleontology, the
study of fossils, and before long Fell was serving as consultant to various
geological institutions. One of the
skills that Fell had to acquire was knowledge of anatomy, so that fragmented
bones could be reassembled and identified.
Some of the restored bones that he
produced in this way became the object of research by specialists, and
various museums sought his aid in these matters. Consequently
when Fell learned by chance of the existence of hundreds of fragmented human
bones taken from archaeological digs that had yielded artifacts on which he could
see delicate inscriptions written in the Iberian alphabets of about 1000 BC,
he naturally became very interested and inquired whether the bones might be
made available to me for study. They
would be the first human remains we had yet encountered that were directly
linked with gravesites from which readable inscriptions in an ancient
European language were also recovered.
Through the good offices of Dr. William P. Grigsby of the Tennessee Archaeological Society, he
eventually found himself sorting, washing, and restoring the skulls of the
former owners of the inscribed artifacts. The first Americans, by which is meant people born and
bred in the New World, certainly descended from migrants who entered North
America by the only land route that links the Americas to the Old World, the
now nonexistent land bridge of the Bering Strait. Whether the first humans,
pithecanthropoids of the species Homo erectus, ever reached the
New World is unknown [Dr. R. D. Simpson, Callico Dig, CA. expressed a belief to Dr. Fred Legner in
1998 that Homo erectus might
certainly have reached Southern California].
Their fossils span areas in Africa and Eurasia that are or were
tropical and subtropical (as during interglacial phases in Europe). Since it is doubtful whether a suitably
warm climate could have occurred in the latitude of the Bering Strait,
especially at times when the sea level was low enough to enable a land bridge
to develop, it is possible that the reason why no pithecanthropoids have been
found in the Americas is because none ever reached here [see Climate]. By the time humans had evolved to the
stage represented by the Neanderthals of Europe, and the Old World generally,
periods of low sea level were still occurring, and it seems evident that the
bridge to America was crossed by humans on one (or many) of those
occasions. Fossil
humans at the Neanderthal stage is now known
from Brazil, and George Carter's latest
(1980) estimate suggests that a conservative date for the entry of humans
into America might be about 100,000 years ago. How long people like Neanderthals may have survived in the New
World is not known, but their cousins in the Old World were contemporaries of
modern types of man, at least until about 40,000 BC. As to what
kinds of humans came nest to America, opinions of the various anthropologists
who have commented in recent years seem all to be much the same: that is
likely that pygmies were early entrants, since they once formed an important
part of the southern Mongolian population,
still linger on in isolated parts of Malaysia and neighboring territories,
and are known by carbon-dating to range back in time to at least 40,000
BC. Before these latter facts were
known, writers such as Harold Gladwin, E. A. Hooton and Carelton Coon suggested
that there are traces of former pygmy populations in
America, mainly in the shape of isolated communities of undersized people on
the offshore islands. "Others,
such as the zoologist W. D. Funkhouser, and the
physicist W. S. Webb, of the University of Kentucky, drew
attention to the extraordinary diversity of skull form in the prehistoric
burials of Kentucky, and proposed that several distinct races are
represented. Bennett
H. Young (1910) had encountered a living tradition among Kentucky folk
that pygmies had once lived in some of the valleys of tributaries of the
Mississippi in that state. But when
he tried to track the stories to their source he concluded that they must
have been based on a misinterpretation of the cist burials. The latter, are small stone-slab burial
containers, some three feet in length, into which the disarticulated bones of
the dead were placed. The examples he
saw did not disclose pygmy skeletons.
Fell’s interest in this problem was aroused in 1980. Fell was engaged on reconstructing the
thousands of fragments of crania from sites in east Tennessee, sent to me by
Dr. William P. Grigsby and his colleagues.
Among the best of the materials they sent me from 600 burials were
several fragmented but almost complete crania, with jaws, in which the brain
capacity was that of a seven-year-old child (950 cubic cm), yet the teeth
showed from their complete development and severe wear that the skulls were
from middle-aged individuals. Later
Fell received from Dr. Grigsby some complete skulls among which was one
unbroken pygmy skull, with the jaws still attached to the facial bones. As is often
the case in Europe, prehistoric burial grounds from which these and other skeletons
were recovered by members of the Tennessee Archaeological Society showed from
their associated artifacts that a broad time span is implied, and that
whereas some of the burials had occurred during the Woodland period (ranging
back to about 1000 BC), others had taken place later. From the similar states of preservation of
the bones of both the pygmy types and those of the other races present in the
burials, it appeared that the pygmies were contemporary with the other
races. Fell obtained permission to
sacrifice some of the long bones of the limbs for radiocarbon dating. The result of a carbon-14 determination,
with C-13 correction, made by Geochron Laboratories, Cambridge, on carbon
dioxide recovered from the bone collagen yielded an age of 2,160 years plus
or minus 135 years: that is, they
dated from about the third century BC. (Please see Figs. 52 & 53). The majority
of the other skeletons conformed to the most common type of Amerindian
anatomy, in which the head is of the rounded (brachycephalic) type, and the
jaws project slightly (mesognathous), the lips therefore being full, as in
many Western tribes today. [Please
see Fig. 56] This a typical Mongolian condition, and there could be
little doubt that the population was derived from ancient forebears who had
entered the Americas from Asia. Some
of the skulls, however, were of a Europoid type, and reference by Dr. Grigsby
to his very large collections (some 32,000) of stone and bone and pottery
artifacts from the sites had already disclosed to him that inscriptions in
old European scripts were engraved on some of the objects. It looked,
therefore, as if a mixed population of several races had lived in the east
Tennessee area, and in all probability they would have interbred. No pygmies are known to have survived to
modern times in North America, at least not in the United States or Canada,
but it does seem likely that pygmies may have been among the native peoples
encountered by the first European explorers to come to eastern North
America." [The devastating
effects of diseases such as measles and smallpox on Amerindians after 1492 AD
and repeated European invasions, are known to have reduced population numbers
by over 85% in many parts of America]. Before Fell
received the skeletal material he had already become interested in the
problem of whether or not pygmies might have inhabited North America. The ancient European word for pygmy or
dwarf is a root based on the form nan. Thus in ancient Greek it is nanos, in Basque it is nanu or nano (according to dialect), in Irish Gaelic it is nan, and modern French has nain, Spanish enano. This strange unanimity
among the various languages of Europe, not all of them closely related,
seemed to suggest that there might once have been a race of pygmies known to
ancient Europeans. The lack of pygmy
bones in European archaeological sites seemed to imply that the inferred pygmies,
if they existed at all, may not have been European pygmies. Yet it seemed inconceivable that ancient
Europeans could have known about the pygmies of central Africa, of those of
the remote highlands of Malaysia and the Philippines. What intrigued
me still more, and prompted me to draw attention to the matter in two papers
Fell wrote on the language of the Takhelne tribe of
British Columbia, was that these American Indians also had a tradition of
pygmies (or dwarves), whom they called the Et-nane. Later Fell learned from a colleague that
the Shoshone vocabulary also includes a similar word, whose root is nana- and is defined by the compiler of the Shoshone Dictionary as "elf-like people.” Now, when
Fell began to analyze the anatomical characteristics of the pygmy skulls from
Tennessee, he soon discovered that they matched those of the pygmies of the
Philippines, who are also brachycephalic.
[Please see Figs. 58 & 59] Further, he learned from the accounts of explorers in
Malaysia who had penetrated to areas where no racial intermixture had
occurred that the pure or true-bred pygmy there has very prognathous jaws, as
is the case with the American skulls.
These Malaysian and Philippine pygmies are regarded by archaeologists
as remnants of a formerly extensive Mongoloid pygmy race that once occupied
much of southern East Asia. Carter
believes that their characters area still to be recognized in dilute trace
form in the occasional frizzy hair, dark skin, and squat stature observed
among southern Chinese.
Significantly, perhaps, the best-known native name of the Oriental
pygmies is the Aëta.
Perhaps this root is the origin of the prefix Et- used by the Takhelne.
Whether that be so or not, it is clear that the pygmies of Tennessee
were of Oriental--that is to say, East Asian--origin; and since pygmies are
not maritime people, they can have reached the Americas only by the land
route. They must
once have been more widely dispersed than our present finds imply. However, since they reached as far east as
east Tennessee, and their bones have been found in association with Europoids
and inscribed artifacts of Europoid type, such as loom weights and pottery
stamps, lettered in ancient Irish (noted as Celtic) and Basque [see Figs. 183, 185, 186, 187 & 189], Fell concluded that
there were in fact meetings of the two races, and that therefore the European
visitors could well have taken back to Europe some account of these
mysterious undersized people. An inscription that Professors Heizer and
Martin Baumhoff had recorded from 1California (Fig.
63), when
deciphered as Ancient Irish ogam, seemed also to suggest that early explorers
had encountered some pygmy race that they considered dangerous. In addition to
skeletal remains, a number of sculptures, evidently of ancient origin, have
been discovered at varying depths in the soil, some of them depicting people
of obvious Europoid origin, yet all the evidence indicates that these
sculptures were created in America, at an era long before the colonists
arrived in modern times. Some
representative illustrations (Fig. 60, Fig. 61, Fig. 62) may serve to
show their nature and their similarity to ancient European sculpture that has
been attributed to the Gauls. Most
striking is the head of a man, carved in Ancient Irish style, with the
curving nostrils and staring eyes that one encounters in Irish art and
wearing as a chaplet a twig of bog oak leaves and acorns. it seems difficult to regard this as
representing anything other than an Irish priest, or druid. It was found in Searsmont, Maine, a part
of a larger work of which the torso still remains on the site, the head being
now in the museum at Sturbridge, Massachusetts. Fell
believed that these heads and others like them are truly ancient American
artifacts, and that the hands that carved them are also responsible for the
engraved inscriptions in ogam and other ancient European alphabets, found on
artifacts at burial sites and also cut in rock. [ Continue with <bronze5.htm> ] |