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Biological Pest Control

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<WA.REF>

 

Waage, J.K. 1978.  Arrestment responses of the parasitoid, Nemeritis canescens, to a contact chemical produced by its host, Plodia interpunctella.  Physiological Entomol., 3: 135-146.

 

Waage, J. K.  1979.  Foraging in patchily-distributed hosts by the parasitoid, Nemeritis canescens.  J. Anim. Ecol. 48:  353-71.

 

Waage, J. K.  1982.  Sex ratio and population dynamics of natural enemies-- some possible interactions.  Ann. Appl. Biol. 101:  159-67.

 

Waage, J. K.  1983.  Aggregation in field parasitoid populations:  Foraging time allocation by a population of Diadegma (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae).  Ecol. Ent. 8:  447-53.

 

Waage,J.K. 1986.  Family planning in parasitoids: Adaptive patterns of progeny and sex allocation, pp. 63-95.  InWaage, J. and D. Greathead, (eds.). Insect Parasitoids.  Academic Press, London.

 

Waage, J. K. 1989.  The population ecology of pest-pesticide-natural enemy interactions, pp. 81-93.  In:Jepson, P.C., (ed.). Pesticides and Non-Target Invertebrates.  Intercept, Wimborne, Dorset, U.K.

 

Waage, J. K.  1990a.  The population ecology of pest-pesticide-natural enemy interactions.  In:  P. C. Jepson (ed.), Pesticides and Non-Target Invertebrates.  Intercept, Ltd., U.K. (in press).

 

Waage,J.K. 1990b.  Ecological theory and the selection of biological control agents, pp. 135-157.  In:Mackauer, M. and L.E. Ehler, (eds.). Critical Issues in Biological Control.  Intercept, Andover, U.K.

 

Waage, J. & D. J. Greathead (eds.).  1986.  Insect parasitoids.  Academic Press, London.  389 p.

 

Waage, J. & D. Greathead (eds.).  1987.  Insect Parasitoids.  Academic Press.  390 p.

 

Waage, J. K. & D. J. Greathead.  1987.  Biological control challenges and opportunities, delivered to the discussion meeting, biological control of pests, pathogens and weeds:  development and prospects, Feb. 18-19, 1987.  The Roy. Soc., London.

 

Waage, J. K. and D. J.  Greathead. 1988.  Biological control: Challenges and opportunities.  Philosophical Trans. of the Royal Soc. of London, Series B, 318: 111-128.

 

Waage, J. K. & M. P. Hassell.  1982.  Parasitoids as biological control agents-- a fundamental approach.  Parasitol. 84:  241-68.

 

Waage, J. K. and J. A. Lane. 1984.  The reproductive strategy of a parasitic wasp. 11.  Sex allocation and local mate competition in Trichogramma evanescens. journal Animal Ecology, 53: 417-426.

 

Waage, J. K. and N. J.  Mills. 1992.  Biological control, pp. 412-430.  In:Crawley, M. J., (ed.). Natural Enemies & the Population Biology of Predators, Parasites and Diseases.  Blackwell Scientific Public., Oxford, U.K.

 

Waage, J. K., J. T. Smiley & L. E. Gilbert.  1981.  The Passiflora problem in Hawaii:  prospects and problems of controlling the forest weed P. mollissima [Passifloraceae] with heliconiine butterflies.  Entomophaga 26:  275-84.

 

Waage, J. K., K. P. Carl, N. J. Mills & D. J. Greathead.  1984.  Rearing entomophagous insects. p. 45-66.  In:  P. Singh & R. F. Moore (eds.), Handbook of Insect Rearing.  Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands.

 

Waage, J. K., M. P. Hassell & H. C. J. Godfray.  1985a.  The dynamics of pest-parasitoid-insecticide interactions.  J. Appl. Ecol. 22:  825-38.

 

Waage, J. K., K. P. Carl, N. J. Mills & D. J. Greathead.  1985b.  Rearing entomophagous insects, pp. 45-66.  In:  P. Singh & R. F. Moore (eds.), Handbook of Insect Rearing, Vol. I.  Elsevier, New York.

 

Wäckers, F. L. & J. C. van Lenteren.  1990.  Alterntieven voor de chemisch bestrijding in de Nederlandse Akker- en Tuinbouw. Ministerie VROM, DG Milieubeheer, Den Haag: 59 pp.

 

Wäckers, F.L. and W. J.  Lewis. 1994.  Olfactory and visual learning and their combined influence on host site location by the parasitoid Microplitis croceipes (Cresson).  Biological Control, 4: 105-112.

 

Wäckers, F. L., I. J. M. deGroot, L. P. J. J. Noldus & S. A. Hassan.  1987.  Measuring host preference of Trichogramma egg parasites:  An evaluation of direct and indirect methods.  Med. Fac. Landbouww. Rijksuniv. Gent. 52:  339-48.

 

Waddill, V. H.  1978.  Sexual differences in foraging on corn of adult Labidura riparia [Derm.: Labiduridae].  Entomophaga 23:  339-42.

 

Waddill, V. & M. Shepard.  1974.  Potential of Geocoris punctipes [Hemiptera: Lygaeidae] and Nabis spp. [Hemiptera: Nabidae] as predators of Epilachna varivestis [Coleoptera: Coccinellidae].  Entomophaga 19:  421-26.

 

Wade, J. S. & P. R. Meyers.  1921.  Observations relative to recent recoveries of Pleurotropis epigonus Walker (Hym.).  Wash. Ent. Soc. Proc. 23:  202-06.

 

Wade, M. J. & L. Stevens.  1985.  Microorganism mediated reproductive isolation in flour beetles (Genus Tribolium).  Science 227:  527-48.

 

Wadley, F. M.  1931.  Ecology of Toxoptera graminum, especially as to factors affecting importance in the northern United States.  Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 24(2):  325-95.

 

Wadsworth, J. T.  1915.  On the life-history of Aleochara bilineata Gyll., a staphylinid parasite of Chortophila brassicae Bouché.  J. Econ. Biol. 10:  1-27.

 

Wagner, R. P. & R. K. Selander.  1974.  Isozymes in insects and their significance.  Annu. Rev. Ent. 19:  117-38.

 

Wagner, T. L. & D. E. Leonard.  1980.  Mortality factors of satin moth, Leucoma salicis [Lep.: Lymantriidae] in aspen forests in Maine.  Entomophaga 25:  7-16.

 

Wagoner, D. E.  1968.  Theoretical application of meiotic-drive factors to insect-population control (abs.).  Proc. No. Cent. Br. Ent. Soc. Amer. 23:  27.

 

Wagoner, D. E. & O. A. Johnson.  1974.  Strains of house flies producing only males.  Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 67:  553-54.

 

Wagoner, D. E., C. A. Nickel & O. A. Johnson.  1969.  Chromosomal translocation heterozygotes in the house fly.  J. Heredity 60:  301-04.

 

Wahrheit, A. S. & E. F. Legner.  1999.  Ethnic Diversity in America Before Columbus Suggests Prehistoric Old World Contacts.  Pub. Information Ser. Internatl..  184 figs.

 

Waite, B. H. & V. C. Dunlap.  1953.  Preliminary host range studies with Fusarium oxysporum f. cubense.  Plant Dis. Rep. 37:  79-80.

 

Wajnberg, E.  1989.  Analysis of variations of handling-time in Trichogramma maidis.  Entomophaga 34:  397-408.

 

Wajnberg, E. & J. Pizzol.  1989.  The problem of superparasitism in the production of natural enemies for inundative biological:  a genetical approach.  In:  "Parasites", R. Cavalloro & V. DeLucci (eds.).  Proc. Scien. Congress, Barcelona, Spain 1988.  p. 437-44.

 

Wajnberg, E., G. Prévost & M. Boulétreau.  1985.  Genetic and epigenetic variation in Drosophila larvae suitability to a hymenopterous endoparasitoid.  Entomophaga 30:  187-91.

 

Wajnberg, E., J. Pizzol & M. Babault.  1989.  Genetic variation in progeny allocation in Trichogramma maidis.  Ent. exp. appl. 53:  177-87.

 

Wakid, A. M.  1973.  Effects of nitrogen during gamma irradiation of puparia and adults of the Mediterranean fruit fly on emergence, sterility, longevity and competitiveness.  Environ. Ent. 2:  37-40.

 

Walcott, G. N.  1937.  An animal census of two pastures and a meadow in northern New York.  Ecol. Monogr. 7:  1-90.

 

Walde, S. J. & W. W. Murdoch.  1988.  Spatial density dependence in parasitoids.  Annu. Rev. Ent. 33:  441-66.

 

Waldbauer, G. P.  1964.  The consumption, digestion and utilization of solanaceous and non-solanaceous plants by larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Protoparce sexta (Johan.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae).  Ent. Expt. Appl. 7:  253-69.

 

Waldbauer, G. P.  1968.  The consumption and utilization of foods by insects.  Advan. Insect Physiol. 5:  229-88.

 

Waldbauer, G. P., R. W. Cohen & S. Friedman.  1984.  Self selection of an optimal nutrient mix from defined diets by larvae of the corn earworm, Heliothis zea Boddie.  Physiol. Zool. 57:  590-97.

 

Walde, S. J. and W.W. Murdoch. 1988.  Spatial density dependence in parasitoids.  Annu. Rev. of Entomol., 33:  441-466.

 

Walgenbach, D. D. & D. M. Benjamin.  1963.  Natural controlling factors affecting the pine tussock moth.  Proc. Ent. Soc. Amer., North Cent. Br. 18:  15-16.

 

Walker, A. L., D. G. Bottrell & J. R. Cate, Jr.  1973.  Hymenopterous parasites of biotype C greenbug in the High Plains of Texas.  Ann. Ent. Soc. Amer. 66:  173-76.

 

Walker, D. L., R. P. Hanson & A. S. Evans.  1958.  Symposium on Latency and Masking in Viral and Rickettsial Infections.  Burgess, Minneapolis.  202 p.

 

Walker, D. W. & V. Quintana.  1968.  Inherited partial sterility among survivors from irradiation-eradication experiment.  J. Econ. Ent. 61:  318-19.

 

Walker, G. P. & G. Gordh.  1989.  The occurrence of apical labial sensilla in the Aleyrodidae and evidence for a contact chemosensory function.  Entomol. Exp. Appl. 51:  215-224.

 

Walker, G. P., L. R. Nault & D. E. Simonet.  1984.  Natural mortality factors acting on potato aphid 9Macrosiphum euphorbiae) populations in processing-tomato fields in Ohio.  Environ. Ent. 13:  724-32.

 

Walker, G. P., N. Zareh, I. M. Bayoun & S. V. Triapitsyn. 1997. Introduction of western Asian egg parasitoids into California for biological control of beet leafhopper, Circulifer tenellus.  Pan-Pacific Entomologist 73 (4): 236-242.

 

Walker, H.L. 1981.  Fusatium lateritium: A pathogen of spurred anoda (Anoda cristata), prickly sida (Sida spinosa), and velvetleaf (Abutilon theophrasti). Weed Science, 29: 629-631.

 

Walker, I.  1959.  Die Abwehrreaktion des Wirtes Drosophila melanogaster gegen die zoophage Cynipide Pseudeucoila bochei.  Weld Rev. Suisse Zool. 66:  569-632.

 

Walker, I.  1979.  Some British species of fAnagrus (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae).  Zool. J. Linn. Soc. 67:  181-202.

 

Walker, I. & D. Pimentel.  1966.  Correlation between maternal longevity and incidence of diapause in Nasonia vitripennis Walker (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).  Gerontologia 12:  89-98.

 

Walker, J. K., Jr.  1957.  A biological study of Collops balteatus Lec. and Collops vittatus (Way).  J. Econ. Ent. 50(4):  395-99.

 

Walker, J. M. & B. M. Doube.  1984.  Susceptibility to drowning of eggs of the dung breeding flies Haematobia irritans exigua and Musca vetustissima (Dipt., Muscidae) in relation to dung beetle activity.  Zeitschrift für angew. Ent. 98:  518-27.

 

Walker, J. R. & T. A. Brindley.  1963.  Effect of X-ray exposure on the European corn borer.  J. Econ. Ent. 56:  522-5.

 

Walker, J. T. S.  1985.  The influence of temperature and natural enemies on population development of woolly apple aphid, Eriosoma lagigerum (Hausmann).  Ph.D. Thesis, Washington St. Univ.  133 p.

 

Walker, M. F.  1961.  Some observations on the biology of the ladybird parasite, Perilitus coccinellae (Schrank) with special reference to host selection and recognition.  Ent. Mon. Mag. 97:  240-4.

 

Walker, M. G.  1937.  A mathematical analysis of superparasitism by Collyria calcitrator Grav.  Parasitol. 29:  477-503.

 

Walker, M. G.  1940.  Notes on the distribution of Cephus pygmaeus Linn. and its parasite, Collyria calcitrator Grav.  Bull. Ent. Res. 30:  551-73.

 

Walker, M. G.  1943.  Notes on the biology of Dexia rustica F. a dipterous parasite of Melolontha melolontha F.  Proc. Zool. Soc. London A, 113:  126-76.

 

Walker, W. F. & J. A. Svoboda.  1973.  Suppression of Mexican bean beetle development by foliar applications of azasterols and reversal by cholesterol.  Ent. Exp. Appl. 16:  422-26.

 

Wall, I.  1963.  Erster Beitrag zur Kenntnis der Verbreitung der mitteleuropäischen Proctotrupoidea.  Beitr. Ent., Berlin 13:  902-11.

 

Wall, M. L. & W. H. Whitcomb.  1964.  The effect of bird predators on winter survival of the southern and European corn borers in Arkansas.  J. Kan. Ent. Soc. 37(3):  187-92.

 

Wallace, A. R.  1876.  The Geographical Distribution of Animals with a Study of the Relations of Living and Extinct Faunas as Elucidating the Past Changes of the EArth's Surface.  2 vols.  MacMillan & Co., London, vol. 1 = 503 p.; vol 2 = 607 p.

 

Wallace, A. R.  1880.  Island Life:  or, the Phenomena and Causes of Insular Faunas and Floras, Including a Revision and Attempted Solution of the Problem of Geological Climates.  MacMillan & Co., London.  526 p.

 

Wallace, F. G.  1956.  Cultivation of Trypanosoma ranarum on a liquid medium.  J. Protozool. 3:  47-9.

 

Wallace, G. E.  1942.  Observations on the life history of a new chalcidoid wasp, an internal parasite of ant-lion larvae.  Ann. Carnegie Mus. 29:  31-40.

 

Wallace, M. M. H.  1971.  Lucerne flea.  CSIRO Div. Ent. Ann. Rept. 1970-71.  p. 53.

 

Wallace, M. M. H. 1954.  The effect of DDT and BHC on the population of the lucerne flea, Sminthurus viridis (L.) (Collembola), and its control by predatory mites, Biscirus spp. (Bdellidac).  Australian Journal of Agric. Research, 5: 148-155.

 

Wallace, M. M. H. 1981.  Tackling the lucerne flea and red-legged earth mite.  Journal of agriculture, Western Australia, 22: 72-74.

 

Wallace, M. M. H. & M. Tyndale-Biscoe.  1983.  Attempts to measure the influence of dung beetles (Coleoptear, Scarabaeidae) on the field mortality of the bush fly Musca vetustissima Walker in south-eastern Australia.  Bull. Ent. Res. 73:  33-44.

 

Wallace, M. M. H., M. Tyndale-Biscoe & E. Holm.  1979.  The influence of Macrocheles glaber on the breeding of the Australian bush fly Musca vetustissima in cow dung.  Recent Adv. Acarol. 2:  217-22, Academic Press, NY.

 

Wallin, H.  1985.  Spatial and temporal distribution of some abundant carabid beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) in cereal fields and adjacent habitats.  Pedobiologia 28:  19-34.

 

Wallin, I. E.  1927.  Symbionticism and the Origin of Species.  The Williams & Wilkins Co., Baltimore.  171 p.

 

Wallis, D. I.  1962.  The relation between hunger, activity and worker function in an ant colony.  Proc. zool. Soc., London 139:  589-605.

 

Wallis, R. C.  1957.  Incidence of polyhedrosis of gypsy-moth larvae and the influence of relative humidity.  J. Econ. Ent. 50:  580-3.

 

Wallner, W. E., R. M. Weseloh & P. S. Grinberg.  1982.  Intrinsic competition between Apanteles melanoscelus [Hym.: Braconidae] and Rogas lymantriae [Hym.: Braconidae] reared on Lymantria dispar [Lep.: Lymantriidae].  Entomophaga 27:  99-104.

 

Waloff, N.  1966.  Scotch broom (Sarothamnus scoparius (L.) Wimmer) and its insect fauna introduced into the Pacific Northwest of America.  J. Appl. Ecol. 3:  293-11.

 

Walsh, B. D.  1864.  On phytophagic varieties and phytophagic species.  Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia 3:  403-30.

 

Walsh, B. D.  1864.  On the phytophagic varieties of phytophagous species, with remarks on the unity of coloration in insects.  Proc. Ent. Soc. Philadelphia 5:  194-216.

 

Walsh, B. D.  1866a.  Practical Entomologist, June 1866.  p. 101.

 

Walsh, B. D.  1866b.  Imported insects;--the gooseberry sawfly.  Practical Entomologist 1:  117-25.

 

Walter, D.E. and DJ.  O'Dowd. 1992.  Leaf morphology and predators: effect of leaf domatia on the abundance of predatory niites (Acari: Phytoseiidae).  Environ. Entomol., 21: 478-484.

 

Walter, D.E., H.W. Hunt, and E.T. Elliot. 1988.  Guilds or functional groups?  An analysis of predatory arthropods from a shortgrass steppe soil.  Pedobiologia, 31: 247-260.

 

Walter, E. V.  1959.  The sorghum midge with suggestions for control.  U. S. Dept. Agr. Farmer's Bull. 1566.

 

Walter, E. V. & D. W. La Hue.  1939.  Notes on food for corn earworm adults.  J. Econ. Ent. 32:  156.

 

Walter, G. H.  1983.  Divergent male ontogenies in Aphelinidae:  a simplified classification and a suggested evolutionary sequence.  Biol. J. Linnean Soc. 19:  63-82.

 

Walter, G.H. 1988.  Heteronomous host relationships in aphelinids-Evolutionary pathways and adaptive significance (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea).  Advances in Parasitic Hymenoptera Research, 1988: 313-326. 

 

Walters, C. J. & R. M. Peterman.  1974.  A systems approach to the dynamics of spruce budworm in New Brunswick.  Questiones Entomologicae 10:  177-86.

 

Walters, H. S.  1962.  The morphology and life cycle of certain microsporidian parasites found in mosquitoes.  Diss., Pretoria, S. Afr..  126 p.

 

Walters, L. L.  1976.  Comparative effects of the desert pupfish, Cyprinodon macularius Baird & Girard, and the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis-affinis (Baird & Girard) on pond ecosystems; and mass rearing feasibility of C. macularius.  M.S. Thesis, Univer. Calif., Riverside.  249 p.

 

Walters, L. L. & E. F. Legner.  1980.  Impact of the desert pupfish, Cyprinodon macularius, and Gambusia affinis on fauna in pond ecosystems.  Hilgardia 48(3):  1-18.

 

Walters, M. C.  1966.  The yellow dung-fly Scatophaga stercoraria (L.) [Diptera: Cordyluridae] as a predator of the lucerne springtail, Sminthurus viridis (L.).  S. Afr. J. Agr. Sci. 9:  739-40.

 

Walther, C. & W. Rathmayer.  1974.  The effect of Habrobracon venom on excitatory neuromuscular transmission in insects.  J. Comp. Physiol. 89:  23-38.

 

Walton, C. L. & H. G. H. Kea