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[For teaching purposes only; do not review, quote or abstract]
Keys to the Hymenoptera of Australia
(derived & modified from Boucek 1988; Brown & Taylor, 1970;
Michener,
1965, 1970; Naumann, 1991 & Riek, 1970 by E. F. Legner)
[This key is in a form
commonly used in North America. If the
statement is true, proceed to the designated couplet,
whereas
if it is false, go to "b" portion
of the couplet. Numbers in parentheses
refer to previous couplet read; figures
are
often generalized].
To view
key, CLICK here: <KEY>
The
following Australian superfamilies and families of Hymenoptera were recognized
by Riek (1970) (superfamily
arrangement updated to
conventional 1994):
|
SYMPHYTA (166) |
(Bethyloidea) |
(Trigonaloidea) |
|
|
Bethylidae (78) |
Trigonalidae (12) |
|
(Siricoidea) |
Cleptidae (17) |
|
|
Siricidae (1) |
Dryinidae (64 |
(Ichneumonoidea) |
|
Syntexidae (0) |
Embolemidae (3) |
Argiotypidae (0) |
|
Xiphydriidae (6) |
Sclerogibbidae (3) |
Braconidae (200) |
|
|
Sierolomorphidae (0) |
Ichneumonidae (190) |
|
(Megalodontoidea) |
|
|
|
Megalodontidae (0) |
(Ceraphronoidea) |
(Evanioidea) |
|
Pamphilidae (0) |
Ceraphronidae (84) |
Aulacidae (31) |
|
|
|
Evaniidae (26) |
|
(Orussoidea) |
(Formicoidea) |
Gasteruptiidae (159) |
|
Orussidae (9) |
Formicidae (1,100) |
|
|
|
|
(Proctotrupoidea) |
|
(Tenthredinoidea |
(Pompiloidea) |
Austroserphidae (3) |
|
Argidae (11) |
Pompilidae (121) |
Diapriidae (107) |
|
Blasticotomidae (0) |
Rhopalosomatidae (1) |
Heloridae (11) |
|
Cimbicidae (0) |
|
Loboscelidiidae (4) |
|
Diprionidae (0) |
(Scolioidea) |
Pelecinidae (1) |
|
Pergidae (136) |
Scoliidae (25) |
Platygastridae (50) |
|
Tenthredinidae (3) |
|
Proctotrupidae (22) |
|
|
(Tiphioidea) |
Scelionidae (333) |
|
(Xyeloidea) |
Mutillidae (197) |
|
|
Xyelidae (0) |
Plumariidae (0) |
(Cynipoidea) |
|
|
Sapygidae (0) |
Cynipidae (59) |
|
(Cephoidea) |
Tiphiidae (511) |
Figitidae (2) |
|
Cephidae (0) |
|
Ibaliidae (3) |
|
|
(Sphecoidea) |
Liopteridae (3) |
|
APOCRITA--ACULEATA (stinging
Hymenoptera) |
Sphecidae (421) |
|
|
|
(Ampulicinae) (21) |
(Chalcidoidea) |
|
(Apoidea) |
|
Agaonidae (21) |
|
Andrenidae (0) |
(Vespoidea) |
Chalcididae (231) |
|
Anthophoridae (193) |
Eumenidae (242) |
Encyrtidae (971) |
|
Apidae (14) |
Masaridae (25) |
Eulophidae (508) |
|
Colletidae (851) |
Vespidae (14) |
Eurytomidae (194) |
|
Fideliidae (0) |
|
Mymaridae (150) |
|
Halictidae (422) |
APOCRITA--PARASITICA (nonstinging
Hymenoptera) |
Pteromalidae (435) |
|
Megachilidae (175) |
(Megalyroidea) |
Torymidae (181) |
|
Melittidae (1) |
Megalyridae (29) |
Trichogrammatidae (100) |
|
|
Stephanidae (7) |
|
|
|
|
(Chrysidoidea) |
|
|
|
Chrysididae (4) |
[Please
refer to <Guide> for illustrations (Powerful connections use <Guide-2>)]
1a. Abdomen broadly sessile at base and without
marked constriction, though hinged, between segments 1 & 2;
thorax with 2 pairs of spiracles, neither visible dorsally; cenchri
present except in Cephidae (Fig. A); larvae
with segmented legs except in a few tunnelling and leaf-mining species
(Figs. B-E); antennae and
maxillary and labial palps with several distinct segments, or, if
with only 1 segment, then abdominal apex
with a median sclerotized process or legs represented by
sclerotized discs......................SYMPHYTA.....2
1b. Abdomen with tergum 1 incorporated in
thorax, and with marked constriction and hinge between segments 1
& 2 or with a large thoracic phragma extending into gaster;
mesosoma with 3 pairs of spiracles, the pair on
the propodeum conspicuous and usually distinctly visible dorsally;
cenchri absent (Fig. A); larvae always
without legs (Fig. B); antennae and maxillary and labial palps with
1 segment or absent; apex of abdomen
not
sclerotized.....................................................................................................................APOCRITA.....2
-----------------
Families of Symphyta:
2a
(1a). Mesoscutellum completely
separated from scutum by a suture and the axillae defined (Fig. A);
subantennal grooves present for reception of basal segments of
antennae (Fig. B)..............(Siricoidea)....3
2b. Mesoscutellum not separated from scutum
laterally and axillae not defined anteriorly (Fig. A); no subantennal
grooves.......................................................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea)....5
3a
(2a). Antennae inserted on ventral
side of head, below lower margins of eyes and below apparent clypeus; hind
wing without closed discoidal or cubital cell (Fig. A); eyes
normally finely hairy..(Orussoidea) Orussidae
3b. Antennae inserted well above clypeus and
on anterior aspect of head; hind wing usually with at least one
closed cubital or discoidal cell; eyes bare.....................................................................................................4
4a
(3b). Neck long (cervical sclerites
viewed from side appear longer than broad); last abdominal segment without
horn-like projection; maxillary palp 4-segmented (Fig. A)
..................................(Siricoidea) Xiphydriidae
4b. Neck short (cervical sclerites viewed from
side appear broader than long); last abdominal segment with a
horn-like projection; maxillary palp 1-segmented (Fig. A)
.........................................(Siricoidea) Siricidae
5a
(2b). Radial cell of fore wing
crossed by a vein; fore tibia with 2 spurs, one developed into a calcar (=
larger
protuberance) (Fig. A)..........................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Tenthredinidae
5b. Radial cell of fore wing not crossed by a
vein; fore tibia without spur developed into a calcar........................6
6a
(5b). Third antennal segment very
long, antennae with only 3 segments (3rd segment may be forked); fore tibia
with 2 spurs in Australian species (Fig. A)
......................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Argidae
6b. Third antennal segment not abnormally long,
antenna with more than 3 segments; fore tibia usually with 2 well
developed spurs, 1 only in Phylacteophaga and Pergula
(Fig. A)............(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae.....7
Subfamilies of (Tenthredinoidea)
Pergidae:
7a
(6b) Fore tibia with 1 apical
spur........................................................................................................................8
7b. Fore tibia with 2 apical
spurs.............................................................................................................................9
8a
(7a). Hind tibia with a preapical
spine, sometimes reduced but its insertion obvious (Figs. A-B)
...................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae (Phylacteophaginae)
8b. Hind tibia without a preapical
spine.............................................(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae (Pergulinae)
9a
(7b) Hind tibia with a preapical spine...............................................................................................................10
9b. Hind tibia without a preapical
spine................................................................................................................13
10a
(9a). Scutellum without lobes or
paired projections
behind...........................................................................11
10b. Scutellum either bilobed, or with a
backward projection from each hind angle...........................................12
11a
(10a). 'Propodeum' strongly
sclerotized all over....................(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae (Pteryperginae)
11b. 'Propodeum' strongly emarginate behind,
only the front margin and sides sclerotized
......................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae (Styracotechyinae)
12a
(10b) Costa strongly swollen so that
it touches R at least apically; anal
vein of fore wing straight and close to
the anal fold throughout; antennae generally with less than 13
segments (Figs. A-C)
....................................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae (Perginae)
12b. Costa not swollen and much narrower than
the intercostal area; anal vein of fore wing bent away from the
anal fold apically; antenna with 13 or more segments (and serrate)
(Figs. A-B)
........................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae (Philomastiginae)
13a
(9b). Cenchri small, the distance
between them nearly 2X as great as the transverse width of one; anal cell
absent in fore wing.
[Metanotum large, about the same width as scutellum] (Fig. A)
.....................................................................................(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae (Pterygophorinae)
13b. Cenchri large, the distance between them
at most about as great as the breadth of one; anal cell of fore wing
petiolate though it may be open apically (Fig. A)
....................(Tenthredinoidea) Pergidae (Euryinae)
Superfamilies of Apocrita:
14a
(1b) Hind tibia with 1-2 spurs
(without spur in a few Ichneumonidae), but none modified for preening (slight
enlargement of one spur in some Scolioidea); sometimes a dense
brush of enlarged hairs developed on
basitarsus and apex of tibia; parasitic
.......................................................................................................15
14b. When hind tibial spur or spurs present,
one (the medial when there are 2) is modified into a calcar through
development of a comb of hairs or teeth on its inner (tarsal)
margin; a corresponding strigil or brush is
developed on the slightly emarginate basitarsus (Fig. A); if both
spurs are of non-simple form or lacking
(in some Apoidea and Formicoidea), then at least some body hairs
are plumed and the hind basitarsus
widened, or first 1-2 segments of metasoma form a node; mostly not
parasitic.......................................23
15a
(14a). Subantennal groove present for
reception of basal segments of antennae (Fig. A). [A dense preening
brush on inner surface at apex of hind tibia and on ventromedial
surface of basitarsus (Fig. B), similar to
that in Sphecoidea; spiracle cover lobe of pronotum with a marginal
fringe of hairs, or, when spiracle is
enclosed, then margined with fine
hairs]...................................................................(Megalyroidea).....28
15b. No subantennal
groove................................................................................................................................16
16a
(15b). Pronotum with at least a
lateral spiracle cover lobe reaching back to tegula, or, if wingless, lobe
margined with close fine
hairs....................................................................................................................17
11b. Pronotum not reaching back to tegula
(almost so in some Leucospidinae, in which tegula is lengthened, and
in some Mymaridae) (Fig.
A).....................................................................................................................22
17a
(16a). Spiracle cover lobe of
pronotum not margined with close fine hairs...................................................18
17b. Spiracle cover lobe of pronotum margined
with close fine hairs (poorly developed and more openly spaced in
Aulacidae, but then fore wing venation well developed and hind wing
without closed cells)...................20
18a
(17a). Lateral pronotum not
vertically grooved for reception of fore femur, though with a groove close to
and
parallel with anterior margin.
[A grooved recess for the fore femur usually occurs on lower anterior
portion of mesopleuron-- not always defined, especially in
Ibaliidae, and absent in Oberthuerellinae;
antennae not elbowed] (Figs.
A-I)...................................................................................(Cynipoidea).....62
18b. Lateral pronotum vertically grooved for
reception of fore
femur.................................................................19
19a
(18b). Costal cell absent, but
distinct marginal vein from base and a pterostigma; hind wing with at least one
closed cell (except in Aphidiinae) (Figs. A-D)
.....................................................(Ichneumonoidea).....29
19b. Costal cell present, or venation greatly
reduced; hind wing without closed cells (Figs. A-E) (see also
Bethyloidea)...........................................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea).....48
20a
(17b). Pronotum with well-developed
dorsal surface in median area, reaching back above tegula as well as
below (pronotum reduced in nocturnal %% Mutillidae). [Hind wing
venation well developed] (Figs. A-
E).............................................................................................................(Scolioidea
& Tiphioidea).....99
20b. Pronotum without a dorsal surface in
median area, and not reaching back above tegulae...........................21
21a
(20b). Hind wing without closed cells
(see also Megalyroidea) (Figs. A-C)............. ........(Evanioidea).....47
21b. Hind wing with closed basal cells (Fig.
A)....................................................(Trigonaloidea) Trigonalidae
22a
(16b) Fore wing with closed basal
cells; pronotum separated from tegula by lateral lobe of scutum (Fig. A)
(see also Bethyloidea and Formicoidea)..........................
...........................(Chrysidoidea) Chrysididae
22b. Fore wing with much reduced venation,
without fully formed cells; pronotum separated from tegula by
prepectus (though sometimes in part by lateral lobe of scutum)
(Figs. A-T)..............(Chalcidoidea).....68
23a
(14b). Lateral pronotum and
mesopleuron (or prepectus) overlapping and with considerable free movement,
lower portion of pronotal lobe rounded. [Secondary fusion between pronotum and prepectus in some
Dryinidae, but then antennae with 10
segments]......................................................................................24
23b. Lateral pronotum and mesopleuron meet with
carinate margins and with very little free movement between
them, lower portion of pronotal lobe tapers, usually to a point
...............................................................25
24a
(23a). Spiracle cover lobe of
pronotum margined with close fine hairs; hind wing with at least one closed
basal cell (Figs. A-D) (see also
Scolioidea).................................................................(Pompiloidea).....95
24b. Spiracle cover lobe of pronotum not
margined with close fine hairs; hind wing without closed basal cells
(except in Sierolomorphidae).
[Prepectus defined] (Figs. A-F)..................................(Bethyloidea).....91
25a
(13b). A well-developed wingless
worker caste present; posteroventral corners of thorax each with a
metapleural gland (Figs. A-B); first 1-2 segments of metasoma
nodiform, sharply marked off from
remainder..............................................................................................(Formicoidea) Formicidae.....122
25b. Workers, when present, with wings; metapleural
glands lacking; 1st segment of metasoma not often
constricted to a node, though sometimes
petiolate...................................................................................26
26a
(25b). Posterior lateral lobes of pronotum
reach back to and end above tegula, and always angulate (Figs. A-
C)...................................................................................................................................(Vespoidea).....105
26b. Posterior lateral lobes of pronotum do not
reach back to and end below tegula, lobe rounded and limited to
spiracle
cover............................................................................................................................................27
27a (26b). At least a few branched hairs on body;
frequently social species. [Hind
basitarsus wider than following
segments] (Figs.
A-F).......................................................................................................(Apoidea).....115
27b. Hairs on body not branched; non-social
species (Figs. A-D...........................................(Sphecoidea).....107
Families of Megalyroidea:
28a
(15a). Abdomen subsessile; antennae
with 14 segments (Fig. A).................. .(Megalyroidea) Megalyridae
28b. Abdomen with a long petiole; antennae with
>14 segments (Fig. A)..............(Megalyroidea) Stephanidae
Families of Ichneumonoidea:
29a
(19a). Fore wing with 1 or without
recurrent vein (Figs. A-B); hind wing with median cell not extending to base of
marginal
vein. [Abdominal tergites 2 & 3
immovably united except in Aphidiinae].......................
.(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae.....37
29b. Fore wing with 2 recurrent veins (Fig. A),
very rarely only 1; hind wing with median cell elongated beyond base
of marginal
vein......................
......................................................(Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae.....30
Subfamilies of (Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae:
30a
(29b). First tergite of abdomen
petiolate (narrowest before base) and bent downwards towards apex; spiracle
of 1st segment usually beyond mid point (very rarely in the
middle).....................................................31
30b. First segment of abdomen sessile, or, if
subpetiolate, either straight or regularly curved and flattened in
section; spiracle of 1st segment at or before mid
point...........................................................................34
31a
(30a). First segment of abdomen
narrowing at apex, round in section over basal 1/2 (and smooth); areolet of
fore wing petiolate, rhombus-shaped, or absent (Fig. A)
............................................................................
...................................................................................(Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae (Ophioninae)
31b. First segment of abdomen depressed,
widening or parallel-sided at apex; areolet of of fore wing usually 5-
sided or absent, never petiolate, rarely quadrilateral or
rhombus-shaped..............................................32
32a
(31b). Areolet rhombus-shaped; %% cerci elongated, thin; spiracle of
petiolar segment about mid point.
[First
tergite with large glymma (= pit or depression); tarsal claws pectinate]............................(Ichneumonoidea)
Ichneumonidae (Mesochorinae)
32b. Areolet not rhombus-shaped; %% cerci short and stout; spiracle of
petiolar segment beyond mid point........33
33a
(32b). Mesosternum not separated from
mesopleuron by a line or furrow (= sternaulus) absent; spiracles of
petiolar segment often further from each other than from caudal
margin of the segment; ovipositor usually
not obviously exserted (Fig. A) ............................(Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae (Ichneumoninae)
33b. Mesosternum separated from mesopleuron by
a sigmoidally curved line or furrow, usually extending more
than 1/2 length of mesopleuron; spiracles of petiolar segment often
closer to each other than to caudal
margin of the segment; ovipositor usually distinctly exserted (Fig.
A). [Areolet usually
pentagonal]...........................
........................................(Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae (Cryptinae)
34a
(30b) Abdomen subpetiolate, compressed. [Tarsal claws pectinate at least on fore
leg]
.................................................................................(Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae (Tryphoninae)
34b. Abdomen sessile or subsessile,
depressed.......................................................................................................35
35a
(34b). Fore trochantellus (= proximal
end of femur appearing as apparent 2nd segment of trochanter) not
defined; clypeus not separated from face by a groove. [Medial margin of eye emarginate; areolet
usually
rhombus-shaped, sometimes absent; abdomen with subparallel
sides]........................................
...................................................................................(Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae (Metophiinae)
35b. Fore trochantellus defined; clypeus
separated from face by a somewhat distinct groove..............................36
36a
(35b). Tergites of abdomen each with
a pair of oblique furrows, sometimes indistinct; ovipositor usually
strongly exserted; areolet usually triangular or absent
....................................................(Ichneumonoidea)
........................................................................................................................Ichneumonidae (Pimplinae)
36b. Tergites without such furrows; ovipositor
not obviously exserted; areolet usually absent
.................................................................................(Ichneumonoidea) Ichneumonidae (Diplazoninae)
Subfamilies of (Ichneumonoidea)
Braconidae:
37a
(29a). Mandibles widely separated,
teeth curving outwards (exodont braconids; Fig. A)
.........................................................................(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae (Alysiinae,
Dacnusinae)
37b. Mandibles normal, their apices opposed and
meeting when
closed...............................................................38
38a
(37b). Venation greatly reduced (Fig.
A), hind wing without a closed basal cell; abdomen subpetiolate and
with all segments freely
movable.......................................(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae (Aphidiinae)
38b. Venation not as reduced, or abdomen
subsessile; hind wing with at least one closed basal cell; at least basal 2
segments of abdomen not freely
movable..................................................................................................39
39a
(38b). Clypeus semicircularly
emarginate (= indented) below, and forming with the mandibles a somewhat
circular opening or cavity (cyclostome braconids; Fig.
A).........................................................................40
39b. Clypeus not emarginate below, or at most
with a broad shallow emargination (= indentation) (Fig. A).......42
40a (39a). Abdomen distinctly
petiolate..........................................(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae (Spathiinae)
40b. Abdomen
subsessile........................................................................................................................................41
41a
(40b). Occiput not carinate (Fig.
A)...................(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae (Braconinae,
Exothecinae)
41b. Occiput
carinate................................................(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae (Doryctinae, Rhogadinae)
42a
(39b). Abdomen with tergites fused to
form a rigid dorsal shield, sutures absent or indicated only by fine
grooves........................................................................................................................................................43
42b. Abdomen with tergites separated by
distinct sutures, all beyond the 2nd freely
movable.............................44
43a
(42a). Fore wing with 3 cubital cells
(Fig. A)..........................(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae (Cheloninae)
43b. Fore wing with 2 cubital
cells...............................................(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae (Triaspidinae)
44a
(42b). Abdomen distinctly
petiolate....................(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae
(Meteorinae, Euphorinae)
44b. Abdomen
subsessile.......................................................................................................................................45
45a
(44b). Venation greatly reduced (Fig.
A)...........................(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae (Microgastrinae)
45b. Venation not greatly
reduced........................................................................................................................46
46a
(45b). Radial cell very narrow,
proctotrupid-like..................(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae (Agathidiinae)
46b. Radial cell longer (Fig.
A)...............................(Ichneumonoidea) Braconidae (Macrocentrinae,
Opiinae)
Families of Evanioidea:
47a
(21a). Fore wing with complete
venation; hind wing with a very small anal notch; trochantellus clearly
defined ventrally; first 2 tergites of abdomen fused (Fig. A)
................................(Evanioidea) Aulacidae
47b. Fore wing with apical venation reduced;
hind wing without obvious anal notch, but with a deep 'jugal' notch;
trochantellus defined ventrally on mid and hind legs; first 2
tergites of abdomen not fused (Fig. A)
.................................................................................................................................(Evanioidea) Evaniidae
47c. Fore wing venation modified; hind wing
without anal or 'jugal' notch; trochantellus not distinctly defined on
any leg; first 2 tergites of abdomen not fused, partly hinged
(Figs. A-C) ..............................................
..........................................................................................................................(Evanioidea) Gasteruptiidae
Families of Proctotrupoidea
& Ceraphronoidea:
48a
(19b). Antennae not geniculate; scape
small and usually much shorter than 1st funicle segment
.....................................................................................................................................................................49
48b. Antennae geniculate and scape long and
prominent, or scape produced to a point at apex
.....................................................................................................................................................................51
49a
(48a). Fore wing with only 1 basal
cell (the costal). [With large
pterostigma and short transverse radial cell;
trochantellus not free on any leg] (Figs. A-B)
.....................................(Proctotrupoidea) Proctotrupidae
49b. Fore wing with 2-3 closed basal
cells.............................................................................................................50
50a
(49b) Radial cell of fore wing triangular, not extending to apex;
trochantellus free, usually on all legs, but at
least on hind leg (Figs.
A-C).........................................................................(Proctotrupoidea) Heloridae
50b. Radial cell parallel-sided, extending to
apex; trochantellus not free on any
leg..........................................
.....................................................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea) Pelecinidae
51a
(48b). Scape not long, produced on
one side to a point (Fig. A); fore wing with 3 basal cells, large
pterostigma, and large radial cell (Fig. B)...............
..........................(Proctotrupoidea) Austroserphidae
51b. Scape long, not strongly produced at apex,
antennae distinctly geniculate; fore wing venation not as previous,
though sometimes with basal cells or large pterostigma
............................................................................52
52a (51b). Mid (and hind) tibia with 2
spurs..........................................................................................................53
52b. Mid (and hind) tibia with 1
spur.....................................................................................................................55
53a
(52a). Fore tibia with 2 apical
spurs, one simple, the other developed into a calcar (Fig. A). [Fore wing with
distinct marginal vein, sometimes with a large pterostigma, and
with a well-developed stigmal vein] (Fig.
B)........................
..................................................................................(Ceraphronoidea) Ceraphronidae
53b. Fore tibia with only one apical spur
(calcar)..................................................................................................54
54a
(53b). Fore wing without a marginal
vein, but with distinct venation and at least one closed cell (Fig.
A).........................................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea) Loboscelidiidae
54b. For wing with both marginal and
submarginal veins, or venation quite reduced (Figs. A-D)
...........................................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea) Diapriidae.....59
55a
(52b). Fore wing with distinct,
though sometimes short, marginal and stigmal veins (Figs. A-F)
...........................................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea) Scelionidae.....56
55b. Venation absent, or reduced to submarginal
vein which is generally slightly knobbed at apex (Figs. A-B)
..............................................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea) Platygastridae
Subfamilies of (Proctotrupoidea)
Scelionidae:
56a
(55a). Abdomen with lateral margins rounded
(Fig. A).......(Proctotrupoidea) Scelionidae (Telenominae)
56b. Abdomen with lateral margins
carinate........................................................................................................57
57a
(56b). Marginal vein very long, much
longer than the stigmal (Fig. A).
[Stigmal vein short; postmarginal
absent]................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea) Scelionidae (Teleasinae)
57b. Marginal vein shorter than previous.............................................................................................................58
58a
(57b). Antennae of && usually with 7 segments,
rarely with 6-8 segments, ending in an enlarged, solid club;
of %% with
12 segments, rarely with 11 segments (Figs. A-B)...(Proctotrupoidea) Scelionidae (Baeinae)
58b. Antennae with 12 segments in both sexes,
rarely with 10-11 segments (Figs. A-D)
.............................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea) Scelionidae (Scelioninae)
Subfamilies of (Proctotrupoidea)
Diapriidae:
59a
(54b). Second sternite of abdomen
short, with concave apical margin (Fig. A).
[Lateral margins of abdomen
carinate, with a distinct ornamental lining or overfold) ....(Proctotrupoidea) Diapriidae (Ambositrinae)
59b. Second sternite of abdomen very large
(Fig.
A).............................................................................................60
60a
(59b). Lateral margins of abdomen with
a distinct ornamental lining; the abdominal tergites fused into a
carapace but retaining the sutures between tergites; antennae not
inserted on a distinct frontal shelf (Fig.
A)....................................... .....................................................(Proctotrupoidea) Diapriidae (Ismarinae)
60bb. Not as previously
described.........................................................................................................................61
61a
(60b). Antennae of && with 15 segments, rarely 14
and exceptionally with 12-13, with no abrupt club; of %%
with 14 segments, usually with 3rd segment modified (Fig. A)
............................................................
..................................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea) Diapriidae (Belytinae)
61b. Antennae of && with 11-13 segments, rarely 14, with a somewhat abrupt club; of %% with 13-14 segments,
the 4th segment modified, rarely the 3rd of no segments modified
(Fig. A)
...............................................................................................(Proctotrupoidea) Diapriidae (Diapriinae)
Families & Subfamilies
of Cynipoidea:
62a (18a). Radial cell at least 9X as long as broad;
hind basitarsus 2X as long as segments 2-5 combined (Fig.
A).........................................................................................................(Cynipoidea) Ibaliidae (Ibaliinae)
62b. Radial cell not 9X as long as broad; hind
basitarsus less than 2X as long as segments 2-5 combined........63
63a
(62b). Largest tergite of abdomen
(lateral view) 4, 5, or 6, at least 2 short tergites preceding the large
tergite
(Fig. A).................................................................................(Cynipoidea) Liopteridae (Mesocynipinae)
63b. Largest tergite of abdomen (lateral view)
2 or 3, never more than 1 short tergite (often none) preceding the
large tergite................................................................................................................................................64
64a
(63b). Scutellum with a
characteristic raised 'cup' on the disc (Fig. A)..Cynipoidea) Cynipidae
(Eucoilinae)
64b. Scutellum without previously described
cup................................................................................................65
65a
(64b). Body without sculpture;
scutellum smooth, rarely with basal pits; length under 2 mm. (Fig. A)
.....................................................................................................(Cynipoidea) Cynipidae (Charipinae)
65b. Body sculptured unless mesoscutum and
scutellum are fused without a suture; length usually greater than 2
mm............................................................................................................................................................66
66a
(65b). Abdomen with distinct petiole;
body when viewed from above distinctly wedge-shaped; tergite 2
longer than 3 along dorsal margin (Fig.
A)..............................(Cynipoidea) Figitidae (Anacharitinae)
66b. Abdomen sessile or nearly
so........................................................................................................................67
67a
(66b). Tergite 2 usually much smaller
than 3 and saddle-shaped; hypopygium of && ending without caudal
spine (Fig. A).....................................................................................(Cynipoidea) Figitidae (Figitinae)
67b. Tergite 2 or fused 2+3 usually large;
hypopygium of && ending in a caudal spine (Fig. A)
......................................................................................................(Cynipoidea) Cynipidae (Cynipinae)
Families & Major
Subfamilies of Chalcidoidea:
68a
(22b). Fore wing folded
longitudinally when at rest. [Hind
femur enlarged and toothed below] (Fig. A)
...................................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Leucospidae
68b. Fore wing not folded......................................................................................................................................69
69a
(68b). Hind wing greatly enlarged and
toothed below, teeth sometimes fine and limited to a short distal zone;
hind tibia curved around
femur....................................................................................................................3
69b. Hind femur sometimes enlarged, but not
regularly toothed below, and tibia not distinctly curved .............72
70a
(69a). Axillae distinctly advanced;
prepectus large, not impressed. [Hind
tibia with 2 spurs] (Figs. A-C)
......................................................(Chalcidoidea) Pteromalidae (Chalcedectinae,
Cleonyminae).....87
70b. Axillae at most only slightly advanced;
prepectus sometimes large but impressed .....................................71
71a
(70b). Basal tergites of abdomen
emarginate in mid line; notauli only slightly impressed, very widely
separated. [Ovipositor
usually strongly exserted] (Figs. A-B)
...........................................................
............................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Torymidae (Podagrioninae)
71b. Basal tergites of abdomen not emarginate;
notauli clearly running extended (= percurrent) (Fig. A)
...............................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) most Chalcididae
72a
(69b). Mesopleuron completely
inflated, without impressed lines, grooves, or pits (Fig. A)
.......................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) most Encyrtidae.....73
72b. Mesopleuron with at least a mesopleural
'suture,' usually with impressed femoral furrow.........................74
73a
(72a). Mesosternum elongated, mid
coxae widely separated from fore coxae.
[Notauli usually distinctly
impressed, never entirely absent] (Fig.
A)..........................(Chalcidoidea) Eupelmidae (Eupelminae)
73b. Mesosternum short, mid coxae usually
widely separated from hind coxae (Fig. A)
...............................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Encyrtidae (Encyrtinae)
74a
(72b). Tarsi with 3 segments; %% antennae setose (Fig. A) (see also
wingless %% of
Agaonidae and
Sycophaginae)...............................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Trichogrammatidae
74b. Tarsi with 4-5
segments..........................................................................75
75a
(74b). Fore and hind tibiae very
short, much shorter than femora; fore tibia without an apical spur. [Mouth
parts of && with a backwardly directed radula-like process] (Fig.
A).............(Chalcidoidea) Agaonidae
75b. Fore and hind tibiae about as long as
femora; fore tibia with an apical
spur..............................................76
76a
(75b). Venation greatly reduced and
limited to basal 1/3rd of wing, not extending beyond level of wing
coupling, stigmal vein always absent. [Hind wing clearly stalked at base] (Fig. A)
.........................................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Mymaridae
76b. Venation not as previously described,
stigmal vein normally distinct...........................................................77
77a
(76b). Spur of fore tibia short and
straight; tarsi with 4 segments (Fig. A) .(Chalcidoidea) Eulophidae....78
77b. Spur of fore tibia curved and often large;
tarsi almost invariably with 5 segments.......................................79
78a
(77a). Hind coxa greatly enlarged and
flattened; lateral thorax without impressed femoral furrow, but with
mesopleural 'suture' (Fig
A)........................................................(Chalcidoidea) Elasmidae (Elasminae)
78b. Hind coxa not greatly enlarged; lateral
thorax with femoral furrow indicated (Fig. A)
..............................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) other Eulophidae
79a
(77b). Mandibles large,
sickle-shaped. [Pronotum very reduced
at mid line; body usually metallic] (Fig. A)
....................................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Eucharitidae
79b. Mandibles not sickle-shaped though
sometimes
large...................................................................................80
80a
(79b). Mesepimeron with caudal margin
deeply excised. [Basal tergites of
abdomen emarginate at mid line;
mesepimeron with an impressed line] (Fig. A) ....................(Chalcidoidea) Torymidae (Toryminae)
80b. Mesepimeron with caudal margin entire or
only slightly emarginate............................................................81
81a
(80b). Abdomen with transverse rows
of very large, deep punctures. [Hind
tibial spurs thickened and one
enlarged; occiput carinate; lateral thorax shining and prepectus
small] (Fig. A)
.........................................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Ormyridae
81b. Abdomen without previously described
punctures.......................................................................................82
82a
(81b). First 2 tergites of abdomen
fused above but with the line of junction retained, free laterally, abdomen
consisting mainly of these 2 segments. [Body often metallic blue, green, or purple; pronotum carinate at
downward slope] (Fig. A)
.............................................................................Chalcidoidea) Perilampidae
82b. If basal tergites are fused, then of
different
form.........................................................................................83
83a
(82b). Body mostly glabrous,
flattened; mesopleuron shining, without distinct femoral furrow but with an
irregular pit or pits.
[Antennae without ring segments; 1 hind tibial spur; stigmal vein well
developed]
(Fig. A).................................
..........................................(Chalcidoidea) Pteromalidae (Spalangiinae)
83b. Not as previously
described.........................................................................................................................84
84a
(83b). Cerci large, longer than
wide. [Basal tergites of abdomen
usually emarginate at mid line; occipital
carina usually distinct; ovipositor usually strongly exserted]
(Figs. A-C) ........................................
...............................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) most Torymidae
84b. Cerci small, often
indistinct........................................................................................................................85
85a
(84b). Abdomen broadly sessile,
without pronounced constriction at junction with propodeum. [Fore wing
with long marginal, short stigmal, and no postmarginal vein;
notauli distinct] (Fig. A)
......................................................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Aphelinidae
85b. Abdomen distinctly constricted at base,
but appearing sessile when the petiole is short..............................86
86a
(85b). Antennae with 7-10 segments,
inserted near mouth (Fig.
A).............................................................
............................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Pteromalidae (Eunotinae)
86b. Antennae with 11-13 segments, inserted
distinctly above
mouth.................................................................87
87a
(86b). Axillae distinctly advanced;
prepectus not impressed, caudal margin straight or sloping forward (Fig.
A); eyes
hairy..................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Pteromalidae (Cleonyminae)
87b. Axillae not obviously advanced; prepectus
normally impressed, caudal margin normally concave; eyes rarely
distinctly
hairy..........................................................................................................................................88
88a
(87b). Inner margins of axillae much closer
than inner margins of notauli, often meeting at mid line; hind
coxa large (Fig. A).
[Mesepimeron not impressed] ....................................(Chalcidoidea) Pteromalidae
(Brachyscelidiphaginae)
88b. Inner margins of axillae not much closer
than inner margins of notauli, or hind coxa small......................89
89a
(88b). Pronotum large and with simple
caudal margin; genal carina well developed, at least at mandible; hind
coxa small; propodeum usually concave in mid-line; antennae with 11
segments (club counted as 3
segments), with one ring segment (Fig. A) ......................(Chalcidoidea) Eurytomidae (Eurytominae)
89b. Not as previously
described........................................................................................................................90
90a
(89b). Notauli deep and running
extended; hind coxa large (Fig. A)....
.....................................................
.......................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Pteromalidae (Miscogasterinae)
90b. Notauli shallow, not running, indicated
only anteriorly; hind coxa not unusually enlarged (Fig. A)
...........................................................................................(Chalcidoidea) Pteromalidae (Pteromalinae)
Families of Bethyloidea:
91a
(24b). Antennae with 17-40 segments
(Fig. A). [Head elongated; antennae
inserted near mouth under a
pronounced frontal shelf; && wingless; pterostigma linear in %%] .............Bethyloidea) Sclerogibbidae
91b. Antennae with 10-13
segments...................................................................................................................92
92a
(91b). Antennae inserted high on the
forwardly produced face (Fig. A). [%% antennae with 10 segments, &&
with 13 segments; 7 visible tergites in abdomen of %%] .............................(Bethyloidea) Embolemidae
92b. Antennae inserted near mouth, or, if high
on face, then venation not attaining costal margin..................93
93a
(92b). Antennae with 10 segments in
both sexes; fore tarsus of && usually chelate (Figs. A-C].
[6-7 visible
tergites]................................................................................................................Bethyloidea) Dryinidae
93b. Antennae with 12-13 segments, rarely with
11 segments; fore tarsus simple...........................................94
94a
(93b). Pronotum reaches back to tegula;
7-8 visible tergites (Fig. A)....................(Bethyloidea) Bethylidae
94b. Pronotum does not reach back to tegula,
but is separated by a lobe of the scutum; 5-6, rarely 4, visible
tergites (Figs. A-C)................................................................................................(Bethyloidea) Cleptidae
Families of Pompiloidea:
95a
(24a). Mesopleuron with a
'horizontal' (scrobal) groove (Figs. A-H) ........(Pompiloidea).....Pompilidae.....96
95b. Mesopleuron without a 'horizontal'
groove................................................(Pompiloidea) Rhopalosomatidae
Subfamilies of (Pompiloidea) Pompilidae:
96a
(95a). Fore femur greatly enlarged;
eyes hairy tin &
(Fig. A). [Medial margin of eyes almost
parallel, closed
above antennae or at vertex; femora without apical spines; hind
tibia without spines above or at apex; 2nd
sternite of abdomen without a transverse sulcus; empodium very
small............(Pompiloidea) Pompilidae
(Planicepinae)
96b. Fore femur not enlarged (somewhat enlarged
in some species of Aporus); eyes smooth, or at most with a few
minute
hairs...................................................................................................................................................97
97a
(96b). Eyes deeply emarginate
medially above the mid point (Fig. A).
[Antennae short and stout, scape
expanded below; vertex distinctly raised; hind tarsal claws
strongly hooked; hind coxa greatly enlarged, 2X
as long as mid coxa; femora without apical spines; 2nd sternite of
abdomen without a transverse
sulcus................
........................................................................(Pompiloidea) Pompilidae (Ceropalinae)
97b. Eyes with medial margin at most slightly
sigmoid, closest either at vertex or below at clypeus.
.......................................................................................................................................................................98
98a
(97b). Metapostnotum small or not
visible in mid line, its caudal margin irregular (not straight); femora each
with a single enlarged spine at apex anteriorly, rarely with
additional small spines (rarely reduced on hind
femur and, more rarely, on mid femur too, but then 2nd and 3rd
radial cells united) (Fig. A). [Apical
tarsal
segment usually with a median row of spines
below]..................(Pompiloidea) Pompilidae (Pompilinae)
98b. Metaposnotum clearly developed in mid line
(sometimes small in Chirodamus), and with somewhat straight
caudal margin; femora without spines at apex anteriorly, or, if
spines are present, there is never regularly
one large spine on each femur (fore femur may have only one spine)
(Fig. A)......................(Pompiloidea)
Pompilidae (Pepsinae)
Families & Subfamilies of Scolioidea & Tiphioidea:
99a
(20a).
Winged.................................................................................................................................................100
99b. Wingless (&&
only).......................................................................................................................................104
100a
(99a). Hind wing with notched jugal
(and usually anal) lobe; pronotum not angulate above tegula (Fig.
A)...................................................................................................................(Tiphioidea) Tiphiidae.....101
100b. Hind wing without 'jugal' lobe; pronotum
angulate above tegula, less so in Mutillidae (Fig. A)
...................................................................................................................................................................103
101a
(100a). Mid tibia with 1 apical spur;
fore wing with 2 submarginal cells; tegula elongated (Fig. A)
......................................(Tiphioidea) Tiphiidae (Tiphiinae)
101b. Mid tibia with 2 apical spurs; fore wing
with 3 submarginal cells; tegula short .......................................102
102a
(101b). Antennae arise from simple
sockets; && winged (Fig. A)....
.................................................
...................................................................................................(Tiphioidea) Tiphiidae (Anthoboscinae)
102b. Antennae arise from beneath a frontal
ridge; && wingless (Figs. A-B)
................................................
..........................................................................................................(Tiphioidea) Tiphiidae (Thynninae)
103a
(100b). Anal lobe of hind wing
notched (with pre-axillary incision); mid tibia with 1 spur; apex of wing with
close pseudovenation; meso- and metasterna together form a flat
plate, which is divided by a transverse,
somewhat sinuous suture, and overlies the bases of the mid and hind
coxae; && winged (Fig. A)
...................................................................................................................................(Scolioidea) Scoliidae
103b. Anal lobe of hind wing not notched; mid
tibia with 2 spurs; apex of wing with microtrichia; meso- and
metasterna do not form such a plate; && wingless (Figs. A-B) ....................(Tiphioidea) Mutillidae
104a
(99b). Thorax with distinct segmentation
(Figs. A-B)..........................Tiphioidea) Tiphiidae (Thynninae)
104b. Thorax without distinct segmentation
dorsally (Figs. A-B).............................. ....(Tiphioidea) Mutillidae
Families of Vespoidea:
105a
(26a). Fore wing not folded
longitudinally when at rest, and with 2 submarginal cells (Fig. A)
...............................................................................................................................(Vespoidea) Masaridae
105b. Fore wing folded longitudinally when at
rest, and with 3 submarginal cells.............................................106
106a
(105b). Tarsal claws simple; tegula
not margined; social species (Figs. A-B) ..........(Vespoidea) Vespidae
106b. Tarsal claws 2-forked; tegula with raised
margin (indistinct in some Odynerus); solitary species (Figs. A-
E)...........................................................................................................................(Vespoidea) Eumenidae
Families & Subfamilies of Sphecoidea:
107a
(27b). Notauli well developed; hind
wing usually without 'jugal' lobe; fore wing with 2 interradial cross
veins unless venation is reduced (Fig.
A)....................................(Sphecoidea) Sphecidae (Ampulicinae)
107b. Notauli absent or poorly defined; hind
wing with 'jugal' lobe; fore wing with only 1 interadial cross vein
(Figs. A-G) (except in
Astatinae)..............................................................(Sphecoidea) Sphecidae.....108
108a
(107b). Fore wing with 2 interradial
cross veins (radial cell distinctly appendiculate); 2 mid tibial
spurs................................................................................................(Sphecoidea) Sphecidae (Astatinae)
108b. Fore wing with 1 interradial cross vein;
1-2 mid tibial
spurs...................................................................109
109a
(108b). Hind wing with distinct 2nd
anal vein, well separated from 1A (Figs. A-B).
[Mid tibia with 2 spurs;
'jugal' lobe of hind wing without notch].....................
......................(Sphecoidea) Sphecidae (Sphecinae)
109b. Hind wing without distinct 2nd anal
vein................................................................................................110
110a
(109b). Labrum visible beyond
clypeus, or mid tibia with 2 spurs (Figs. A-E)
.......................................................................................................(Sphecoidea) Sphecidae (Nyssoninae)
110b. Labrum not protruding (or only very slightly so) and mid tibia
with 1 spur.............................................111
111a
(110b). Hind wing with 'median' cell
shorter than 'costal' cell (Fig.
A)..................................................
....................................................................................................(Sphecoidea) Sphecidae (Crabroninae)
111b. Hind wing with 'median' cell longer than
'costal' cell (Fig. A)..................................................................112
112a
(111b). Eyes deeply emarginate (Fig.
A)..................................(Sphecoidea) Sphecidae (Trypoxyloninae)
112b. Eyes not or very slightly
emarginate.........................................................................................................113
113a
(112b). Pterostigma enlarged (Fig.
A).....................................(Sphecoidea) Sphecidae (Pemphredoninae)
113b. Pterostigma little wider than the combined
C+R
width.............................................................................114
114a
(113b). Abdomen with 1st segment
short, node-like (Fig. A)...........(Sphecoidea) Sphecidae (Cercerinae)
114b. Abdomen subsessile (Fig.
A)...............................................................(Sphecoidea) Sphecidae (Larrinae)
Families of Apoidea:
115a
(27a). Labial palp with first 2
segments elongated, sheath-like, and flattened, in strong contrast to distal 2
segments; galea with postpalpal part greatly elongated, usually
longer than stipes (Fig. A); glossa elongated
and pointed, usually longer than prementum; mid coxa over 2/3rds as
long as distance from its base to base
of hind wing; pre-episternal groove or suture absent below scrobal
suture (long-tongued bees) ...........116
115b. Labial palp with segments similar and
subcylindrical; galea with postpalpal part much shorter than stipes
(Figs. A-B); glossa shorter than prementum; mid coxa (or at least
exposed part) much shorter than distance
from its base to base of hind wing; pre-episternal groove usually
present below scrobal suture (Fig. C)
(short-tongued
bees).................................................................................................................................118
116a
(115a). Labrum longer than broad;
subantennal suture directed toward outer margin of antennal socket; 2
submarginal cells (Fig. A); scopa, when present, on gastral
sterna.......................(Apoidea) Megachilidae
116b. Labrum broader than long; subantennal
suture directed toward inner margin of antennal socket; wings with
3 submarginal cells (Fig. A), distal veins weak and no distinct
submarginal cells in Trigona (Apidae), 2
cells in some Ceratinini); scopa, when present, on hind
tibia....................................................................117
117a
(116b). Hind tibial spurs absent
(except in Bombus); scopa of && forming a corbicula (= pollen basket) on
hind tibia (except in queens); inner apical margin of hind tibia
(except in queens) provided with a comb of
rigid setae; pygidial plate absent; distance between costal ends of
the 2 recurrent veins (if present) nearly
2X as great as length of 2nd recurrent vein and longer than 1st
recurrent; social species with queen and
worker castes and large colonies (Fig.
A)..........................................................................(Apoidea) Apidae
117b. Hind tibial spurs present; scopa of && not forming a corbicula;
inner apical margin of hind tibia without a
comb of rigid setae; pygidial plate present or absent; distance
between costal ends of the 2 recurrent veins
(2nd may be absent) less than 2X as great as length of 2nd
recurrent vein and shorter than, or equal to, 1st
recurrent; non-social species without && castes (Figs.
A-C)..................(Apoidea) Anthophoridae.....120
118a
(115b). Inner hind tibial spur of && greatly broadened basally so
that the whole spur is crescent-shaped, the
concave side finely ciliate; pre-episternal suture absent below
scrobal suture; submentum V-shaped;
(distrib. fr. northern Queensland and
northward).......................................................(Apoidea) Melittidae
118b. Inner hind tibial spur not broadened
basally and not crescent-shaped; pre-episternal suture present below
scrobal suture (except in Stenotritinae and Hesperocolletes
of Colletidae); submentum absent or in form of
a plate, but not V-shaped.........................................................................................................................119
119a
(118b). Glossa broad, emarginate,
truncate, or rounded apically in all && and most %%, pointed in a few %%;
submentum present, sometimes only weakly sclerotized; mentum
usually recognizable although often
weakly sclerotized; galea not evenly tapering to pointed base,
prepalpal portion shorter than postpalpal
portion (Figs. A-B)......................................................................................................(Apoidea) Colletidae
119b. Glossa pointed apically; submentum and
mentum absent or scarcely recognizable and not sclerotized; galea
elongated before palpus and evenly tapering to pointed base,
prepalpal portion usually as long as postpalpal
portion (Figs. A-B).................
.....................................................................................(Apoidea) Halictidae
Subfamilies of (Apoidea) Anthophoridae:
120a
(117b). Pygidial plate absent or
represented by apical spine usually hidden in dense pubescence; clypeus not
strongly protuberant, lateral parts seen from below but little bent
back and not parallel to long axis of body
(Fig. A)......................
...............................................................(Apoidea) Anthophoridae (Xylocopinae)
120b. Pygidial plate present in &&; clypeus strongly
protuberant, so that, seen from below, lateral parts are bent
back parallel to long axis of
body.............................................................................................................121
121a
(120b). Marginal cell longer than
distance from its apex to wing tip, pointed on wing margin; stigma large,
extending well into marginal cell beyond base of R; small, slender
bees.......................................(Apoidea)
Anthophoridae (Nomadinae)
121b. Marginal cell shorter than distance from
its apex to wing tip, apex of cell rounded and separated from wing
margin; stigma small, not extending into marginal cell beyond base
of R; large, robust species (Figs.
A-
B)..............................
............................................................(Apoidea) Anthophoridae (Anthophorinae)
Subfamilies of (Formicoidea) Formicidae:
122a
(25a). Abdomen attached to alitrunk
by a waist consisting of 2 somewhat reduced and nodiform segments
(Figs.
A-I).................................................................................................................................................123
122b. Abdomen attached to alitrunk by a waist
consisting of a single reduced segment, which may be nodiform,
erect or inclined scale-like, or even prostrate and somewhat hidden
by overhanging abdomen (Figs. A-
B)..............................................................................................................................................................128
123a
(122a). Larger species, total length
usually exceeding 8 mm, with large eyes and long, slender, serially
dentate mandibles. [Myrmecia;
65 spp; Figs. A-B] .............(Formicoidea) Formicidae (Myrmeciinae)
123b. Smaller species, or, if largest workers or
soldiers are over 8 mm, eyes very small or absent an/or mandibles
not
elongated............................................................................................................................................124
124a
(123b). Pygidium flattened at apex,
the flattened part bordered with denticles arranged in rows on each side;
underside of head with a strong carina on each side running forward
from posterior corner. [Cerapachyini-
- Lioponera (Fig. A), Syscia, Sphinctomyrmex;
55 spp.]...(Formicoidea) Formicidae [Ponerinae (part)]
124b. Pygidium simple; no distinct carinae on
underside of head extending forward from posterior corners......125
125a
(124b). Eyes absent; small to minute
army ants. [Queens dichthadiiform, i.e.
blind, wingless, with simple
alitrunk, abdomen long and
bulky].............................................................................................................126
125b. Eyes large to minute, but normally present
in Australian species; not army ants .......................................127
126a
(125a). Extremely minute (under 2.5
mm) slender yellow species; antennae with 12 segments. [Rare and
subterranean; Leptanilla; 1
sp.]...............................................(Formicoidea) Formicidae (Leptanillinae)
126b. Small species, but usually over 2.5 mm
long; antennae with 10 segments. [Aenictus;
3 spp.; Fig. A]
......................................................................................................(Formicoidea) Formicidae (Dorylinae)
127a
(125b) Tarsal claws toothed; tibial
spurs of mid and hind legs distinctly pectinate; Australian species very
slender, black, with large eyes; inhabiting hollow twigs and
similar plant cavities. [Tetraponera;
2 spp.;
Fig. A]................
.........................................................(Formicoidea) Formicidae (Pseudomyrmecinae)
127b. Tarsal claws simple; tibial spurs of mid
and hind legs, when present, simple or at most very indistinctly
pectinate; body form and nesting habits very diverse (Figs.
A-F). [Podomyrma, Crematogaster,
Meranoplus, Strumigenys].......................................................(Formicoidea) Formicidae (Myrmicinae)
128a
(122b). Sting well developed and functional,
usually extended and visible in dead specimens.
....................................................................................................................................................................129
128b. Sting absent, or vestigial and not
extensible................................................................................................130
129a
(128a). A large (10 mm or more),
tawny yellow species with large convex eyes set at the middle of the sides of
the
head; long, robust mandibles with finely dentate inner margins;
palpi segmented 6,4; alitrunk and petiole much as
in Myrmecia; body with abundant rigid & erect hairs; tarsal claws toothed. [Presumably in southwestern Western
Australia; Nothomyrmecia; 1 sp.]……………………….(Formicoidea) Formicidae [Myrmeciinae (part)]
129b. Disagreeing with some or all of the
previously described characters. [Amblyopone,
Rhytidoponera (Fig.
A), Leptogenys, Odontomachus].........................................(Formicoidea) Formicidae [Ponerinae (part)]
130a
(128b). 7th sternite rolled into a
short ventroapical cone with a round apical orifice (with or without a
coronula of minute hairs) that serves as a nozzle for a defensive
acid spray; not to be confused with the
cloacal orifice, which is more dorsal and normally hidden (Fig.
A). [Melophorus, Oecophylla,
Camponotus, Polyrhachis]
..........................................................(Formicoidea) Formicidae (Formicinae)
130b. Gastric apex without such an acid-spraying
cone (dried specimens may at times have the 7th sternite
distorted into a somewhat conical shape, but then still without a
circular orifice); defensive secretion in the
form of a viscous fluid, ejected through a slit-like orifice. [Leptomyrmex, Iridomyrmex
(Fig. A),
Technomyrmex]
...................................................................(Formicoidea) Formicidae (Dolichoderinae)
REFERENCES:
Boucek,
Z. 1988. Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). C.A.B. International, Wallingford, Oxon,
UK. 832
p.
Brown, W.
L., Jr. & R. W. Taylor. 1970. Superfamily Formicoidea, p. 951-59. In:
E. F. Riek, In:
Hymenoptera
(Wasps, bees, ants), p 867-983. The Insects of Australia. CSIRO, Div. Ent., Canberra. Melbourne Univ Press,
Melbourne. 1029 p.
Michener,
C. D. 1965. Classification of the bees of the Australian and South Pacific
regions. Bull. Amer. Mus.
Nat. Hist. 130: 1-362.
Michener,
C. D. 1970. Superfamily Apoidea, p. 943-51.
In: E. F. Riek, In: Hymenoptera (Wasps, bees, ants), p
867-983.
The Insects of Australia. CSIRO,
Div. Ent., Canberra. Melbourne Univ
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Naumann, L.
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The Insects of
Australia, 2nd ed. Cornell Univ. Press, NY. 1137 p.
Riek, E. F.
(with C. D. Michener, L. W. Brown, Jr. & R. W. Taylor). 1970.
Hymenoptera (Wasps, bees, ants), p
867-983.
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