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Updated
07/27/09
A new theory about: Why
insects have small bulks?
Before explanation of my new
theory, I point out to those theories which have been presented before
on this respect.
Exoskeleton theory:
Insects have exoskeleton and this theory point out that this skeleton
isn't able to grow more actually, the insect is imprisoned inside this
skeleton and isn't able to get larger. Defects of this theory: All of
arthropod owns exoskeleton, and some of them like crabs are able to own
rather large body which is discordant with this theory. On the
contrary, there are some insects that own softer exoskeleton, but again
aren't able to enlarge. Also in the past (250 million years ago), there
were insects that owned big bodies (like dragonfly by length of 75 cm)
and this theory can't explain the reason of their existence. Because
they owned hard exoskeleton too but they were able to enlarger!
Respiratory system theory:
Insects respiratory system comprise thin and capillary tubes called
tracheae that supplies oxygen directly through existent pores on the
body, to all insect bodies interior cells. That means, opposite other
animals, oxygen isn't been carried by blood. It flows through inside of
tracheas by means of propagation phenomenon, and reaches cells.
This theory says that the propagation of oxygen inside the
cells,
is possible only in short intervals and if insects have large body, the
length of tracheas will lengthen and oxygen can not reach cells. So
insects are forced to own small body. About existence of large insects
in the past, this theory predicts the existence of high percentage
oxygen in earth's atmosphere. According to this theory, atmosphere's
oxygen amount, 250 million years ago, was higher than the oxygen, would
make it possible the propagation of it through the long tracheas of
insects. Therefore insects at that time were able to be longer than
present insects.
Defects of this theory:
250 million years ago, there were plants from the class of Horsetails
and Club moss as the shape of very big trees. But today, the same
plants exist only in very small size of some centimeters. Botanists
believe that high consistency of atmosphere's carbon de oxide (CO2) is
the reason of existence of giant Horsetails and Club moss at that time.
You consider that entomologists predict a high consistency of oxygen
and botanists predict a high consistency of CO2 for 250 million years
ago. These two have confliction with each other.
This was a brief of theories
existing in this respect. My new theory, in this respect:
Blood circulation system theory:
My theory is based on animals' blood circulation system. The theory
compares the power and evolution of blood circulation system for
animals and expresses the relation between bulk largeness and power of
blood circulation system. According to this theory as much as blood
circulation system is stronger and complete, animals' bulk can be
larger (bigger). Insect's blood circulation system is too incomplete
and there are no blood vessels. Insect's bodies, with lack of blood
vessels, aren't able to supply blood consisting nutrition to remote
cells, so their body are forced to be small. In this theory air
pressure and gravity, are two physical factors that have impact on
function of blood circulation system. The most effort of blood
circulation system is used to conquest on gravity. As much blood
circulation system is strong, is more able to conquest on gravity and
send blood upper into animals' brain. Consequently, animal is able to
enlarge more and taller. For example, elephants and giraffes, who own
the most evoluted and strongest blood circulation system, are the
largest and tallest ones among the animals.
For
possibility of existence of insects whit big bodies and other big
animals like dinosaurs and mammals in the past, this theory predicts a
light gravity at that time. According to this theory, the amount of
gravity in the past have been less than the present time, so blood
circulatory system of animals was able to conquest better on it and
enlarge animals body but along the time, gravity has been increasing
and animals are forced to make smaller their body sizes.
As you know,
there are some theories such as strike of meteorites or activity of
volcanoes for extinction of dinosaurs, which each one has a lot of
defects. It has been said ice ages for extinction of mammoths and a lot
other theories for other extinctions. My new theory is able to answer
all of these questions as a case of a theory and no need to state a
different theory for each of these matters. This is my theory's name:
"The relation between gravity and evolution" This theory is able to
answer many questions about animals and plants and their extinction,
which haven't been answered yet.
This theory
is organized as cast of several articles that the sun of these articles
now available as a book. The title of this book is "The theory of
gravity increase". It's ISBN is 8-04-7061-964 in 1999 and have 120
page. It's English translation can be found on following site: http://www.geocities.com/ramin1102000/bookpage.html
Ramin Amir Mardfar
Updated
10/10/07
Subscribed to Lepidoptera
Genetics List Server, please click
here
Updated
09/19/07
David: How
well does the diet sold by Carolina Biological supply work for rearing
Bombyx mori?
Chuck:
I
have not tried Carolina's diet but have heard that a specific mutation
is responsible for acceptance of artificial diets. (Wikipedia's Bombyx
mori page, referring to
THE GENETICS AND
GENOMICS OF THE SILKWORM, BOMBYX MORI
Marian R. Goldsmith, Toru Shimada, and Hiroaki Abe
http://arjournals.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146%2Fannurev.ento.50.071803.130456
Thus, I'm not sure
if Carolina's diet will work with all strains or just theirs.
Chuck Kristensen
chuck@spiderpharm.com
Spider Pharm Inc.
PO Box 1090
Yarnell, AZ 85362
Telephone: 928-427-6589
Toll-Free (USA): 866-572-0023
Fax: 928-441-1727
Main Site: http://www.spiderpharm.com
Online Store: http://www.shopspiderpharm.com
David A. Schooley
Dept. of Biochemistry/330
Univ. of Nevada
Reno, NV 89557
schooley@unr.edu
Tel: (775) 784-4136; fax (775) 784-1419
***
Announcement: (09/17/07) ***
International Symposium on Insect Midgut Biology
7-11 April 2008, South China Normal University,
Guangzhou, China.
http://www.midgutmeeting.org/General_Program_en.htm
*** Development of
an insect-inspired micro air vehicle (poster,
04/13/07) ***
*4th
International Conference in Africa for Comparative Physiology &
Biochemistry, Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya, East Africa, July
19-25: 2008
here.
*Announcement: Insect Physiology Course,
University of Massachusetts click here.
*The attached pdf files contain the lecture
notes of John G. Stoffolano, Professor of Entomology,
University of Massachusetts. He provided Insect Physiology Online with
a CD with the understanding that the files could be freely shared with
anyone teaching insect physiology. He also gave permission for the
files to be posted at IP Online.
Teachers of insect physiology may make free use of these materials.
Many if not most of the illustrations were obtained from published
sources, many of which can no longer be contacted, but should be
considered to be the copyright owners. Therefore, these
materials may not be used for any purpose other than education; they
may not be sold or represented as coming from any other source than
Professor Stoffolano and his employer, the University of Massachusetts.
A courtesy acknowledgement at each use would be professionally
expected.
If other uses are contemplated, please check with Professor Stoffolano
for permission.
stoff@ent.umass.edu
(413) 545-1046
Some of the files are large. Creating pdf files reduced the size
somewhat, but it will still take some time to download over slow
internet connections.
*Radiation-based
technology in crop improvement and pest
prevention.
*Molecular
biology of epidermal repair, see
Integument page.
*Richard Lee's
Website
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