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NATURALLY
OCCURRING BIOLOGICAL PEST CONTROL IN
CANADA Canada has traditionally
been involved in classical biological control almost from the time emphasis
was being given to this approach to pest control in California. The advent of
pesticide resistance in pests of orchard crops especially, caused researcher
to focus attention on naturally occurring controls. The value of natural
predators in the forest biome was also quickly appreciated following intense
studies on the population dynamics of a number of invaded and native insect
pests. Research by the government laboratory in Bellville focused attention a
wide array of studies designed for a better understanding of parasitoids and
predators in general as well as classical biological control. Unfortunately,
this laboratory was later abandoned and the researchers scattered to all
parts of Canada. Listed in the references are some of the more prominent
references referring to naturally occurring biological control. REFERENCES: & <POOLED.REF> [Additional references
may be found at MELVYL Library ] Andrés, L. A., C. J. Davis, P. Harris
& A. J. Wapshere. 1976. Biological control of weeds, p. 481-99. In:
C. B. Huffaker & P. S. Messenger (eds.), Theory and Practice of
Biological Control. Academic Press, New York. 788 p. Bay, E. C., C. O. Berg, H. C. Chapman
& E. F. Legner. 1976. Biological control of medical and veterinary pests,
pp. 457-79. In: Theory and Practice of Biological Control, C. B.
Huffaker & P. S. Messenger (eds.). Academic Press, New York, N.Y. 788 p. Bellows, T. S., Jr. & T. W. Fisher,
(eds) 1999. Handbook of Biological Control: Principles and Applications.
Academic Press, San Diego, CA. LeRoux, E. J. 1960. Effects of 'modified'
and 'commercial' spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Quebec.
Ann. Soc. Ent. Quebec 76: 87-119. LeRoux, E. J. 1971. Biological control
attempts on pome fruits (apple and pear) in North America. 1860-1970. Canad.
Ent. 103: 963-74. LeRoux, E. J., R. O. Paradis & M.
Hudon. 1963. Major mortality factors in the population dynamics of the
eye-spotted bud moth, the pistol casebearer, the fruit-tree leaf roller and
the European corn borer in Quebec. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canad. 32: 67-82. Lord, F. T. 1947. The influence of spray
programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia: II. Oystershell
scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.). Canad. Ent. 81: 202-30. Lord, F. T., H. J. Herbert & A. W.
MacPhee. 1958. The natural control of phytophagous mites on apple trees in
Nova Scotia. Proc 10th Intern. Congr. Ent. Montreal (1956) 4: 617-22. Lord, F. T. & D. K. R. Stewart.
1961. Effects of increasing the nitrogen level of apple leaves on mite and
predator populations. Canad. Ent. 93: 924-27. MacLellan, C. R. 1958. Role of
woodpeckers in control of the codling moth in Nova Scotia. Canad. Ent. 90:
18-22. MacLellan, C. R. 1963. Predator
populations and predation on the codling moth in an integrated control
orchard-- 1961. Mem. Ent. Soc. Canad. 32: 41-54. MacLellan, C. R. 1966. Present status of
codling moth populations. 103rd Rep. Nova Scotia Fruit Growers' Assoc. p.
77-83. MacPhee, A. W. & K. H. Sanford.
1956. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova
Scotia. X. Supplement to VII. Effects on some beneficial arthropods. Canad.
Ent. 88: 631-34. MacPhee, A. W. & C. R. MacLellan.
1971a. Cases of naturally-occurring biological control in Canada. In:
C. B. Huffaker (ed.), "Biological Control." Plenum Press, N.Y. p.
312-28. MacPhee, A. W. & C. R. MacLellan.
1971b (1972?). Ecology of apple orchard fauna and development of integrated
pest control in Nova Scotia. Proc. Tall Timbers Conf. on Ecol. Animal Control
Habitat Management 3: 197-208. Tallahassee, Florida, Tall Timbers Res.
Station. MacPhee, A. W., L. E. Caltagirone, M.
van de Vrie & E. Collyer. 1976. Biological control of pests of temperate
fruits and nuts, p. 337-58. In: C. B. Huffaker & P. S. Messenger
(eds.), Theory and Practice of Biological Control. Academic Press, New York. Miller, C. A. 1966.. The black-headed
budworm in Eastern Canada. Canad. Ent. 98: 592-613. Morris, R. F. 1959. Single-factor
analysis in population dynamics. Ecology 40: 580-88. Patterson, N. A. 1966. The influence of
spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova Scotia. XVI. The
long-term effect of mild pesticides on pests and their predators. J. Econ.
Ent. 59: 1430-35. Patterson, N. A. & C. R. MacLellan.
1954. Control of the codling moth and other orchard pests with ryania. 85th
Rep. Ent. Soc. Ont. p. 25-32. Pickett, A. D. 1959. Utilization of
native parasites and predators. J. Econ. Ent. 52: 1103-05. Pickett, A. D. & A. W. MacPhee.
1965. Twenty years' experience with integrated control programmes in Nova
Scotia apple and pear orchards. Proc. 12th Intern. Cong. Ent. (London, 1964):
597. Pickett, A. D. & N. A. Patterson.
1953. The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova
Scotia. IV. A review. Canad. Ent. 85: 472-78. Pickett, A. D., N. A. Patterson, H. T.
Stultz & F. T. Lord. 1946. The influence of spray programs on the fauna
of apple orchards in Nova Scotia: I. An appraisal of the problem and a method
of approach. Sci. Agr. 26: 590-600. Pickett, A. D., W. L. Putman & E. J.
LeRoux. 1958. Progress in harmonizing biological and chemical control of
orchard pests in eastern Canada. Proc. 10th Internatl. Congr. Ent. 3: 169-74. Putman, W. L. & D. H. C. Herne.
1966. The role of predators and other biotic agents in regulating the
population density of phytophagous mites in Ontario peach orchards. Canad.
Ent. 98: 808-20. Sanford, K. H. & F. T. Lord. 1962.
The influence of spray programs on the fauna of apple orchards in Nova
Scotia. XIII. Effects of perthane on predators. Canad. Ent. 84: 928-34. |