|
Table 1. Partial survey of proposed insect hearing
organs, or responses to sound, which require further study before
a sense of hearing can be confirmed in these insects
| Taxon |
Method
a |
Proposed structure,location
b |
Sound frequency,intensity
c |
Reference |
| Blattodea |
|
|
|
|
| Blattidae |
|
|
|
|
|
Periplaneta
americana L. |
N
|
Lateral fold, abdomen
|
Click, 79-90
dB |
Florentine
(1967) |
| Isoptera |
|
|
|
|
| Hodotermitidae |
|
|
|
|
Zootermopsis
angusticollis
Emerson |
A
|
TO, 1st abd.
segment |
-
|
Howse
(1963, 1968) |
| Orthoptera |
|
|
|
|
| Acrididae |
|
|
|
|
| Locusta migratoria
L. |
N
|
CO, hind wing |
2-5 kHz,-
|
Pearson et. al.
(1989) |
| Gryllidae |
|
|
|
|
| Gryllus campestris</> L.
|
B
|
-, TO, cerci,
antennae were ablated |
5 kHZ, 80 dB
|
Jones & Dambach (1973)
|
| Coleoptera |
|
|
|
|
| Cerambycidae |
|
|
|
|
| larvae, 6 species
|
A
|
CO & pleural disk, abdomen
|
-
|
Hess(1917) |
| Cicindelidae |
|
|
|
|
Cicindela
lemniscata
LeConte & |
A,B
|
TO, 1st abd.
tergum |
3 kHz, 90 dB
& |
Spangler
(1988b) |
| C. marutha Dow
|
|
|
40-80 kHz, 73-97dB
|
|
| Five other species
|
A
|
TO, 1st abd.
tergum |
-
|
Spangler
(1988b) |
| Dytiscidae |
|
|
|
|
| Dytiscus
marginalis L. |
N
|
CO, abdomen
|
Tuned to 100
Hz,- |
Hughes
(1952) |
| Diptera |
|
|
|
|
| Sarcophagidae |
|
|
|
|
Colcondamyia
auditrix
Shewell |
B
|
-
|
Mating song
of cicada |
Soper et al.
(1976) |
| Lepidoptera |
|
|
|
|
| Arctiidae |
|
|
|
|
| Ctenucha virginica
Esper |
B
|
-, (TOs
destroyed) |
150 Hz-15
kHz,
95-100 dB |
Frings & Frings
(1957) |
| Axiidae |
|
|
|
|
| Axia sp. |
A
|
TO, 7th abd.
segment |
-
|
Sick (1935),
Forbes (1936) |
<>
|
|
|
|
|
| Dudgeonea sp.
|
A
|
Tympanum, 1st abd. segment
|
-
|
Clench (1957) |
| Hedylidae |
A
|
TO, base of forewing
|
-
|
Cook & Scoble
(1992) |
| Nymphalidae |
|
|
|
|
| Helioconus erato L.
|
A,B
|
Sclerotized plate, hindwing
base |
1,200 Hz, 75-100 dB
|
Swihart (1967) |
| Saturniidae |
|
|
|
|
| Four species |
B
|
-
|
100 Hz-10 kHz, -
|
Turner (1914) |
| Satyridae |
|
|
|
|
| Four species |
A
|
CO, base of forewing
|
-
|
Vogel (1912) |
| Cercyonis pegala F.
|
B
|
-
|
800 Hz-10 kHz,
106-122 dB |
Frings & Frings (1956)
|
| Thyrididae |
|
|
|
|
| Siculodinae |
A
|
TO, base of forewing
|
-
|
Minet (1988) |
| Hymenoptera |
|
|
|
|
| Formicidae |
|
|
|
|
| Small black ant |
B
|
-
|
Violin or whistle
from 15 ft. |
Metcalf (1900) |
| Two species |
B
|
-
|
Whistles, tuning fork
|
Weld (1899) |
| Mirmicidae |
|
|
|
|
| Two species |
B
|
-
|
Whistles, tuning fork
|
Weld (1899) |
a Methods refer
to the type of experimental data presented: A, anatomical; B,
behavioral (ranging from simple motor movements to complex
behaviors); N, neurophysiological.
b TO, tympanal organ; CO, chordotonal organ; -,
information not provided.
c -, Information not provided.
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