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GLOSSARY

                                                                                                      (Contacts)

 

       Following are definitions of key scientific terms, as derived primarily from Borror (1960), Borror et al. (current running dates),

Brown (1954), Carpenter (1938), Dorland (1932), Hanson (1959), Henderson & Henderson (1939), and Huber & Sharkey (1993)

[see latter for illustrations], Jaeger (155), Jardine (1913), Pennak (1964), Smith (1906), Snodgrass (1935), Torre-Bueno (1937), Tuxen

(1970) and Tweney & Hughes (1940).

 

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<A  terms>

 

abdomen (adj., abdominal).  (Hymenoptera) The principal posterior division of the body, posterior to the leg-bearing

segments and composed of 10 or fewer apparent segments; in most Symphyra abdominal segment 1 is easily

recognized by its median split (cf. metasoma, propodeum).  The posterior of three body regions.

 

abscissa (pl. abscissae).  A segment of a wing vein that is delimited by the intersection of other veins.

 

accessory vein  An extra branch of a longitudinal vein (indicated by a subscript a; for example, an accessory of M, is designated Ml.

 

accessory pulsatile organ  Contractile organs that func­tion to move hemolymph into and out of appendages.

 

accessory cell.  A closed cell in the front wing of Lepidoptera formed by the fusion of 2 branches of the radius, usually

the R-2 cell

 

accessory gland  A secretory organ associated with the reproductive system; a gland associated with reproductive

organs or either males of females and producing substances accompanying the sperm or eggs.

 

accessory pulsatile organ.  Contractile organs that function to move hemolymph into and out of appendages.

 

accessory vein.  An extra branch of a longitudinal vein (indicated by a subscript "a").

 

acrosternite.  The portion of a sternum anterior to the antecostal suture.

 

acrostichal bristles.  One or more longitudinal rows of small bristles along the center of the mesonotum in Diptera.

 

acrotergite.  The portion of a tergum anterior to the antecostal suture.

 

aculea (pl., aculeae).  Minute spines on the wing membrane in Lepidoptera.

 

aculeate.  With aculea in Lepidoptera or a sting in Hymenoptera.

 

acuminate.  Tapering to a long point.

 

acute  Pointed; forming an angle of less than 90°. Sharply angled, less than 90° 

 

adecticous  A type of pupa in which the mandibles are immovable and nonfunctional.

 

adfrontal areas.  A pair of narrow oblique sclerites on the head of a lepidopterous larva.

 

adventitious vein  A secondary vein, neither accessory nor intercalary, usually the result of cross veins lined up to form

a continuous vein.  A wing vein that is not homologized with a standard wing vein. 

 

aedeagus.  The sclerotized median intromittent organ of a male insect.  The male intromittent organ; the distal part of

the phallus; penis plus parameres.

 

aeropile.  the opening in the chorion (egg shell) through which air enters, often covered by a plastron.

 

aestivation.  Dormancy during a warm or dry season.

 

agamic.  Reproducing parthenogenetically (without mating).

 

alinotum.  The notal plate of the mesothorax or metathorax of a pterygote insect.

 

allometric growth.  A genetically determined tendency for a certain body part to grow at a more rapid rate than other

parts.

 

allomone.  An external chemical signal that acts between different species to benefit the producer; e.g., to repel a

predator or parasitoid.

 

alula (pl., alulae).  A lobe at the base of the wing in Diptera; see calypter.

 

ametabolous  Without metamorphosis (= changing little in form during the course of growth and molting).

 

anal Pertaining to the last abdominal segment (which bears the anus!; the posterior basal part Ifor example, of the wing.

 

anal crossing.  Where A branches posteriorly from Cu+A in Odonata.

 

anal cell.  A cell in the anal area of the wing; cell 1A of Diptera.

 

anal area of the wing  The posterior portion of the wing, usually including the anal veins.

 

anal lobe.  A lobe in the posterior basal part of the wing.

 

anal loop.  A group of cells in the hind wing of dragonflies between Cu-2, 1A, and 2A which may be rounded,

elongated or foot-shaped.

 

analogy  Similarity in function filling a common need but having a different evolutionary origin.

 

anamorphosis.  Development of an organism in which one or more body segments are added posteriorly at each molt.

 

anapleurite.  The upper and outer of the two incomplete subcoxal rings that form the thoracic pleurites.

 

anelli.   ring-like segments

 

anelliform .   ring-like

 

anellus.   ring-like sgement

 

anemotaxis.  Orientation with respect to currents in the air.

 

anepimeron.  The portion of the anapleurite posterior to the pleural suture.

 

anepisternum.  The portion of the anapleurite anterior to the pleural suture.

 

anisomorphal.  A defensive allomone of the walkingstick Anisomorpha.

 

annulate.  Ringed; formed in ring-like segments or color patterns.

 

annulated  With ringlike segments or divisions.

 

anteapical  Just proximad of the apex.

 

anteapical cell.  A cell in the distal part of the wing of leafhoppers.

 

anteapical.  Just proximal of the apex.

 

anteclypeus.  An anterior division of the clypeus.

 

antecosta (pl., antecostae).  An internal ridge on the anterior portion of a tergum or sternum that serves as the site of

attachment of the longitudinal muscles.

 

antecostal sclerite.  A sclerite of the metasternum, just anterior to the hind coxae.

 

antecostal suture.  An external groove that marks the position of the internal antecosta.

 

antecoxal sclerite  A sclerite of the metasternum, just an­terior to the hind coxae.

 

antenna (pl., antennae; adj., antennal).  A paired, segmented sensory appendage of the head between the compound

eyes, which consists of 3 segments having intrinsic muscles and usually sensory in function.

 

antennal club  The enlarged distal segments of a clubbed antenna.antennal fossa.  A cavity or depression in which the

antennae are located.

 

antennal groove.  A groove in the head capsule into which the basal segment of the antenna fits.

 

antennule  The first antennae of Crustacea.

 

antenodal cross veins.  Cross veins along the costal border of the wing, between the base of the wing and the nodus,

extending from the costa to the radius (Odonata).

 

antepenultimate.  The 3rd from the last.

 

antepygidial bristle.  One or more large bristles on the apical margin of the 7th (next to last) tergum in Siphonaptera.

 

anterior.  Front; in front of.

 

antepygidial bristle  One or more large bristles on the ap­ical margin of the seventh (next to the last) tergum

(Siphonaptera).

 

anterior  Front; in front of.

 

anterior cross vein.  The r-m cross vein in Diptera.

 

anterodorsal  In the front and at the top or upper side.

 

anteromesal.  In the front and along the midline of the body.

 

anteroventral.  In the front and underneath or on the lower side.

 

antibiosis.  Any deleterious effect on insect survival resulting from feeding on a resistant host.

 

anus.  The posterior opening of the alimentary tract.

 

aorta.  A blood-containing tube in insects that extends forward from the heart and is open anteriorly (nonpulsatile

portion of the dorsal blood vessel).  The anterior nonpulsatile portion of the dorsal blood vessel.

 

apex (pl., apices; adj., apical, apico-).  Part of a structure most remote from its point of attachment to the body.

 

apical  At the end, tip, or outermost part.

 

apical cell.  A cell near the wing tip

 

apical cross vein.  A cross vein enar the apex of the wing (Plecoptera, Homoptera).

 

apodeme  An invagination of the body wall forming a rigid process that serves for muscle attachment and for the

strengthening of the body wall. apolysis The separation of the epidermis from the cuticle (part of the process

of moltingl.  An invagination of the exoskeleton that serves as a point of muscle attachment.

 

apolysis.  Retraction of the epidermal cells from the inner surface of the endocuticle, the first step in molting.

 

apophysis (pl., apophyses).  A tubercular or elongated process of the body wall, either external or internal.

 

aposematism.  Possession of vivid coloration that identifies an insect as having distasteful or unpleasant properties.

 

appendix.  A supplementary or additional piece or part (eg., homopteran wing).

 

appetitive behavior.  Searching behavior of variable pattern, seeking an appropriate stimulus.

 

apposition eye.  A type of compound eye occuring in diurnal insects, in which each ommatidium is surrounded by a

shield of pigment.

 

apterous.  Wingless

 

apterygote.  A wingless insect of a group believed never to have had wings in its history (primitively wingless

hexapod).

 

aquatic.  Living in water.

 

arcuate.  Bent like a bow, or arched.

 

arculus.  A basal cross vein between the radius and the cubitus in Odonata.

 

areola (pl., areolae; adj., areolate).  In Ichneumonidae, the median area of the propodeum that is enclosed by ridges.

 

areole  An accessory cell Isee also basal areolel.

 

areolet.  In Ichneumonidae, the small cell in the center of the forewing (submarginal cell opposite the 2nd m-cu cross vein); the 1st radial sector cell.

 

arista.  A large bristle, usually dorsally located, on the apical antennal segment in Diptera.

 

aristate.  Bristlelike, with an arista; aristate antenna.

 

arolium (pl., arolia).  A pad-like median lobe between the tarsal claws (also see pretarsus).  A padlike structure at the

apex of the last tarsal segment, between the claws (Orthoptera); a padlike structure at the base of each tarsal

claw (Hemiptera).

 

arrhenotoky  A form of parthenogenesis in which females are produced from fertilized eggs, males from unfertil­ized

eggs.

 

articulation.  A joint as between 2 segments or structures.

 

aspirator  A device with which insects may be picked up by suction.

 

associative learning.  Acquisition of the capacity to associate a stimulus with a reward (or punishment).

 

asymmetrical  Not alike on the two sides.

 

asynchronous muscle  A rapidly contracting muscle in which the individual contractions are not initiated by a neuronal

impulse (compare synch‑onous orneurogenic musclel .

 

atrium  (pl., atnal A chamber; a chamber just inside a body opening.

 

atrophied  Reduced in size, rudimentary.

 

attenuated.  Very slender and gradually tapering distally.

 

auricle.  A small lobe or earlike structure (Hymenoptera).

 

autocidal control.  The use of insects for self destruction, mostly by release of sterile individuals.

 

autogenous.  In blood-feeding insects, the ability to produce eggs without taking blood (as some mosquitoes).

 

auxiliary vein.  The subcosta (Diptera)

 

axilla (pl., axillae; adj., axillar).  In groups with a transscutal articulation, posterolateral portion of the mesoscutum

separated from the mesoscutum lateral to the scutellum; usually triangular (also see scutum).  A triangular or

rounded sclerite laterad of the scutellum and usually just caudad of the base of the front wing (Hymenoptera).

 

axillary cell  A cell in the anal area of the wing (Diptera & Hymenoptera)

 

axillary sclerite  A small sclerite at the wing base that articulates with the thorax.

 

axillary sclerites  The small sclerites at the base of the wing that translate deformations of the thorax into movements.

 

axillula (pl., axillulae; adj., axillular).  In Chalcidoidea, the lateral subdivision of the scutellum delimited by a

longitudinal line.

 

axon.  A fiber of a nerve cell that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body.

 

 

<B  terms>

 

binominal nomenclature  The system of nam­ing organisms with two names, generic and specific.

 

biological control  The employment of biotic agents, such as predators, parasitoids, and disease organisms, to control

populations.

 

band  A transverse marking broader than a line.

 

basal areole  A small cell at the base of the wing; the cell at the base of the wing between Sc and R (Lepidoptera)

 

basal anal cell  An anal cell near the wing base; a cell at the base of the wing between IA and 2A (Plecoptera)

 

basal cell  A cell near the base of the wing, bordered at least in part by the unbranched portions of the longi­tudinal

veins; in the Diptera, one of the two cells proximad of the anterior cross vein and the discal cell (Diptera).

 

basal vein  A vein in about the middle of the front wing, extending from the median vein to the subcostal or cubital

vein; the first free segment of M (Hymenoptera).

 

basalare  lor basalar sclerite1 An epipleurite located ante­rior to the pleural wing process.

 

base (pl., basal, basi-).  Part of a structure closest to its point of attachment to the body.

 

basement membrane  A noncellular membrane underly­ing the epidermal cells of the body wall.

 

basisternum  That part of a thoracic sternum anterior to the sternacostal suture.

 

basitibial plate.  In Apoidea, a small flat, hairless, raised region of the dorsal surface of the metatibia at its base.

 

beak  The protruding mouthpart structures of a sucking insect; proboscis.

 

bifid  Forked, or divided into two parts.

 

bilateral symmetry  See symmetry

 

bilobed  Divided into two lobes

 

biotic release  The sudden release of a popula­tion from its natural enemies, often result­ing in a population explosion.

 

biotype  A population of a species that differs genetically from another population with respect to host affiliation (also

called "host race").

 

bipectinate  Having branches on two sides like teeth of a comb.

 

biramous  With two branches; consisting of an endopod­ite and an exopodite ICrustaceal.

 

bisexual  With males and females.

 

bituberculate  With two tubercles or swellings.

 

bivalved  With two valves or parts, clamlike.

 

bivoltine  Having two generations per year.

 

blastoderm  The thin cellular layer that sur­rounds the yolk of an egg.

 

bombyko  The sex attractant pheromone of the female silkworm moth.

 

blastoderm  The peripheral cell layer in the insect egg following cleavage.

 

book gills  The leaflike gills of a horseshoe crab.

 

book lung  A respiratory cavity containing a series of leaf­like folds Ispiders).

 

borrow pit  A pit formed by an excavation, where earth has been "borrowed" for use elsewhere. boss A smooth lateral

prominence at the base of a chelic­era Ispiders).

 

brace vein  A slanting cross vein; in Odonata, a slanting cross vein just behind the proximal end of the stigma.

 

brachypterous  With short wings that do not cover the abdomen.

 

brain.  anterior ganglion of the nervous system, lo­cated above the esophagus; in insects composed of the

protocerebrum, deutocerebrum, and tritoce­rebrum.

 

brain hormone  A chemical messenger produced by neu­rosecretory cells in the brain that activates the protho­racic

glands to produce ecdysone jalso known as PTTH or prothoracicotropic hormone).

 

brevicomin  An aggregation pheromone of the bark beetle dendroctonus ore~icomis.

 

bridge cross vein  A cross vein anterior  to the bridge vein (Odonata).

 

bridge vein   The vein that appears as the basal part of the radial sector, by M, and the oblique vein (Odon­ata).

 

brood The  individuals that hatch from the eggs laid by one mother; individuals that hatch at about the same time and

normally mature at about the same time.

 

bucca  (pl., buccael)  A sclerite on the head below the com­pound eye and iust above the mouth opening (Diptera)

 

buccal cavity  The opening enclosed by the mouthparts, leading to the true mouth and the pharynx.

 

buccula  (pl, bucculae)  One of two ridges on the underside of the head, on each side of the beak (Hemiptera).

 

bulla (pl., bullae).  In Ichneumonidae, unpigmented area of a vein where it is crossed by a wing fold or line of flexion.

 

bursa copulatrix  A pouch of the female reproductive sys­tem that receives the male genitalia during copulation.

 

bursa copulatrix  A pouch on the median oviduct of the female that receives the aedeagus of the male.

 

bursicon  The hormone controlling tanning and expansion, produced by neurosecre­tory cells of the brain.

 

bursicon  A hormone involved in the process of sclerotization.

 

 

<C  terms>

 

caecum  (pl., caecae)  A saclike or tubelike structure, open at only one end.

 

calamistrum  One or two rows of curved spines on the metatarsus of the hind legs of spiders.

 

calcaria  Movable spurs at the apex of the tibia.

 

callus  (pl., callil A rounded swelling.

 

calypter  (pl., calypteres)  One or two small lobes at the base of the wing, located just above the haltere (Dip­tera) (also

called squama).

 

camera lucida  A device enabling one to make accurate drawings of objects seen through a microscope; when it is

attached to the eyepiece of a microscope; the observer can see the object under the mi­croscope and his or her

drawing paper at the same time.

 

campaniform sensillum  A sense organ con­sisting of a dome‑shaped portion of the cu­ticle with associated sensory

neuron; per­ceives stresses in the cuticle.  A sense organ consisting of a dome‑shaped cuticular area into which

the sensory cell process is insertcd like the clapper of a bell.

 

campodeiform larva  A larva shaped like the dipluran Campodea (that is, elongate and flattened), with well‑developed

legs and antennae, and usually active.

 

cantharidin  A defense allomotle of blister beetles (also known as "Spanish fly").

 

capitate  With an apical knoblike enlargement; capitate antenna.

 

carapace  A hard dorsal covering consisting of fused dorsal sclerites (Crustacea)

 

cardo  (pl., cardines)  The basal segment or division of a maxilla; one of two small latero­basal sclerites in the millipede

gnathochilarium.

 

cardo (pl., cardines).  The basal part of the maxilla.

 

carina (pl., carinae; adj., carinate).  A ridge or raised line.

 

carinate  Ridged or keeled.

 

carnivorous  Feeding on the flesh of other animals.

 

caste  A form or type of adult in a social insect (termites &ants).

 

catapleurite  The lower and inner of the two incomplete subcoxal rings that form the thoracic pleurites lalso called the

catepleurite, katepleurite, and coxopleurite.

 

catepimeron  The portion of the catapleurite posterior to the pleural suture.

 

catepistetnum  The portion of the catapleurite anterior to the pleural sulcus.

 

caterpillar  An eruciform larva; the larva of a butterfly, moth, sawfly, or scorpionfly.

 

caudad  Toward the tail, or toward the posterior end of the body.

 

caudal  Pertaining to the tail or posterior end of the body.

 

caudal filament  A threadlike process at the posterior end of the abdomen.

 

cell  A space in the wing membrane partly (an open celll or completely (a closed celll surrounded by veins.

 

cell (of the wing)  A thin, membranous area surrounded by veins.

 

Cephalothorax.   head + thorax

 

cercus (pl., cerci)  An antennalike sen­sory appendage arising from the posterior end of the abdomen.

 

cell.  The area between the veins of a wing; it is closed when completely surrounded by veins, otherwise it is open.

 

cenchrus (pl., cenchri).  In Symphyta, a paired circular, or oval structure on the sublateral portion of the metascutum.

 Roughened pad on the metanotum of sawflies (Symphyta) serving to hold the wings in place when folded over

the dorsum.

 

cephalad  Toward the head or anterior end.

 

cephalic  On or attached to the head; anterior.

 

cephalothorax  A body region consisting of head and tho­racic segments (Crustacea and Arachnida).

 

cercus (pl., cerci; adj., cercal).  A paired, posterior, sensory appendage of the last (morphological 1/10th) abdominal

tergum, which usually bears sevgeral setae.  With a reduction of the apical segments of the metasoma, the cerci

often seem to be on a more anterior segment.

 

cercus  (pl., cerci)  One of a pair of appendages at the pos­terior end of the abdomen.

 

cervical  Pertaining to the neck or cervix.

 

cervical sclerite  A sclerite located in the lateral part of the cervix, between the head and the prothorax.

 

cervix  The largely membranous neck region of an insect, between head and thorax.

 

chaetotaxy  The arrangement and nomenclature of the bristles on the exoskeleton (Diptera).

 

cheek  The lateral part of the head between the compound eye and the mouth (see genai

 

chela (pl., chelae; adj., chelate).  In Dryinidae, the modified tarsus in which the apical tarsomere forms a clasping

structure with its opposable tarsal claw; a pincer.

 

chelate  Pincerlike, having two opposable claws.

 

chelicera (pl., chelicerae)  One of the ma­jor elements in the mouthparts of spiders and related arthropods; not jawlike,

but in the form of fangs, pincers, or piercing organs.

 

chelicera  (pl., chelicerae)  One of the anterior pair of ap­pendages in arachnids.

 

cheliped  A leg terminating in an enlarged pincerlike structure (Crustacea).

 

chemoreceptor  A sensillum capable of detecting chemi­cals (by olfaction and/or gustationi.

 

chemoreceptor  A sense organ modified for the reception of chemical stimuli.

 

chemotaxis  Orientarion with respect to a chemical gradient.

 

chitin  A nitrogenous polysaccharide formed primarily of units of N‑acetyl glucosamine, occurring in the cuticle of arthropods. The tough, insoluble polysaccharide making up a major part of the insect procuticle

 

chordotonal organ  A sense organ, the cellular elements of which form an elongate structure attached at both ends to

the body wall.

 

chordotonal organ  An elongate sense organ attached to the inner surface of the body wall and sensitive to stretching

and to vibrations .

 

choriogenesis  Formation of the shell (cho­rion) of the egg.

 

chorion  The outer shell of an arthropod egg.

 

chrysalis  (pl., chrysalids or chrysalides)  The pupa of a butterfly.

 

cibarium  A preoral cavity enclosed by the labrum ante­rior, the hypopharynx or labium posteriorly, and the mandibles

and maxillae laterally.

 

circadian rhythm  An endogenous rhythm involving a response at about 24‑hour intervals .

 

circulatory virus  A virus that circulates within the body of an insect before being introduced into a new host.

 

cleptoparasite  A l'thief parasite," one that consumes the food stored by another insect in a nest.

 

climatic release  Release of climatic re­straints, such as a period of favorable weather or entry into a favorable region,

resulting in population increase.

 

clypeus  A sclerite on the front of ~ne head, above the labrum.

 

coevolution  An evolutionary change in a trait of individuals of one population in response to a trait of individuals of

a sec­ond population, followed by an evolution­ary response of the second population to a change in the first.

 

colleterial gland  An accessory gland of the female that produces the ootheca.

 

communication  The production of a signal by an individual that influences the behav­ior of another individual and that

is mu­tually beneficial.

 

companionate planting  The intercropping of certain repellent plants with crop plants.

 

circumesophageal connective  A nerve connecting the tri­tocerebral lobes of the brain with the subesophageal ganglion.

 

class  A subdivision of a phylum or subphylum, contain­ing a group of related orders.

 

claval lobe.  The posterior portion of a wing behind the claval fold and in front of the jugal fold, when present (also see

jugal lobe).

 

claval fold.  The furrow on the forewing jsut anterior to, and aprallel with, vein 1A, and extending to the claval notch

on the wing margin.

 

claval suture  The suture of the front wing separating the clavus from the corium (Hemiptera).

 

claval vein  A vein in the clavus (Hemiptera, Homoptera).

 

clavate  Clublike, or enlarged at the tip; clavate antennae.

 

clavus  The oblong or triangular anal portion of the front wing (Hemiptera and Homoptera)

 

claw tuft  A dense tuft of hairs below the claws (spiders)

 

cleft  Split or forked.

 

cleptoparasite  A parasite that feeds on food stored for the host larvae.

 

closed cell  A wing cell bounded on all sides by veins.

 

closed coxal cavity  One bounded posteriorly by a sclerite of the same thoracic segment of front coxal cavities, (Co­

leoptera) or one completely surrounded by sternal sclerites and not touched by any pleural sclerites of middle

coxal cavities (Coleoptera).

 

club.  The enlarged apical flagellar segment or segments of an antenna (also see funicle).

 

clubbed  With the distal part ior segmentsl enlarged; clubbed antennae.

 

clypeus (adj. clypeal).  The medial sclerite of the head immediately above the labrum; often defined dorsally and

laterally by the epistomal groove.  A sclerite on the lower part of the face, between the frons and the labium.

 

coarctate larva  A larva somewhat similar to a dipterous puparium, in which the skin of the preceding instar is not

completely shed but remains attached to the caudal end of the body; the sixth instar of a blister beetle, also

called a pseudopupa.

 

coarctate pupa  A pupa enclosed in a hardened shell formed by the last larval skin (Diptera).

 

cocoon  A silken case inside which the pupa is formed.

 

collophore  A tubelike structure located on the ventral side of the first abdominal segment of Collembola.

 

collum  The tergite of the first segment (Diplopoda).

 

colon  The large intestine; that part of the hindgut be­tween the ileum and the rectum.

 

colulus  A slender pointed structure Iying just anterior to the spinnerets (spiders1

 

commensalism  A living together of two or more species, none of which is injured thereby and at least one of which

is benefited.

 

commissure  A structure (trachea or nervel that connects the left and right sides of a segment.

 

common oviduct  The median tube of the female internal genitalia leading from the lateral oviducts to the gonopore.

 

competitive exclusion principle  The con­cept that two species cannot long coexist if they have identical niches.

 

complete metamorphosis  Striking changes between larva and adult, with an interven­ing pupal stage.

 

conditioning  See Associative learning.

 

contest competition  Competition involving aggressive interactions between individ­uals.

 

coprophagous  Feeding on fecal material.

 

cornicle  One of a pair of tubelike processes on the abdomen of aphids, secretes an allo­mone and an alarm pheromone.

 

 cornicles.   dorsal tubular structures on posterior abdomen

 

corpus allatum (pl., corpora allata)  A small endocrine gland situated behind the brain, the source of juvenile hormone.

 

corpus cardiacum (pl., corpora cardiaca)  A small organ of nervous origin just behind the brain, associated with

storage and re­lease of PTTH and other hormones.

 

corpus pedunculatum (pl., corpora pedunculata)  See Mushroom body.

 

compound eye  An eye composed of many individual ele­ments or ommatidia, each of which is represented ex­ternally

by a facet; the external surface of such an eye consists of circular facets that are very close together or of facets

that are in contact and more or less hexag­onal in shape.

 

compressed.  Flattened from side to side (higher than wide).

 

concave.  Pertaining to a linear structure, margin, or surface that is curved inward (cf. convex).

 

concave vein  A vein protruding from the lower surface of the wing.

 

condyle.  A knoblike process forming an articulation.

 

connate  Fused together or immovably united.

 

connective  A structure (such as a trachea or nervel that runs from one segment to another.

 

constricted  Narrowed.

 

contiguous  Touching each other.

 

convergent  Becoming closer distally.

 

convergent  Becomingcloserdistally.

 

convex vein  A vein protruding from the upper surface of the wing.

 

convex vein  A vein protruding from the upper surface of the wing.

 

corbicula  (pl., corbiculae)  A smooth area on the outer surface of the hind tibia, bordered on each side by a fringe of

long curved hairs, which serves as a pollen basket (beesl.

 

convex.  Pertaining to a linear structure, margin, or surface that is curved outward (cf. concave).

 

corbicula (pl., corbiculae).  In Apiformes, the concave, smooth region of the metatibia that is margined by a fringe of

setae arising from the margins; it forms a pollen basket.  A smooth area on the outer surface of the hind tibia,

bordered on each side by a fringe of long curved hairs, which serves as a pollen basket (beesl.

 

corium  The elongate, usually thickened, basal portion of the front wing (Hemiptera).

 

cornea  The cuticular part of an eye.

 

cornicle  One of a pair of dorsal tubular structures on the posterior part of the abdomen (aphids).

 

cornicle  One of a pair of dorsal tubular structures on the posterior part of the abdomen (aphids).

 

corniculi  (sing., corniculus) see urogomphi.

 

coronal suture  A longitudinal suture along the midline of the vertex, between the compound eyes.

 

corpus allatum  (pl., corpora allata)  One of a pair of small structures immediately behind the brain, involved in

secretion of juvenile hormone.

 

costa  A longitudinal wing vein usually forming the an­terior margin of the wing; a sclerotized ridge in the cuticle.

 

costal area  The portion of the wing immediately behind the anterior margin.

 

costal cell  The wing space between the costa and the subcosta.

 

costal break  A point on the costa where the sclerotization is weak or lacking or the vein appears to be broken (Diptera)

 

costal area  The portion of the wing immediately behind the anterior margin.

 

costal notch.  The excision of the wing margin between the apex of the costal vein and the base of the stigma.

 

coxa (pl., coxae; adj., coxal).  The first segment of a leg, between the body and the trochanter.  The basal segment of

the leg.  The most basal segment of the insect leg, articulating with the thorax.

 

coxopleurite  See catapleurite.

 

coxopodite  The basal segment of an arthropod appendage.

 

coxosternum  A sclerite representing the fusion of the sternum and the coxopodites of a segment.

 

crawler  The active first instar of a scale insect.

 

cremaster  A spinelike or hooked process at the posterior end of the pupa, often used for attachment (Lepidop­tera).

 

crenulate  Wavy, or with small scallops.

 

cribellum  A sievelike structure Iying just anterior to the spinnerets (spiders).

 

crochets  lpronounced croshays) Hooked spines at the tip of the prolegs of lepidopterous larvae.

 

crop  An expansible part of the foregut that holds food until it can be passed into the midgut.  The dilated posterior

portion of the foregut, just behind the esophagus.

 

crypsis  Close resemblance of an animal to its physical or biotic background (also called protective coloration).

 

cross vein  A vein connecting adjacent longitudinal veins.

 

cruciate  Crossing; shaped

 

cryptonephridia  Malpighian tubules that are closely as­sociated with the hind gut and surrounded by a mem­brane, thus

separating this complex from the rest of the hemocoel.

 

ctenidium  (pl., ctenidia)  A row of stout bristles like the teeth of a comb.

 

cubito‑anal cross vein   A cross vein between the cubitus and an anal vein.

 

cubitus  The longitudinal vein immediately posterior to the media.

 

cultural control  Modification of the en­vironment‑‑for example, by tillage‑‑to make it less attractive to pests.

 

cuneus.   Trriangular apical part of thickened portion of wing

 

cuticle  The noncellular outer portion of the integument.

 

cuticulin  The tough, insoluble substance making up the outer surface of the epicu­ticle, containing cross‑linked lipid

and pro­tein molecules.

 

cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (CPV)  A virus that develops in the cytoplasm of host cells, chiefly in the midgut.

 

 

<D  terms>

 

Darwinian fitness  differential reproduction, in terms of the number of genes an individ­ual passes to the next

generation.

 

depressed.  Flattened from top to bottom (wider than high).

 

density‑dependent factor  A factor that causes a level of mortality that varies with the number of individuals in the

popula­tion.

 

deutocerebrum  The middle section of the brain, which innervates the antennae.

 

diapause  A state of arrested behavior, growth, and development that occurs at one stage in the life cycle.

 

digitus.   Pad-like lobe of male genitalia

 

direct pest  A pest insect that attacks a part of a plant that is harvested, as contrasted to an indirect pest.

 

distal  Referring to the part of an appendage that is farthest from the body.

 

dorsal  Referring to the upper surface (back) of an animal.

 

dorsal diaphragm  A muscular shcet under­lying the heart which assists in the flow of blood.

 

dorsal longitudinal muscles  Muscles running longitudinally, dorsally in insect segments, in the thorax powering the

downstroke of the wings of most insects.

 

dorsoventral muscles  Muscles inserting on the dorsum of the thorax and originating ventrally, powering the upstroke

of the wings of most insects.

 

dorsum  The upper surface (back) of an animal .

 

Dufour's gland  An exocrine gland on the ventral, posterior part of the abdomen of female Hymenoptera, the source

of phero­mones serving diverse functions.

 

disc (adj., discal).  The central surface of any structure.

 

dorsal diaphragm  An incomplete wall of muscle separat­ing the area around the dorsal blood vessel (the pericar­dial

sinus) from the rest of the hemocoel.

 

dorsocentral bristles  A longitudinal row of bristles on the mesonotum, just laterad of the acrostichal bristles (Diptera).

 

dorsolateral At the  top and to the side.

 

dorsomesal  At the top and along the midline.

 

dorsoscutellar bristles  A pair of bristles on the dorsal portion of the scutellum, one on each side of the mid­line

(Diptera).

 

dorsoventral  From top to bottom, or from the upper to the lower side.

 

dorsum  The back or top (dorsal) side.

 

Dyar's rule  The increase in width of the larval head cap­sule by a factor of 1.2‑1.4 from one molt to the next.

 

 

<E  terms>

 

ecdysis  Splitting and casting off of the old cuticle, the major event in molting.

 

ecdysone  A molting hormone, secreted by the prothoracic glands.

 

eclosion  Hatching of the egg, or emergence of the adult insect at the terminal molt.

 

ecological homolog  One of two or more spe­cies having most niche parameters in common .

 

economic injury level (EIL)  The level of damage to a crop that is equal in value to the cost of suppressive measures.

 

economic threshold (ET)  The level of dam­age by a pest that serves to wam the agri­culturalist of impending problems.

 

ecosystem  A biological community con­sidered in relation to its physical environment.

 

egg‑development neurosecretory hormone (EdNH)  A product of the brain neurose­cretory cells that stimulates

vitellogenesis in the female mosouito.

 

ejaculatory duct  A median duct that carries the sperm from the intemal reproductive system to the exterior.

 

elytra.   Thickened front wings (eg.  , Coleoptera)

 

elytron (pl., elytra)  The hardened front wing of a beetle.

 

emarginate.  Notched; with an obtuse, rounded, or quadrate section cut out of a margin.

 

encapsulation  The enclosure of a parasitoid larva within the blood of the host by a layer of hemocytes.

 

endocrine gland  A gland that discharges its products (hormones) to the inside (as con­trasted to an exocrine gland).

 

endocuticle  The inner zone of the procuticle, softer and lighter in color than the exo­cuticle.

 

endogenous activity  Nervous discharges that arise spontaneously, in the absence of stimulation .

 

endodterygote  An insect that develops through the immature stages as a larva with wings retained internally as

imaginal

 

endodont mandible.  A mandible with the teeth facing inward so that when the mandibles are closed their tips point

toward each other's base (cf., exodont).

 

entomophagous  Feeding on insects.

 

entomopox virus  A virus that multiplies in the cell cytoplasm of fat body and blood cells in a variety of insects.

 

epicuticle  The outer zone of the insect cuti­cle, rich in lipid and protein and lacking chitin.

 

epidermis  The single outer cell layer of the body, which secretes the cuticle.

 

epimorphosis  A type of development in which the insect emerges from the egg with its full complement of body

segments (opposite of anamorphosis).

 

equilibrium position (EP)  In insect bioeco­nomics, the average density of a potential pest on a specific crop.

 

esophagus  A tubular portion of the foregut, behind the pharynx.

 

epicnemial carina.  The ridge on the mesopleuron that somewhat parallels the anterior margin of the mesepisternum

and that delineates the posterior margin of the epicnemium.

 

epicnemium (adj., epicnemial).  The anterior portion of the mesopleuron delimited posteriorly by the epicnemial carina

(also see prepectus).

 

epimeron (pl., epimera; adj., epimeral).  The portion of a pleuron posterior to the pleural groove (cf. episternum).

 

epipygium.  In Chalcidoidea, a small, somewhat sclerotized, fingernail-like flap attached to the last metasomal tergum

between the cerci.

 

episternal groove.  A groove on the mesopleuron, extending ventrally from a pit under the base of the forewing and,

when complete, reaching the anteroventral margin of the mesothorax.

 

episternum (pl., episterna; adj., episternal).  The portion of a pleuron anterior to the pleural groove (cf. epimeron).

 

epistomal groove.  A groove defining the lateral and dorsal margin of the clypeus.

 

epomia (pl., epomiae).  In Ichneumonoidea, an oblique ridge crossing the transverse furrow on the side of the

pronotum.

 

eusociality  A type of social behavior involv­ing overlap of generations, cooperative brood care, and a caste system in

which many colony members are sterile.

 

exocrine gland  A gland that discharges its products to the outside (as contrasted to an endocrine gland).

 

exocuticle  The outer portion of the procuti­cle, generally harder and darker than the inner portion (endocuticle).

 

exodont.   Extended outwards

 

exodont mandible.  A mandible with the teeth facing outward so that when the mandibles are closed their tips point

anteriorly or away from each other (cf. endodont).

 

exopterygote  An insect that retains its wing pads externally through its immature stages.

 

exoskeleton  A skeleton extemal to the re­mainder of the body, the muscles attaching to its inner surface.

 

extrinsic  Having its origin outside the limits of an organ with which it is associated.

 

 

<F  terms>

 

face (adj., facial).  In Parasitica, the anterior surface of the head between the eyes from the ventral margin of the toruli

to the oral cavity, excluding the clypeus; in Symphyta and Aculeata, anterior surface of the head between the

eyes from the ocelli to the oral cavity, including the clypeus.

 

face  The front of the head, below the frontal suture (Dip­tera).

 

facet  The external surface of an individual compound‑eye unit or ommatidium. falx An interantennal suture with

internal sclerotized margins connecting the upper ends of the antennal fossae ISiphonaptera).

 

facial fovea.  In Apoidea, a depressed, often finely densely pubescent area along the inner orbit of a compound eye.

 

family  A subdivision of an order, suborder, or superfamily, containing a group of related genera, tribes, or subfam­ilies.

Family names of animals end in ndae.

 

farnesene  An alarm pheromone of aphids, secreted from the cornicles.

 

fat body  Accumulation of large cells in the hemocoel that store metabolites and are centers of intermediary metabolism.

 

femur (pl., femora)  The third segment of the insect leg, beyond the trochanter and before the tibia.

 

fibril  The contractile unit of a muscle cell (fiber).

 

filter chamber  A modification of the gut of many Homoptera (such as aphids), permit­ting n uch water and some

carbohydrates to b~pass the midgut.

 

filter feeder  An insect that seines particles from water by means of brushes or webs.

 

fixed action pattern  A segment of behavior performed in a stereotyped, species‑specific manner.

 

flagellum  The outermost part of the an­tenna, beyond the scape and pedicel, usu­ally divided into many subsegments

(flagel­lomeres).

 

follicle  A tubule of the testis in which sperm are produced.

 

foulbrood  A bacterial disease of honey bee larvae and pupae.

 

founder effect  Speciation resulting from the establishment of a small population in an entirely new area and the

subsequent di­vergence of the resulting population from the parent stock.

 

frontalin  A sex attractant pheromone of male bark beetles.

 

fastigium  The anterior dorsal surface of the vertex (grasshoppers). fat body An amorphous organ involved in

intermediate metabolism, storage, and storage excretion.

 

feces  Excrement, the material passed from the alimentary tract through the anus.

 

felt line  A narrow longitudinal band of relatively dense, closely appressed hairs of Mutillidae).

 

felt line.  In Mutillidae adn Bradynobaenidae, a longitudinal line of flattened setae and secretory pores laterally on

metasomal tergum 2.

 

femur (pl., femora; adj., femoral).  The 3rd segment of a leg, between the trochanter and tibia.

 

fiament  A slender threadlike structure. file A filelike ridge on the ventral side of the tegmen, near the base; a part of the stridulating mechanism in crick­ets and long‑horned grasshoppers.

 

fibula  A more or less triangular jugal lobe in the front wing that serves as a means of uniting the front and hind wings

(Lepidoptera)

 

filiform  Hairlike or threadlike, filiform antenna.

 

filter chamber  A modification of the alimentary canal in Homoptera in which the anterior portion of the midgut is

closely associated with the hindgut.

 

flabellate  With fanlike processes or projections; flabel­late antenna.

 

flabellum  (pl., flabella)  A fanlike or leaflike process (Hy­menoptera.

 

flabellum (pl., flabella).  In Apiformes, a small thin plate of the apex of the glossa.

 

flagellomere.  A segment-like subdivision of the flagellum; it is numbered consecutively from the base of the flagellum.

 One of the subsegments of the flagellum.

 

flagellum (pl., flagella; adj., flagellar).  The 3rd primary division or segment of the antenna; it articulates with the

pedicel basally and almost always is subdivided into segments (= flagellomeres).  A whiplike structure that part

of the antenna beyond the second segment.

 

flexor muscle  A muscle that decreases the angle between two segments of an appendage.

 

foliaceous  Leaflike.

 

follicle  A minute cavity, sac, or tube.

 

follicular epithelium  Layer of epithelial cells surround­ing the oocyte.

 

fontanelle  A small, depressed, pale spot on the front of the head between the eyes (lsoptera).

 

foramen (pl., foramina).  A hole in the body wall through which vessels or nerves pass.  The foramen magnum is the

central hole in the back of the head; the propodeal foramen is the hole in the posterior area of the propodeum.

 

foramen magnum  The opening on the posterior side of the head, through which pass the internal structures that extend

from the head to the thorax; also occipital foramen.

 

foregut  The anterior portion of the alimentary tract, from the mouth to the midgut.

 

fossorial  Fitted for or with the habit of digging. frass Plant fragments made by a wood‑boring insect, usu­ally mixed

with excrement.

 

frenulum  A bristle or group of bristles arising at the hu­meral angle of the hind wing Lepidoptera).

 

frenum (pl., frena; adj., frenal).  In Chalcidoidea, the transverse line on the scutellum that delineates a posterior portion

of the scutellum, the frenal area.

 

frons.  The area of the head bvetween the ventral margin of the toruli and the anterior margin of the median ocellus (this

is not equivalent to the true frons of larvae).  The head sclerite bounded by the frontal lor fronto­genali and

epistomal sulci and including the median ocellus.

 

front  That portion of the head between the antennae, eyes, and ocelli; the frons.

 

frontal bristles  Bristles above the antennae, away from the edge of the compound eye (Diptera).

 

frontal carina  A longitudinal ridge or pair of ridges on the frons between (and sometimes partly covering) the toruli.

 

frontal lunule  A small crescent‑shaped sclerite located just above the base of the antennae and below the fron­tal suture

(Diptera).

 

frontal suture  One of two sutures arising at the anterior end of the coronal suture and extending ventrad toward the

epistomal sulcus; a suture shaped like an inverted U, with the base of the U crossing the face above the bases

of the antennae and the arms of the U extending downward on each side of the face (Diptera; actually a ptilinal

suture).

 

frontal vitta  An area on the head between the antennae and the ocelli (Diptera).

 

fronto‑orbital bristles  Bristles on the front next to the compound eyes (Diptera).

 

frontogenal suture  (or sulcusi)  A more or less vertical su­ture on the front of the head, between the frons and the gena.

 

funicle (adj., funicular).  A group of flagellomeres between the pedicel and the club.

 

funiculus (or funicle)  The antennal segments between the scape and the club ICole6pteral, or between the pedicel and club IHymen6pteral. furca A fork or forked structure; a forked apodeme arising from a thoracic sternum.

 

furcula  The forked springing apparatus of the Collembola.

 

 

<G  terms>

 

galea  The outer lobe of the maxilla, borne by the stipes.

 

galea  An apical lobe of the maxilla of an insect.

 

galea (pl., galeae).  The outer apical lobe of the maxilla that articulates basally with the stipes.

 

gall  An abnormal growth on a plant, pro­duced by stimulation of an insect or other organism and housing that organism.

 

ganglion (pl., ganglia)  A mass of nervous tissue, the basic anatomical unit of the central nervous system.

 

gastric caecum (pl., caeca)  A fingerlike, anterior extension of the midgut that sen~es a function in food absorption.

 

genitalia  Structures associated w ith the release of sperm or eggs.

 

gall  An abnormal growth of plant tissues, caused by the stimulus of an animal or another plant.

 

ganglion  (pl., ganglial A knotlike enlargement of a nerve, containing a coordinating mass of nerve cells.

 

gaster  The rounded part of the abdomen posterior to the nodelike segment or segments IHymen6ptera Ap6crital .

 

gastric caecum Caecum  located at the anterior portion of the midgut.

 

gastrocoelus-thyridium (pl., gastrocoeli).  In Ichneumonidae, the usually transverse impression anterolaterally on

metasomal tergum 2.  The gastrocoelus includes the thyridium, which is the surface area with specialized

sculpture, whereas the gastrocoelus is the impression itself.

 

gastrocoelus-thyridium (pl. gastrocoeli).  In Ichneumonidae, the usually transverse impression anterolaterally on

metasomal tergum 2.  The gastrocoelus includes the thyridium, which is the surface area with specialized

sculpture, while the gastrocoelus is the impression iteself.galea (pl., galeae).  The outer apical lobe of the

maxilla, articulated basally with the stipes.

 

gena (pl., genae; adj., genal).  The cheek; the lateral part of the head between the compound eye and, when present,

the occipital carina; otherwise, the lower (in hypognathous head) or anterior (in prognathous head) part of the

back of the head between the compound eye and the occiput.  The part of the head on each side below and

behind the compound eyes, between the frontal and occipital sulci.

 

genal comb  A row of strong spines borne on the antero­ventral border of the head (Siphonaptera).

 

gneration  From any given stage in the life cycle to the same stage in the offspring.

 

geniculate  Elbowed, or abruptly bent; geniculate antenna.

 

genital chamber  See bursa copulatnx.

 

genitalia  The sexual organs and associated structures; the external sexual organs.

 

genovertical plate  An area on the head above the antenna and next to the compound eye (Diptera; also called orbital

plate).

 

genus (pl., genera)  A group of closely related species; the first name in a binomial or trinomial scientific name. Names

of genera are latinized, capitalized, and when printed are italicized.

 

germ band  A thickening of the klastoderm that produces the embryo.

 

germarium  An area at the tip of the sperm follicles or ovarioles where sperm or egg formation is initiated.  Apical

portion of the ovariole or sperm follicle.

 

giant axon  A large‑diameter axon of an in­terneuron that traverses several body seg­ments and conducts messages

quickly.

 

glial cell  A cell surrounding the axon of a neuron.

 

gill Evagination of the body wall or hindgut, functioning in gaseous exchanges in an aquatic animal.

 

gonopore  The external opening of the repro­ductive tract.

 

granulosis virus (GV)  A virus that multi plies in both the nucleus and cytoplasm of host cells, usually in the fat body.

 

glabrous  Smooth, without hairs.

 

globose, globular  Spherical or nearly so.

 

glossa (pl., glossae).  The paired, fused, median lobe of the labium articulated basally with the prementum.

 

glossa (pl, glossaei)  One of a pair of lobes at the apex of the labium between the paraglossae (in bees).

 

glymma (pl., glymmae).  In Ichneumonidae, the paired groove or pit on the side of metasomal segment 1 between its

base and the spiracle; it is nearly always present when sternum 1 is free from tergum 1 but absent when tergum

1 and sternum 1 are fused.

 

gnathochilarium  A platelike mouthpart structure in the Diplopoda, representing the fused maxillae and labium.

 

gonangulum  A sclerite of the female external genitalia derived from the second gonocoxa, connecting the sec­ond

gonocoxa, ninth tergum, and first gonapophysis.

 

gonapophysis  (pl., gonapophyses)  A mesal posterior proc­ess of a gonopod, in the female forming the ovipositor; first

or second valvula.

 

gonocoxa  A modified coxa that forms a part of the exter­nal genitalia ( = valviferi.

 

gonoplacs  Lateral sheaths enveloping the ovipositor in pterygotes ( = third valvulael.

 

gonopod  A modified leg that forms a part of the external genitalia.

 

gonopore  The external opening of the reproductive organs.

 

gonostylus  Stylus of a genital segment labdominal seg­ment 8 or 91.

 

gregarious  Living in groups.

 

grub  A scarabaeiform larva; a thick‑bodied larva with a well‑developed head and thoracic legs, without abdom­inal

prolegs, and usually sluggish.

 

groove.  A linear impression on a sclerite (also see suture).

 

gula  A sclerite on the ventral side of the head between the labium and the foramen magnum.

 

gular sutures  Longitudinal sutures, one on each side of the gula.

 

gustation  Taste detection of chemicals in liquid.

 

gynandromorph  An abnormal individual containing structure characteristics of both sexes (usually male on one side

and female on the other)

 

 

<H  terms>

 

habituation  Leatning not to respond to a stimulus that provides no reward or punishment .

 

hair pencils  Tufts of fine setae serving to dust pheromone‑coated particles onto a memher of the opposite sex.

 

haltere  A modified hind wing of a fly (Dip­tera), acting to maintain flight stability.

 

haplodiploidy  A type of parthenogenesis in which males are produced from unfertilized eggs and are therefore haploid,

while the females are diploid.

 

haltere  (pl, halteres)  A small knobbed structure on each side of the metathorax, formed from a modified hind wing

(Diptera).

 

hamuli  jsing., hamulusl Minute hooks; a series of minute hooks on the anterior margin of the hind wing, with which

the front and hind wings are attached together lHymenopterai .

 

haustellate  Formed for sucking, the mandibles not fitted for chewing (or absent).

 

haustellum  A part of the beak (Diptera).

 

head  The anterior body region, which bears the eyes, an­tennae, and mouthparts.

 

head.  The principal anterior division of the body; it bears the mouthparts and antennae.

 

heart  A muscular tube extending dorsally and longitudinally through the insect abdomen, continuous with the aorta,

serv­ing in circulation of blood.  The posterior pulsatile portion of the dorsal blood vessel 

 

hematophagous  Feeding on blood.

 

hemelytron (pl., hemelytra)  The fore­wing of an insect that is sclerotized basally but membranous apically (literally,

half an elytron; applied chiefly to Hemiptera).

 

hemimetabolous  Having incomplete or simple meta­morphosis, that is, showing gradual change from molt to molt, with

externally devel­oping wing pads. (Odonata, Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera), with nymphs aquatic.

 

hemocoel  The blood‑filled body cavity.

 

hemocyte  A blood cell. 

 

hemocytes  Blood cells.

 

hemolymph  The "blood" of insects, com­bining functions of the lymph and blood of vertebrates (other than respiration).

 The blood of arthropods.

 

herbivorous  Feeding on plants.

 

hermaphroditic  Possessing both male and female sex organs.

 

hertz  Cycles per second (Hz).

 

heterodynamic life cycle  A life cycle in which there is a period of dormancy.

 

heterogamy  Alternation of bisexual with parthenoge­netic reproduction.

 

heteromerous  The three pairs of tarsi differing in the number of segments lColeoptera, for example, with a tarsal

formula of 5‑5‑41.

 

hibernation  Dormancy during the winter.

 

hindgut  The posterior portion of the alimentary tract, between the midgut and the anus.

 

holocrine secretion  Release of enzymes by disruption of the entire cell.

 

holometabolous  Having complete metamor­phosis, passing through egg, larval, pupal, and adult stages.

 

homeostasis  Maintenance of a functionally steady state in the body, in the colony of social insects, or in an ecos~stem.

 

holoptic  The eyes contiguous above lDipterai.

 

homodynamic lile cycle  A life cycle in which there is continuous development, without a period of dormancy.

 

homology  Similarity in structure resulting from having had a common evolutionary origin.

 

honeydew  The liquid excretions of sucking insects (Homoptera), consisting largely of water and sugars.

 

hormone  An intemal chemical signalpro­luced by an endocrine gland and carried to the tissues by the hemolymph.

 

horns.    Found around antennae in Chalcididae

 

host race  A population of a species that shows a genetically determined preference for a particular host plant or animal

species.

 

hydrostatic skeleton  Maintenance of body form by the pressure exerted by muscles on a fluid‑filled body cavity, most

important in soft‑bodied larvae.

 

hypermetamorphosis  A type of development in which there are two or more quite dis­tinct larval forms sequentially.

 

hyperparasitoid  An insect that is a parasit­oid of a parasitoid.

 

hypopharynx  A tonguelike structure in the buccal cavity, associated with the labium.

 

homonym  One and the same name for two or more differ­ent things (taxa)

 

honeydew  Liquid discharged from the anus of certain Homoptera.

 

hornworm  A caterpillar (larva of Sphingidae) with a dor­sal spine or horn on the last abdominal segment.

 

horny  Thickened or hardened.

 

host  The organism in or on which a parasite lives; the plant on which an insect feeds.

 

humeral  Pertaining to the shoulder; located in the ante­rior basal portion of the wing.

 

humeral angle  The basal anterior angle or portion of the wing.

 

humeral bristles  The bristles on the humeral callus (Dip­tera).

 

humeral callus  One of the anterior lateral angles of the thoracic notum, usually more or less rounded (Diptera).

 

humeral cross vein  A cross vein in the humeral portion of the wing, between the costa and subcosta.

 

humeral plate  The anterior sclerite of the wing at the base of vein C.

 

humeral suture  The mesopleural suture (Odonata).

 

humeral vein  A branch of the subcosta that serves to strengthen the humeral angle of the win