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[For educational purposes only; do not review, quote or abstract]

BLACKBERRIES, Rubus constrictus Lefevre & Mueller

& Rubus ulmifolius Schott--Rosaceae

(Contacts)

Successful biological control of weedy blackberries, Rubus constrictus Lefevre & Mueller & R. ulmifolius Schott (Rosaceae), was attained with Phragmidium violaceum (Schultz) Winter introduced from Germany to Chile in 1973 (Oehrens 1977). Efforts to control Rubus spp. in New Zealand and Hawaii were at the most only partially successful (see Imms 1929, Tillyard 1929, 1930, 1934; Thompson 1930, Cameron 1935, Miller 1936, 1939, 1940; Davis 1966, Davis & Krauss 1965, 1966, 1967; Hawaii Dept. Agric. 1962, 1963, 1966, 1967; Kingsbury 1964, Nakao 1967).

REFERENCES: [ Additional references may be found at: MELVYL Library ]

Cameron, E. 1935. A study of the natural control of ragwort (Senecio jacobaea L.). J. Ecol. 23: 265-322.

Davis, C. J. 1966. Progress report: biological control status of noxious weed pests in Hawaii--1965-1966. Hawaii Dept. Agric. Rept. 4 p.

Davis, C. J. & N. L. H. Krauss. 1965. Recent introductions for biological control in Hawaii--X. Hawaii. Ent. Soc. Proc. 19: 87-90.

Davis, C. J. & N. L. H. Krauss. 1966. Recent introductions for biological control. Hawaii. Ent. Soc. Proc. 19: 201-07.

Davis, C. J. & N. L. H. Krauss. 1967. Recent introductions for biological control in Hawaii--XI. Hawaii. Ent. Soc. Proc. 19: 375-80.

Hawaii Department of Agriculture. 1962. Noxious weeds of Hawaii. 89 p.

Hawaii Department of Agriculture. 1963. Ann. Rept. Div. Plant Indus. 1962-63: 49-69.

Hawaii Department of Agriculture. 1966. Ann. Rept. Div. Plant Indus. 1966: 67-95.

Hawaii Department of Agriculture. 1967. Ann. Rept. Div. Plant Indus. 1967: 58-75.

Imms, A. D. 1929. Remarks on biological control of noxious weeds. 4th Intern. Cong. Ent. Trans. (1928)2: 10-17.

Kingsbury, J. M. 1964. Poisonous plants of the United States and Canada. Prentice-Hall, Inc., New Jersey. 626 p.

Miller, D. 1939. Control of weeds by insects. Effect on blackberry, ragwort, and piripiri. New Zealand J. Agr. 58: 37, 39.

Miller, D. 1940. Biological control of noxious weeds of New Zealand. In: R. O. Wythes (ed.), The Control of Weeds. Imp. Bur. Pastures, Herbage Pub. Ser. Bull. 27: 153-57.

Nakao, H. K. 1967. Entomological note. Hawaii. Ent. Soc. Proc. 19: 339.

Oehrens, E. 1977. Biological control of the blackberry through the introduction of rush, Phragmidium violaceum, in Chile. FAO Plant Protection Bull. 25: 26-28.

Thompson, W. R. 1930. The biological control of insect and plant pests. Empire Market. Bd. Pub. 29. 124 p.

Tillyard, R. J. 1929. The biological control of noxious weeds. 4th Intern. Cong. Ent. Trans. 2: 4-9.

Tillyard, R. J. 1930. The biological control of noxious weeds. Roy. Soc. Tasmania Proc. (1929): 41-86.

Tillyard, R. J. 1934. The entomological control of noxious weeds in the Pacific Region. 5th Pacific Sci. Cong. Proc. 5: 3547-67